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PubMed2002

Attitudes of suburban Western Australians to proposed cat control legislation.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the knowledge, attitudes and practices of cat-owners and non-owners in suburban Perth, Western Australia, on issues relating to proposed local government regulation of cat-ownership. DESIGN: The 1,261 respondents to a mailed survey were ranked on issues regarding restrictions on cat-ownership and cat roaming (control scale), attitudes to wildlife in suburbia and putative impacts of cats on wildlife (wildlife scale), knowledge of cat behaviour and husbandry (knowledge scale) and attitudes and practices regarding cat sterilisation (sterilisation scale). Age, gender and cat-ownership status of the survey respondents were explored to see if any of these factors influenced the position of respondents on the scales. RESULTS: Cat-owners, particularly female owners, scored significantly higher on the knowledge scale than non-owners, whilst non-owners scored significantly higher than cat-owners on the control and wildlife scales. Women were more likely to favour compulsory sterilisation of pet cats than men, but men were more willing to implement controls on cat-ownership. Age was also a significant factor, with older people more willing to implement controls. Analysis of specific questions showed that both cat-owners and non-owners agreed that there was a need for cat control legislation and supported measures such as compulsory sterilisation, registering of cats, restricting cats' ability to roam and stipulating a maximum number of cats per property. Nevertheless, both groups rejected the idea that local governments should enforce cat-free zones. CONCLUSION: Cat legislation that avoids or educates about the contentious issue of cat-free zones should receive solid community support.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Out of hours workload of a suburban general practice: deprivation or expectation.

The out of hours workload of a training practice in a suburban and semirural area on the south coast of England was studied for one year. An overall rate of contact of 273/1000 patients was found, which indicated a workload greater than that reported in most other studies. The duty doctor received over 35 telephone calls from patients during some Saturdays (1200 Saturday to 0800 Sunday) and Sundays (0800 to 0800 Monday), up to five being between 2300 and 0700. Of the patients who contacted a general practitioner, 44% were given advice by telephone and 4.9% were admitted to hospital. The admission rate was lower than that given in other studies. A considerable proportion of the workload arose from doctors covering the casualty department of a cottage hospital. Patients having a high expectation of 24 hour care by general practitioners in an area of comparative affluence (Jarman indices -13.8 to 1.7) may account for this aspect of the workload.

England↗
PubMed1990

A prospective study of assault victims attending a suburban A&E department.

This prospective study was undertaken to assess demographic and social factors, assault characteristics and injuries sustained by assault victims attending a suburban A & E department. A total of 214 men and women who admitted to having been assaulted were entered into the study, information being obtained by patient questionnaire and from A&E records. The assault victims made up 3.3% of the total new patients seen in the study period. The majority of victims were employed, single young men (72%) who had been drinking alcohol prior to assault (66%). They were assailed late at night in the street, in pubs and clubs. Female domestic assault was two times more common in this population than in previous British studies, and women were more extensively injured than men. Injuries were mostly to the face, caused by punches and kicks. Overall, 72% of fractures were facial. Most patients were referred to their G. P. for follow up (41%). The available evidence suggests that personal violence is on the increase, and is not confined to inner-City areas. As victims seeking help will usually attend an A&E department, staff should be alerted to recognize and advise these patients on possible psychological sequelae, as well as treating their physical injuries.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes mellitus in a suburban Sri Lankan community.

