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PubMed2000

The development of normal feeding and swallowing: Showa University study of the feeding function.

Since the 1980s the Department of Hygiene and Oral Health at the Showa University School of Dentistry has focused its research efforts on the development of feeding function and disorders. In addition, we have treated dysphagic children and dysphagic elderly using our feeding training program approach. The developmental course of the feeding function includes the following steps: 1) Suckle feeding and prefeeding period; 2) Acquiring the ability to swallow with lips closed; 3) Acquiring the ability to take food with lips closed; 4) Acquiring the ability to push mashed food with the tongue and anterior hard palate; 5) Acquiring the ability to perform mastication; 6) Beginning self-feeding; 7) Beginning finger feeding; 8) Beginning using table ware.

Child Development↗
PubMed1991

Weaning in the Norway rat: relation between suckling and milk, and suckling and independent ingestion.

We examined in rat pups the relation between the decline of suckling and the emergence of independent ingestion, and the role of milk delivery conditional on nipple attachment in the maintenance of suckling. Fifteen-day-old litters were reared for either 5 or 10 days, and 20-day-old litters for 5 days by either a thelectomized (no nipples), ligated (nipples but no milk), or intact (nipples and milk) dam. Pups' food and water intakes were monitored daily, and their suckling, feeding, and drinking behaviors were videorecorded for 24 hr in the presence of their foster dam (Day 19 or 24) and for 24 hr in the presence of an intact, lactating dam (Day 20 or 25). There were no differences between treatment conditions with respect to either the onset or rate of increase of independent feeding or drinking. Pups reared by a thelectomized dam for 10 days displayed a pronounced, lasting depression of suckling. Twenty-five-day-old pups reared by a ligated dam displayed suckling levels comparable to those of control pups; in the presence of the ligated dam, however, their tendency to attach to a nipple was notably reduced. The implications of the findings for our understanding of the weaning process are discussed.

Aging↗
PubMed1982

Investigation of body temperature as a possible feeding control in the suckling rat.

Under natural conditions, rat pups are deprived of milk only when the dam leaves the nest. At this time the body temperatures of the pups will fall. In this study we have investigated the possibility that lowered body temperature of the pups stimulates behavioral changes in either the pups or the dam, leading to increased milk intake. To study behavioral changes of the pups, the milk intake of warm-fasted, cool-fasted, and fed littermates was compared to 10, 14 and 16 days of age. There was no effect of body temperature on milk intake at any age. To study behavioral changes in the dam, milk release by dams suckling entire cool litters was compared with that by dams suckling entire warm litters. Milk release was not significantly affected by the litter temperature. We conclude that lowered body temperature of suckling rat pups does not cause increased milk intake.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Mother-weanling interactions in Norway rats in the presence of a successive litter produced by postpartum mating.

When female Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) become pregnant at the postpartum estrus they nurse this first litter concurrently with the gestation of a second litter. This second gestation is of variable length (23-31 days in this study) We investigated the behavior of mothers and their older litters around the time the second litter was born. Six female rats gave birth and were mated at the postpartum estrus. Continuous videotaped observation of each female and litter began approximately 3 days before, and continued for 3 days after the birth of the second litter. We found that suckling behavior and nest attendance by the older litter did not necessarily end when the second litter was born. When the gestation length of the second litter was short (23-25 days) older pups continued to spend time in the nest and to nurse along with their newborn siblings. These older pups also spent much time on the nest even in the absence of their mother. When gestation was long (27-31 days) older pups were weaned before the birth of the second litter and spent less time on the nest with the newborns. Stereotyped attacks by the female against her weanling age pups were seen both pre- and postpartum. This maternal aggression did not appear to deter suckling and nest attendance by the weanlings.

Aggression↗
PubMed1994

Establishment of maternal bonding and its mediation by vaginocervical stimulation in goats.

To investigate the establishment of offspring recognition in mother goats, 11 females were subjected to two successive 5-min tests with their own kid and an alien, 2 h 30 min postpartum. All mothers accepted their own kid, while nine rejected the alien. This suggests that in goats, 2.5 h are sufficient for the development of an exclusive bond with the kid. We also studied the role of physiological factors mediating maternal bonding in this species. Eight of the nine goats that rejected alien kids were, therefore, submitted to 5 min of vaginocervical stimulation (VCS) immediately following the selectivity tests. Of these eight goats, five changed their behavior after VCS and accepted the alien kid (0/8 before VCS vs. 5/8 after VCS, p = 0.031). Thus, VCS appears to reduce rejection behavior towards alien kids while resulting in a significant increase in their rate of acceptance. Underlying physiological mechanisms by which VCS may act are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Long-term effect on mother-infant behaviour of extra contact during the first hour post partum. I. First observations at 36 hours.

