[An appliance for autopassive movement of the tarsal and tibiotarsal joint].
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Humans↗
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Comparative biokinematic study of young and adult Andalusian horses at the trot.
The purpose of this study was to determine basic kinematic parameters (linear, temporal and angular) in young and adult Andalusian horses (P.R.E.) at the trot, using a normal computer-aided videography system. The trotting gaits of 16 horses were analysed: seven young horses (3.7 +/- 0.2 years old, height at withers 167.1 +/- 4.1 cm) and nine adult stallions (12.3 +/- 2.9 years old, height at withers 162.9 +/- 3.6 cm) were recorded at least 6 times at the trot using a 25-Hz video-camera filming from the side. Video images were processed with a real-time digital system (SMVD). Speeds averaged 3.84 and 3.75 m/s for young and adult horses, respectively. Differences between age groups for speed and linear and temporal parameters of the stride were not significant. However, variations in angular parameters were detected: adults showed a greater ARM than younger horses for most forelimb joints. In the hind limb, hip, stifle, and, to a lesser degree, the tarsal joint, a smaller degree of extension during the stance phase was observed in adult horses.
Aging↗
Polyarthritis in kids associated with Mycoplasma putrefaciens.
Fifteen two- to three-week-old kids, fed artificially with goats' milk from a dairy, were found to have polyarthritis. The most affected joints were the carpals, either unilaterally or bilaterally, and in some cases the tarsal joints. Mycoplasma putrefaciens was isolated from the joints which showed an acute fibrinopurulent arthritis. No clinical mastitis was detected in the dairy.
Animals↗
[Pathogenesis of spontaneous chronic polyarthritis in MRL mice].
In a sequential study the pathogenesis of chronic polyarthritis occurring spontaneously in MRL mice was analysed by light microscopy. A total of 128 MRL mice of both substrains (MRL/Mp-lpr/lpr and +/+) and different age groups was studied. In 50 lpr/lpr mice, tinctorial and histochemical methods were applied for the identification of fibrin/fibrinoid, iron compounds, amyloid, and proteoglycan. The earliest lesions seen in mice of substrain lpr/lpr at the age of 2 months were proliferation of synovial lining cells and loss of tinctorially demonstrable proteoglycan in the articular cartilage. Beginning at 3 months, severe joint destruction associated with pannus formation was encountered usually in knee, carpal and tarsal joints. Besides inflammatory processes in tendons, nerves and musculature fibrinoid-necrotising panarteritis occurred in the intra- and extraarticular tissue. Furthermore, fibrin-containing exudations and deposits of fibrinoid material, occurred in the synovium of large joints and in the periarticular connective tissue of phalangeal joints. The occurrence of these morphological changes, destructive arthritis, vasculitis and periarticular inflammatory changes, was, at the age of 3 months, associated with a highly significant increase of circulating immune complexes. In mice of substrain +/+ aged 1 year and older, arthritic changes with synovial lining cell proliferation, cartilage destruction and inflammatory periarticular lesions developed.
Animals↗
New pedal remains of Megaladapis and their functional significance.
New remains of Megaladapis from the caves within the Ankarana Range of northern Madagascar and the cave site of Ankilitelo near Toliara in southwestern Madagascar add considerably to the present sample of pedal remains for this genus. Here we describe and analyze the new pedal material and discuss the function of the Megaladapis foot in terms of positional behavior and substrate use. The northern specimens belong to the M. madagascariensis /M. grandidieri group in terms of size and morphology whereas the new southwestern fossils are assigned to M. madagascariensis. The new specimens demonstrate that the small and intermediate sized M. madagascariensis and M. grandidieri were very similar in anatomy and inferred locomotor function, findings that also support the prior suggestion that they belong to a single widespread subgenus (Megaladapis). The new fossils provide the first examples of many pedal elements and present the first opportunity to analyze the whole pedal complex from associated remains. The foot of Megaladapis is distinctive among primates in numerous features. Intrinsic proportions of the hindlimb indicate that the foot is relatively longer than that of any other primate. The first complete calcanei reveal a large and highly modified hindfoot. The calcaneus is reduced distally, indicating an emphasis on climbing over leaping or quadrupedal walking and running. Proximally, a large, medially directed calcaneal tuberosity suggests both a strong inversion component to plantarflexion and a well-developed abductor mechanism and recalls the calcaneal morphology of the larger lorisines in some respects. Talar shape is consistent with considerable tibial rotation during plantarflexion and dorsiflexion. The subtalar joint is designed to emphasize supination/pronation and medial/lateral rotation over proximodistal translation. The distal tarsals are extremely reduced in length, and they form a high transverse arch and a serial tarsus; this configuration promotes inversion/eversion at the transverse tarsal joint. The phalanges are long and moderately curved, and the hallux is very long, robust, and abducted. Pedal morphology suggests that Megaladapis (subgenus Megaladapis) was well adapted to exploit an arboreal environment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED)
Animals↗
Use of intra-articular administration of ethyl alcohol for arthrodesis of the tarsometatarsal joint in healthy horses.