The prevalence of impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes mellitus was studied in a suburban Sri Lankan community using 1985 WHO criteria. Oral 75 g glucose tolerance tests were performed on 633 subjects aged 30-64 years. The age-standardized prevalence rates for diabetes mellitus were 5.02 (95% CI 3.59-6.43) and impaired glucose tolerance 5.27 (95% CI 3.74-6.78). A total of 21% of diabetic patients were not known to have diabetes and were diagnosed for the first time during the survey. Obesity was more common (P < 0.05) in diabetic patients (21%) when compared to non-diabetic subjects (10.5%). Diabetes mellitus is a common health problem in Sri Lanka, and there is a need for developing national policies for its prevention and control.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Iron status and iron deficiency anaemia in adolescents in a Tanzanian suburban area.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the extent and degree of anaemia in adolescents in a Tanzanian suburban area, to estimate the contribution of iron deficiency, using serum (S)-ferritin and soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR) as markers of iron deficiency. MATERIALS: Consecutive primigravidae at booking for antenatal care (n = 76), primary school boys (n = 101) and postmenarchal girls (n = 130) age >or=12 years were investigated. METHODS: Weight and height were measured; venous blood was drawn for haematological analyses, malaria screening, S-ferritin, sTfR, and C-reactive protein. Stool specimens were analysed for intestinal parasites. RESULTS: Anaemia (Hb <105 g/l) was highly prevalent in adolescent primigravidae (75.5%). Adolescent girls were more anaemic (Hb <120 g/l) than boys (14.5 vs. 7.9%). Iron deficiency and hookworm infestation were predominant in both groups of adolescents, however, malaria contributed more to anaemia in the primigravidae. Nearly 40% of the anaemic primigravidae had indication of infection, and S-ferritin was less useful as a marker of iron deficiency in this group. sTfR identified iron deficiency in both pregnant and non-pregnant adolescents.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

The relationship between socioeconomic class and prevalence of schizophrenia, alcoholism, and affective disorders treated by inpatient care in a suburban area.

This study relates inpatient-treated prevalence of the three mental illnesses most often requiring inpatient treatment--schizophrenia, alcoholism, and affective disorders--to social class in a suburban area. Rates were developed for the total population, including those living in domiciliary care, for those living in households only, and for first-admission patients living in households. Log-linear models supported the finding that low socioeconomic status was related to a high prevalence of alcoholism and affective disorders. In contrast, socioeconomic status was not related to the prevalence of schizophrenia among those living in households or among first-admission patients living in households.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Mental illness among homeless individuals in a suburban county.

OBJECTIVE: This paper compares the prevalence of mental illnesses and alcohol and drug abuse and the residential histories of homeless individuals identified as having a mental illness and individuals who are not so identified. The cohort consisted of single persons applying for shelter over a 12-week period in Westchester County, a suburban county in New York State. METHODS: The sample of 201 persons (89 percent male, with a mean age of 37) represented 77 percent of consecutive single shelter applicants in a single-point-of-entry system over the study period. Information from an intake assessment was augmented by a semistructured interview to reconstruct subjects' residential history for the last five years, including periods of homelessness and time in institutions. RESULTS: Twenty-one percent of the cohort was classified as having mental illness. Seventy-two percent had a diagnosis of drug abuse or dependence, and 51 percent had alcohol abuse or dependence. For individuals with a mental illness, the use of cocaine and heroin was significantly lower, but alcohol use was somewhat greater, compared with other homeless persons. Persons with mental illness also experienced homelessness of some kind over a significantly longer period (a mean of seven years versus a mean of three years for other subjects), and they spent almost twice as many weeks during the previous five years literally homeless. Institutional time, most of which consisted of time in jail or prison, was equivalent for both groups. CONCLUSIONS: Not only is residential instability heightened among shelter users with mental illness, but over time public institutions play a critical role in their accommodations. For some homeless persons with mental illness, the circuit of shelters, rehabilitation programs, jails, and prisons may function as a makeshift alternative to inpatient care or supportive housing and may reinforce the marginalization of this population.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Supported inquiry science: teaching for conceptual change in urban and suburban science classrooms.

Science education professionals generally agree that hands-on, inquiry-based science potentially benefits all students, yet there are few specific guidelines for helping students with learning disabilities (LD) achieve success in general education science classrooms. This study compared the effects of two approaches to hands-on science--supported inquiry science (SIS) and activity-based science--in six urban and two suburban fourth-grade general education classrooms. Participants included 172 students, 33 of whom had learning disabilities. The study found that students with and without LD demonstrated greater concept learning in the SIS classrooms, which focused on eliciting and reworking students' misconceptions and co-constructing knowledge under the guidance of a teacher-coach.