The immediate post partum period may be particularly important for the developing relationship between mother and infant; little is as yet known, however, of the long-term effects of hospital practice during this period. This study examines the effect of extra contact during the first hour following delivery. An extra skin to skin contact and suckling contact was given to 22 primiparous mothers and their infants. One control group of 20 primiparous mothers and infants and a second one of 20 multiparous mothers and infants was given routine care immediately after birth. All mothers and infants were healthy with normal pregnancies and deliveries. At 36 hours a first observation was made of maternal and infant behaviour during breast feeding in all three groups. At this stage primiparae with extra contact showed behaviour much more like the behaviour of multiparae with routine care. Infants of primiparae with routine care cried most frequently. The behaviour of mothers of boys differed more from group to group than did that of mothers of girls.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Plasma levels of oxytocin increase in response to suckling and feeding in dogs and sows.

The objective of the present study was to investigate whether oxytocin is released in response to feeding in analogy to the response induced by suckling. Therefore, repeated plasma samples were drawn from dogs and pigs during feeding and suckling and oxytocin levels were determined by radioimmunoassay. As expected suckling gave rise to immediate and short-lasting increases of oxytocin levels in both species. More surprisingly, feeding in female and male dogs as well as in lactating sows was accompanied by a similar-sized rise of oxytocin levels. The oxytocin peak sometimes occurred before the actual period of suckling or feeding, suggesting that the output of oxytocin had been conditioned to visual, olfactory or auditory stimuli associated with both types of situations. It is well known that oxytocin is released in lactating animals in response to touching of the teats. It is possible that also the presence of food in the gastro-intestinal tract activates neurogenic mechanisms which stimulates the release of oxytocin. Since oxytocin causes a release of insulin and VIP (vasoactive intestinal polypeptide), peptides which appear in the circulation following both suckling and feeding, it is suggested that oxytocin may be involved in the control of the suckling- and feeding-related output of these peptides.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

The aye-ayes, Daubentonia madagascariensis, at the Paris Zoological Garden: maintenance and preliminary behavioural observations.

The history of the aye-aye in captivity outside Madagascar is briefly reviewed. Maintenance conditions of the 3 animals currently housed at the Paris Zoo are described. In addition to providing information on the diet and feeding behaviour of the animals, details of enclosure size, humidity level, temperature, cage furniture and light cycle are provided. Preliminary behavioural observations on mother-infant relationships, grooming, nest building and play are also included.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Effects of gravity on development: the importance of behavior.

Organisms live in four dimensions. With the dimension of time, we recognize that each organism is a lifecycle--an expression of its development. The cycles of differentiation expressed in the timeframe of biotic evolution yields the diversity of life on Earth. Thus, phylogenesis, can be understood as alterations in developmental processes. Species of organisms are thus groupings of individuals that share developmental processes. Natural selection acts throughout the lifecycle to select for developmental features that are adoptively appropriate for the organism's immediate environment. The process of ontogeny occupies an appropriately central position in gravitational biology. The evolution of all life on Earth, and thus the evolution development took place in the presence of gravitational forces. It is thus natural and necessary for biologists to wonder and to hypothesize about the role of gravity in development. We shall discuss some of the ideas and concepts that we believe are fundamental to appreciating the place of developmental analyses in gravitational physiology. We focus on problems relevant to the effects of gravity on vestibular development, and then emphasize issues pertinent to mammalian development.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The development of the relationship between sow and piglet in the domestic pig--a sociobiological observation].

The nursing and suckling behaviour of the domestic pig is a complex social behavioural interaction aimed to ensure the milk flow from the sow to the piglets. Ultimately caused theoretical frameworks from basic ethology and/or sociobiology are increasingly used to explain such social behavioural patterns. The present paper gives a short survey of ethophysiological aspects of the nursing and suckling behaviour in domestic pigs and, thereafter, discusses the development and consequences of some parts of the suckling behaviour and the maternal lactation performance in terms of a possible parent-offspring and weaning conflict. It is concluded that--additional to proximately caused mechanisms--the ontogeny of domestic pigs can be interpreted with such principles. In housing systems allowing the animals more control over their behaviour (e.g. their investment) ultimate causes should be more considered. Especially the pathways on which the ultimate strategies become effective via proximate mechanisms do not seem to be understood in total and require specific research. However, it is suggested that effective improvements of welfare, health and productivity can only be reached with the knowledge and integration of both ultimate and proximate causes of behaviour.

Animal Welfare↗