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of intra-articular administration of ethyl alcohol for arthrodesis of tarsometatarsal joints in horses. ANIMALS: 8 healthy female horses without lameness or radiographic evidence of tarsal joint osteoarthritis. PROCEDURE: In each horse, 1 tarsometatarsal joint was treated with 4 mL of 70% ethyl alcohol and the opposite joint was treated with 4 mL of 95% ethyl alcohol. Lameness examinations were performed daily for 2 weeks, followed by monthly evaluations for the duration of the 12-month study. Radiographic evaluations of both tarsi were performed 1 month after injection and every 3 months thereafter. Gross and histologic examinations of the tarsi were undertaken at completion of the study. RESULTS: Horses had minimal to no lameness associated with the treatments. Radiography revealed that 8 of 16 joints were fused by 4 months after treatment, with significantly more joints fused in the 70% ethyl alcohol group. Fifteen of 16 joints were considered fused at postmortem examination at 12 months. Gross and histologic examinations revealed foci of dense mature osteonal bone spanning the joint spaces. Bony fusion appeared to be concentrated on the dorsolateral, centrolateral, and plantarolateral aspects of the joints. Significant differences were not detected between treatment groups for lameness or pathologic findings. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Administration of ethyl alcohol into the tarsometatarsal joint of healthy horses appeared to facilitate arthrodesis of the joint in a pain-free manner. Results warrant further investigation into the potential use of ethyl alcohol in horses clinically affected with osteoarthritis of the tarsometatarsal and distal intertarsal joints.
Animals↗
Leg lesions and cleanliness of finishing bulls kept in housing systems with different lying area surfaces.
The influence of the quality of different lying surfaces on lesions and swellings at the joints as well as on the cleanliness of finishing bulls throughout the fattening period was studied. On 17 farms (623 bulls), pens with fully slatted concrete floors (CONCRETE), with rubber coated slats (RUBBER), with cubicles (CUBICLES, provided with five different types of soft lying mat) and with a littered lying area (STRAW) were compared. Bulls kept on STRAW developed the smallest lesion scores at the joints. In CUBICLES, there was a huge variability in the lesion scores depending on the type of lying mat, ranging from values comparable to STRAW up to and greater than the values for CONCRETE. The highest lesion scores at the carpal joints were found on CONCRETE, with intermediate values on RUBBER and in CUBICLES. At the tarsal joints, lesion scores were similar on CONCRETE and RUBBER and in the same range or worse on most mats in the CUBICLES. Swelling scores were highest on CONCRETE and intermediate on RUBBER and in CUBICLES compared to STRAW. In general, there was a steady increase in the lesion scores of the leg joints throughout the fattening period on CONCRETE, RUBBER and STRAW, whereas on some of the mats in CUBICLES these scores were at a high level from early on in the fattening period. Animals in all the housing systems were clean over the whole fattening period. Littering the lying area in CUBICLES affected neither the lesion scores nor the swelling scores at the joints nor animal cleanliness. In conclusion, both rubber coated slats and cubicles provided with soft lying mats were favourable with regard to the levels of lesions and swellings of the leg joints of finishing bulls compared to concrete slats. However, these levels were even lower in pens with a straw bedded lying area.