Achievement↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Clinical applications of L-line X-ray fluorescence to estimate bone lead values in lead-poisoned young children and in children, teenagers, and adults from lead-exposed and non-lead-exposed suburban communities in the United States.

In summary, LXRF estimates of Pb in tibial cortical bone have yielded highly relevant clinical data relating to the efficacy of chelation therapy with CaNa2EDTA in lead poisoned children; diagnostic approach(es) to childhood lead poisoning; and evaluations of exposure in children, teenagers, and adults in lead-exposed and non-lead-exposed suburban communities. It is anticipated that KXRF and LXRF estimates of Pb in bone will yield new information concerning the epidemiology of hypertension, osteoporosis, and the contribution of maternal Pb to the developing fetus. It would be premature to delineate the age-developmental time boundaries over which these two systems [KXRF, LXRF] can be viewed as operated optimally. Consequently, it is appropriate to view the two approaches as providing complementary information. All such information might, in fact, be required to obtain a complete exposure profile and a comprehensive framework for assessment of health risks.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Clinicopathological analysis of histological variants of ameloblastoma in a suburban Nigerian population.

BACKGROUND: This study was carried out to establish the relative incidence and provide clinico-pathologic information on the various histological types of ameloblastoma seen at the Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospital complex, Ile-Ife in order to provide a baseline data which will be of significance to the pathologist and clinician. METHODS: Clinico-pathologic data on a total of 77 histologically diagnosed cases of ameloblastoma archieved at the Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospital Complex, Ile-Ife over a 15 year period were obtained and analysed descriptively. RESULTS: Follicular ameloblastoma was the most common histological type (50 cases, 64.9%), followed by plexiform ameloblastoma (10 cases, 13.0%). 4 (5.2%) cases of desmoplastic and 3 (3.9%) cases of acanthomatous ameloblastoma were seen while the basal cell variant accounted for 2 (2.6%) cases. Only 1 case of the unicystic type was seen. Some of the 77 cases presented as a mixture of two or more histological types. Ameloblastoma occurred over an age range of 11 to 70 years with a peak age incidence in the 3rd decade. CONCLUSION: This study provides a baseline data on variants of ameloblastoma as obtained in a suburban Nigerian population. Since variants of ameloblastoma differ in biologic behaviour, the data collected in this study provides clinicopathologic information which is of significance to the pathologist and clinician.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Health needs of a suburban community: a nursing assessment approach.

Community health nursing can play an important role in conducting community needs assessments that provide critical data upon which programming, planning, and evaluation should be based. The community health services developed for any given community should be planned with the specific needs of the community residents in mind. A community needs survey is one method that should be periodically employed to ascertain the specific needs and concerns of community residents. Nursing conceptual models developed by CHNs are very appropriate to the assessment of all aspects of community life related to health and well-being. Comprehensive community needs surveys should include assessment of environmental, psychosocial, and physiological aspects of health as well as indicators of health-related behaviors in the population. The Omaha classification system adapted for this study provides a broad conceptual framework that facilitates the development of comprehensive programs of assessment. Public health services are in a state of crisis in many states. Traditional program offerings may no longer be the key to providing the types of services most needed by some communities. Analysis of data on problems related to personal and family well-being in one upper middle class suburban community indicate a need for health promotion and services focused on many of the psychosocial aspects of health. The stress experienced by younger community residents appears to be related to issues of parenting and balancing the dual roles required at work and home. Families of elders are also confronted by issues concerning the decreasing independence of these individuals and the need to find additional support services for them. Community health services must be designed that take these factors into account. Professional nurses can provide the leadership necessary to assess health needs and current public health practices in these communities and to recommend and implement programs appropriate to the needs of the present and the goals of the future.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

HIV and AIDS in suburban Asian and Pacific Islander communities: factors influencing self-efficacy in HIV risk reduction.

Though AIDS case rates among Asian Pacific Islander Americans (APIs) in the United States remain relatively low, the number has been steadily increasing. Scholars, policy makers, and service providers still know little about how confident APIs are in carrying out different HIV risk reduction strategies. This article addresses this gap by presenting an analysis of a survey of API women and youth in Orange County, California (N = 313), a suburban county in southern California with large concentrations of Asian residents. Multivariate logistic regression models using subsamples of API women and API youth respondents were used. Variations in reported self-efficacy for female respondents were explained by acculturation, comfort in asking medical practitioners about HIV/AIDS, and to a lesser degree, education, household size, whether respondents were currently dating, HIV knowledge, and whether respondents believed that HIV could be identified by physical appearance. For respondents younger than 25 years, variations in self-efficacy were related to gender, age, acculturation, HIV knowledge, taking-over-the-counter medicines for illness, whether respondents were dating, and to a lesser degree, employment, recent serious illness, whether they believe that one could identify HIV by how one looks, and believing that illness was caused by germs. Implications for HIV prevention programs and future research are provided.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

In vivo bone lead measurement in suburban teenagers.

OBJECTIVE: Bone represents a biologically active long-term storage site for lead, and bone lead data on teenagers are limited. Therefore, this study was designed to identify the distribution of bone lead in a teenage population and to explore the environmental and demographic factors associated with bone lead concentrations in young, nonoccupationally exposed subjects. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study of bone lead levels in high school students. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 168 students at a suburban Boston high school. Subjects (90 boys, 78 girls) ranged in age from 13.5 to 19 years and included 40% nonwhite minorities. Of the 168 subjects, 45 lived in homes constructed before 1960. None of the participants reported a history of lead poisoning. OUTCOME MEASURES: Tibial bone lead concentrations were measured in vivo for 60 minutes using K x-ray fluorescence. Lead exposure information was obtained by self-administered questionnaire. RESULTS: Point estimates of bone lead levels ranged from -7.15 to 14.23 microg lead/g bone mineral (microg/g), (mean, 4.0 microg/g; standard deviation, 4.4 microg/g). The reported measurement uncertainties accompanying each of the point estimates ranged from 2.56 to 9.01 microg/g (mean, 3.9 microg/g; standard deviation, 1.0 microg/g). Bone lead levels were not associated with the demographic factors of age, sex, or race. Additionally, current home conditions (housing age, traffic level) were not predictive of bone lead levels, even though these factors were predictive of in-home lead concentrations. CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrate that although bone lead levels are measurable in this age group, the common predictors of blood and bone lead concentrations are not explanatory for bone lead levels.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Host-feeding patterns of Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) in relation to availability of human and domestic animals in suburban landscapes of central North Carolina.

Aedes albopictus (Skuse) (Diptera: Culicidae) is a major nuisance mosquito and a potential arbovirus vector. The host-feeding patterns of Ae. albopictus were investigated during the 2002 and 2003 mosquito seasons in suburban neighborhoods in Wake County, Raleigh, NC. Hosts of blood-fed Ae. albopictus (n = 1,094) were identified with an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, by using antisera made in New Zealand White rabbits to the sera of animals that would commonly occur in peridomestic habitats. Ae. albopictus fed predominantly on mammalian hosts (83%). Common mammalian hosts included humans (24%), cats (21%), and dogs (14%). However, a notable proportion (7%) of bloodmeals also was taken from avian hosts. Some bloodmeals taken from birds were identified to species by a polymerase chain reaction-heteroduplex assay (PCR-HDA). Ae. albopictus fed predominantly on chickens and a northern cardinal. PCR-HDA failed to produce detectable products for 29 (58%) of 50 bloodmeals for which DNA had been amplified, indicating that these mosquitoes took mixed bloodmeals from avian and nonavian hosts. Ae. albopictus preference for humans, dogs, and cats was determined by calculating host-feeding indices for the three host pairs based on the proportion of host specific blood-fed mosquitoes collected in relation to the number of specific hosts per residence as established by a door-to-door survey conducted in 2003. Estimates of the average amount of time that residents and their pets (cats and dogs) spent out of doors were obtained. Host-feeding indices based only on host abundance indicated that Ae. albopictus was more likely to feed on domestic animals. However, when feeding indices were time-weighted, Ae. albopictus fed preferentially upon humans. Ae. albopictus blood feeding on humans was investigated using a STR/PCR-DNA profiling technique that involved amplification of three short tandem repeats loci. Of 40 human bloodmeals, 32 (80%) were from a single human, whereas eight (20%) were multiple bloodmeals taken from more than one human host. We conclude that the blood-feeding preference of Ae. albopictus for mammals will limit acquisition of arboviruses by this species from infected avian amplification hosts. This feeding preference likely limits the vector potential of Ae. albopictus for North American arboviruses.