Animal Welfare↗
Primate postcrania from the late middle Eocene of Myanmar.
Fossil primates have been known from the late middle to late Eocene Pondaung Formation of Myanmar since the description of Pondaungia cotteri in 1927. Three additional primate taxa, Amphipithecus mogaungensis, Bahinia pondaungensis and Myanmarpithecus yarshensis, were subsequently described. These primates are represented mostly by fragmentary dental and cranial remains. Here we describe the first primate postcrania from Myanmar, including a complete left humerus, a fragmentary right humerus, parts of left and right ulnae, and the distal half of a left calcaneum, all representing one individual. We assign this specimen to a large species of Pondaungia based on body size and the known geographic distribution and diversity of Myanmar primates. Body weight estimates of Pondaungia range from 4,000 to 9,000 g, based on humeral length, humeral midshaft diameter, and tooth area by using extant primate regressions. The humerus and ulna indicate that Pondaungia was capable of a wide variety of forelimb movements, with great mobility at the shoulder joint. Morphology of the distal calcaneus indicates that the hind feet were mobile at the transverse tarsal joint. Postcrania of Pondaungia present a mosaic of features, some shared in common with notharctine and adapine adapiforms, some shared with extant lorises and cebids, some shared with fossil anthropoids, and some unique. Overall, Pondaungia humeral and calcaneal morphology is most consistent with that of other known adapiforms. It does not support the inclusion of Pondaungia in Anthropoidea.
Animals↗
The hindlimb in walking horses: 2. Net joint moments and joint powers.
The objective of the study was to describe net joint moments and joint powers in the equine hindlimb during walking. The subjects were 5 sound horses. Kinematic and force data were collected synchronously and combined with morphometric information to determine net joint moments at each hindlimb joint throughout stance and swing. The results showed that the net joint moment was on the caudal/plantar side of all hindlimb joints at the start of stance when the limb was being actively retracted. It moved to the cranial/dorsal side around 24% stride at the hip and stifle and in terminal stance at the more distal joints. It remained on the cranial/dorsal side of all joints during the first half of swing to provide active limb protraction, then moved to the caudal/plantar aspect to reverse the direction of limb motion prior to ground contact. The hip joint was the main source of energy generation throughout the stride. It was assisted by the tarsal joint in both stance and swing phases and by the fetlock joint during the stance phase. The coffin joint acted as an energy damper during stance, whereas the stifle joint absorbed almost equal amounts of energy in the stance and swing phases. The coffin and fetlock joints absorbed energy as the limb was protracted and retracted during the swing phase, suggesting that their movements were driven by inertial forces. Future studies will apply these findings to detect changes in the energy profiles due to specific soft tissue injuries.
Animals↗
An MRI study of the effect of treadmill training on bone morphology of the central and third tarsal bones of young thoroughbred horses.
Training results in marked modelling of the subchondral bone of the carpus, but the effect of training on the subchondral bone of the distal tarsal joints is unknown. The aim of this study was to determine whether training influenced modelling of the third and central tarsal bones in Thoroughbred horses. Twelve untrained Thoroughbred horses were divided into 2 groups. Group 1 underwent a 19 week progressive training regimen on a high speed treadmill. Group 2 were walked for 40 min daily. Images of left tarsi were obtained by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with a 0.5 Tesla superconducting magnet using a spin echo sequence. Sagittal and oblique sagittal slices were made perpendicular to the articular surfaces of the intertarsal joints and were analysed using image analysis software to measure the proportion of dense subchondral bone in the dorsal facet of each bone. Mean +/- s.d. percentage area of dense subchondral bone in the dorsal facet of the central tarsal bone in Group 1 was 47 +/- 8 medially, 46 +/- 4 sagitally and 50 +/- 11 dorsolaterally, whereas in Group 2 it was 39 +/- 16 medially, 43 +/- 8 sagitally and 53 +/- 7 dorsolaterally. For the third tarsal bone mean +/- s.d. percentage area of dense subchondral bone in Group 1 was 32 +/- 10 medially, 39 +/- 11 sagitally and 44 +/- 8 dorsolaterally, whereas in Group 2 it was 28 +/- 8 medially, 37 +/- 6 sagitally and 41 +/- 9 dorsolaterally. There was no significant difference in percentage area of dense subchondral bone between the trained and untrained horses. An effect of treadmill training of Thoroughbred horses on modelling of the central and third tarsal bones could not be demonstrated.