Aedes↗
PubMed1983

Differences in dental experiences, practices, and beliefs of inner-city and suburban adolescents.

Inner-city and suburban students' dental experiences, current practices, beliefs, and compliance with two school-based preventive programs were examined. Striking differences were found in the students' dental experiences, practices, and beliefs, but few in their compliance. These findings challenge the notion that inner-city students are poor compliers and suggest ways in which practitioners and public health officials might utilize the differing practices of these populations to plan preventive programs for adolescents.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Lower respiratory tract illness in the first two years of life: epidemiologic patterns and costs in a suburban pediatric practice.

The epidemiologic patterns and the economic impact of acute lower respiratory tract illness (LRTI) in children under age two were studied using data collected from November 1, 1971-August 30, 1975 in a suburban pediatric practice in Monroe County, New York. LRTI was responsible for 23 illness episodes per 100 child-years among children in their first two years of life. This indicates that a cohort of 100 children might be anticipated to have 46 LRTI episodes from birth until their second birthday. The majority of episodes correlated with the presence of four viruses in the community, most commonly respiratory syncytial virus. The minimal, estimated direct cost of LRTI in the first two years of life based on 1984 cost data was equivalent to $35.14 for every child and was comprised of hospitalization cost ($19.68) and ambulatory care cost ($15.46). Hospitalization costs attributable to LRTI comprised at least 2.5 per cent of all hospitalization costs in this age group. Immunization against the four most common respiratory viruses, at a reasonable cost per child immunized, would appear to be cost beneficial.

Child↗
PubMed1994

The use of commercial tanning facilities by suburban Minnesota adolescents.

In 1991, 1008 suburban St. Paul, Minn, high school students were surveyed via self-administered questionnaire regarding use of commercial tanning facilities, injuries experienced from tanning, use of protective measures while tanning indoors, and knowledge of the risks of tanning. Overall, 34% of the respondents had used commercial tanning facilities. Fifty percent said they had not been warned by tanning facility operators about the risks of tanning indoors, 28% reported not being told to wear goggles, and 17% reported never wearing goggles. The results indicate that these adolescents use commercial tanning services at high rates, and often in ways that increase their risk for a variety of health problems.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Comparison of diets among elderly female residents in two suburban districts in Chiang Mai Province, Thailand, in dry season--survey on high- and low-risk districts of lung cancer incidence.

By means of duplicate meals, we collected food samples of general female residents, aged 50 to 74 years at two suburban districts in Chiang Mai Province, which are distinguished by very high and low incidence rates of lung cancer. Then, on the basis of analyses of their consumption of foods by food groups, we compared their dietary habits in the dry season of northern Thailand with special reference to the difference in lung cancer incidence. In brief, the following features and difference in their dietary habits were found; 1) Rice, vegetables, and pork were most frequently eaten in both the districts. 2) Consumption of fruits, in both quantity and variety, at a high-risk district was much less than that at a low-risk district. 3) Female residents at a low-risk district consumed more variety of green and yellow vegetables than those at a high-risk district. 4). Potato was not found in food samples of a high-risk district. 5) confectionery was more prevalent in a low-risk district than at a high-risk district.

Aged↗