Animals↗
Subtalar fusion for isolated subtalar disorders. Preliminary report.
Retrospective observations on subtalar fusions performed for isolated subtalar disorders in 11 feet were performed to determine whether a satisfactory result could be obtained without significant changes to the talonavicular and calcaneocuboid joints. Preoperative diagnoses included five feet with degenerative arthritis secondary to a calcaneal fracture, four feet with a talocalcaneal bar, one foot with a degenerative subtalar arthropathy of unknown cause, and one foot with an unstable subtalar joint secondary to a peroneal tendon rupture. The average follow-up period was 41.5 months (range, 23-103 months). The hindfoot was fused in a average of 6 degrees of valgus. The feet maintained approximately 50% of their transverse tarsal motion, compared with the contralateral side. No foot developed hypermobility of any tarsal joint. Three feet fused for degenerative joint disease developed very mild talar beaking, and two feet fused for a tarsal coalition developed a mild progression or increase in talar beaking. Three feet demonstrated very minimal osteophyte formation at the calcaneocuboid joint. Functional and pain ratings for patients who had fusions for talocalcaneal bars or degenerative joint disease were good to excellent. Minimal radiographic changes at the talonavicular and calcaneocuboid joints secondary to increased stress brought about by the fusion did not seem to be clinically significant. Isolated subtalar fusion for lesions limited to the subtalar joint, which includes talocalcaneal bars, is a satisfactory method of treatment.
Adult↗
Inhibition of cartilage degradation in rat collagen-induced arthritis but not adjuvant arthritis by the neutrophil elastase inhibitor MDL 101,146.
OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN: The neutrophil elastase inhibitor MDL 101,146 was examined for its anti arthritic effect and to determine the role of neutrophil elastase in collagen-induced arthritis and adjuvant arthritis. MATERIAL: The collagen-induced arthritis model was performed in female DA rats immunized on day 0 an 1.7 with chick type II collagen in Freund's incomplete adjuvant. Adjuvant arthritis was induced in female Lewis rats by an intradermal injection of heat-killed Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37RA. METHODS: The clinical signs of arthritis were assessed, joint swelling was measured using calipers and bone degradation, new bone proliferation, pannus formation and cartilage degradation were evaluated histologically. RESULTS: MDL 101,146 administered orally inhibited the severity of collagen-induced arthritis as measured by a reduction in clinical score and joint swelling. Histological evaluation demonstrated a bone and cartilage sparing effect of MDL 101,146 in the tibio-tarsal joint of animals with collagen-induced arthritis. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that destruction of the joint in collagen-induced arthritis is at least partially due to neutrophil elastase.
Animals↗
Histopathological study of arthritic lesions induced by immunization with type II collagen in Lewis rats.
Lewis rats were immunized with an intradermal injection of type II collagen and autopsied 40 days later for histopathological examination of the limb joints. An increased in paw volume in the hind limbs was observed from 11 days after immunization until autopsy. The joints of the hind limbs were more frequently and more severely affected than those of the fore limbs. The tarsal joints were especially affected, with a 100% morbidity rate, and more frequently exhibited the most advanced stage of lesions.
Animals↗
Secondary amyloidosis: a severe complication of ankylosing spondylitis. Two case-reports.
STUDY OBJECTIVE: To report two cases of amyloidosis secondary to ankylosing spondylitis. PATIENTS AND RESULTS: Of the 47 ankylosing spondylitis patients who have received follow-up at our department over the last few years, two have developed AA amyloidosis. Both have extremely severe, long-standing joint disease, with virtually complete spinal ankylosis and destructive peripheral arthritis of the hips and wrists; one also has tarsal joint destruction. Renal dysfunction was the first manifestation of amyloidosis in both cases. One patient required chronic hemodialysis and developed peritonitis due to colonic perforation, probably at a site of amyloid deposition. CONCLUSIONS: Secondary amyloidosis is a rare complication of ankylosing spondylitis that can cause severe renal and gastrointestinal complications. No treatment capable of clearing established amyloid deposits is available to date.
Adult↗
[Clinical and histopathological findings in mycoplasmal polyarthritis of rats. III. Course of infection during the weeks 7-30 and 54-61 (author's transl)].
Clinical, microbiological and histological findings of the late phase of experimentally induced Mycoplasma-polyarthritis in rats are described. Investigations were carried out between the 7.-30. week and between the 54-61. week p.i. M. arthritidis could be reisolated from affected joints regularly up to the 7th week p.i. Thereafter until 12th week only occasional recovery was possible. The healing process of affected joints dominated signs of arthritis which could be confirmed histologically as a purulent process. The alterations of carpal and tarsal joints were divided into purulent, chronic deforming and chronic minor lesions. The findings derived from investigation of joints and parenchymatous organs during the course of the disease are discussed.
Animals↗
HLA-B27 as a relative risk factor in ankylosing enthesopathy in transgenic mice.
HLA-B27 is a risk factor for several human diseases through a mechanism that is not yet understood. This article describes a naturally occurring joint disease in laboratory mice, ANKENT. ANKENT begins with mild inflammation and culminates in irreversible stiffening of the ankle and/or tarsal joints in one or both hind paws. The macroscopic and histologic features of ANKENT, its relationship to age, gender, and environment, and some immunologic aspects are considered. With respect to genetics, it is demonstrated that an HLA-B27 transgene is a relative risk factor for ANKENT. Its impact depends on the H-2 haplotype, reaching a relative risk value of 9.4 for C57Bl/10, H-2b males (p < 0.025). Several features of ANKENT are reminiscent of human AS: joint pathology, age and gender distribution, the presence of non-MHC as well as MHC risk factors (including HLA-B27), and the suspicion that environmental factors are involved.
Age Factors↗
The effect of growth and joint formation on bristle pattern in D. melanogaster.
Dependence of bristle pattern on size and joint formation was studied for male first leg tarsi of fj (four jointed) and d (dachs) mutants in homozygotes and in mosaics resulting from X-ray induced mitotic recombination. Homozygotes have four tarsal segments, lacking a third tarsal joint in most cases. The two proximal segments are shortened, the first by one-third, and altered in bristle pattern, whereas the distal two segments are little affected. Expressivity of fj is high, and of d is low, for the extent and frequency of joint failure. The longer the second segment, the more complete the third joint and the greater the bristle number. Only the jointed side of the segment approximates two segments in its bristle pattern. Mosaic studies show that joint failure occurs autonomously in fj, or in the majority of d clones, and that joint formation by heterozygous clones is autonomous except in the border area contacting a fj or d spot lacking a joint, in which are a joint failure occurs. Bristle pattern in this jointless heterozygous area switches to that of a single segment. Localized non-autonomy also occurs in the t-rows of heterozygous tissue contacting a fj or d spot. Both mutant genes are interpreted as reducing longitudinal growth of the proximal tarsi, with joint failure as a consequence, and with alterations of bristle pattern resulting directly from size reduction, or indirectly through joint failure.
Animals↗
Pharmacokinetics of trimethoprim/sulfadiazine in neonatal calves: influence of synovitis.
The effect of synovitis on the distribution of antibacterial drugs into the joint space was studied in 1-week-old calves. Sodium urate crystals were used to induce inflammation in the tibio-tarsal joint of calves and the antibacterial drug combination, trimethoprim/sulfadiazine (Tribrissen), 30 mg/kg, was administered intravenously 3 h after synovitis was induced. The degree of synovitis was monitored by serial WBC counts in synovial fluid. Trimethoprim (TMP) and sulfadiazine (SDZ) concentrations in serum and synovial fluid were measured and pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated. The results indicated that inflammation had no effect upon the concentrations of TMP/SDZ that reach the joint and that synovial fluid and blood are both representative of the central compartment as shown by the non-significant differences in selected pharmacokinetic parameters for TMP and SDZ in these two body fluids. The distribution and elimination of TMP and SDZ in serum were described by a two-compartment model.
Animals↗