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Results for “Structural Equation Modeling”

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PubMed1997

The effects of positive and negative social exchanges on aging adults.

This study tested various models of the effects of positive and negative exchanges on positive and negative affect using structural equation modeling. Based on a probability sample of middle-aged and older adults, the relationships between social exchanges and psychological well-being were examined both within the total sample and within subgroups of individuals who had experienced few vs many life events. Within the general population, the Domain Specific Model resulted in the best fit. That is, positive exchanges were associated with positive affect, and negative exchanges were associated with negative affect. However, among the subgroup that had experienced more life events, there was a significantly stronger relationship between negative exchanges and negative affect. These findings suggest that, to understand the effects of social exchanges, it is important to consider the context of life events.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1983

A causal model for physician utilization: analysis of Norwegian data.

This article contains a causal model for physician utilization in Norway. The model relates enabling factors, predisposing factors, and perceived illness to physician utilization in a linear structural equation model. Our aim has been to study the effect of variables other than perceived illness on physician utilization. The results of the analysis indicate that the number of disability days because of illness and psychologic well-being are almost exclusively the only important variables in the explanation of physician utilization in Norway.

Costs and Cost Analysis↗
PubMed1993

Linking retirement experiences and marital satisfaction: a mediational model.

The authors propose and test a mediational model linking the experience of retirement with marital satisfaction. The experience of retirement (financial strain, time structure, a sense of purposefulness, and interpersonal contacts) is held to predict marital satisfaction indirectly through its sequential effects on context-specific well-being (retirement-specific satisfaction with health, activities, and peers) and context-free well-being (depressive symptoms). Both this model and a revised model in which retirement satisfaction also exerted a direct effect on marital satisfaction were supported using structural equation modeling on data from 164 retirees (mean age = 69 years). An alternative model in which depressive symptoms assume a predictive rather than mediational role was not supported; cross-lagged regression analyses excluded the possibility that marital dissatisfaction resulted in depressive symptoms. The conceptual and practical implications of these findings are discussed.

Aged↗
PubMed1995

The measurement structure of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale.

This study examined the temporal stability of the measurement structure of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D; Radloff, 1977) in 813 individuals with rheumatoid arthritis. Participants completed the CES-D (Radloff, 1977) on three occasions 1 year apart. Structural equation models and polyserial correlations were used to address methodological limitations of previous studies. Four competing measurement structures were tested with one factor, three factors, four factors, and a single second-order factor underlying the four-factor model. The four-factor and the second-order-factor models provided the best fit at Time 1. When cross-validated at Times 2 and 3, the four-factor and the second-order-factor models remained invariant. Researchers can now more confidently use the CES-D to examine how distress changes in chronic physical disorders.

Affect↗
PubMed1998

Sexual risk behavior among youth: modeling the influence of prosocial activities and socioeconomic factors.

Sexual activity among high-school-aged youths has steadily increased since the 1970s, emerging as a significant public health concern. Yet, patterns of youth sexual risk behavior are shaped by social class, race, and gender. Based on sociological theories of financial deprivation and collective socialization, we develop and test a model of the relationships among neighborhood poverty; family structure and social class position; parental involvement; prosocial activities; race; and gender as they predict youth sexual risk behavior. We employ structural equation modeling to test this model on a cross-sectional sample of 370 sexually active high-school students from a midwestern city; 57 percent (n = 209) are males and 86 percent are African American. We find that family structure indirectly predicts sexual risk behavior through neighborhood poverty, parental involvement, and prosocial activities. In addition, family class position indirectly predicts sexual risk behavior through neighborhood poverty and prosocial activities. We address implications for theory and health promotion.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Leader behavior impact on staff nurse empowerment, job tension, and work effectiveness.

OBJECTIVE: The authors tested a model linking specific leader-empowering behaviors to staff nurse perceptions of workplace empowerment, occupational stress, and work effectiveness in a recently-merged Canadian acute care hospital. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: An integration of Kanter's organizational empowerment theory and Conger and Kunungo's model of the leader empowerment process constituted the theoretical framework for the study. Few published studies were found in which specific leader behaviors were linked empirically to staff nurses' workplace empowerment. METHODS: Staff nurses (n = 537) were surveyed shortly after a merger of two large tertiary hospitals. Structural equation modeling techniques were used to test the proposed model. RESULTS: Leader-empowering behaviors significantly influenced employees perceptions of formal and informal power and access to empowerment structures (information support, resources, and opportunity). Higher perceived access to empowerment structures predicted lower levels of job tension and increased work effectiveness. The amount of explained variance in the final model was 42%. CONCLUSIONS: Support for the model tested in this study highlights the importance of nurse managers' leadership behaviors within current turbulent healthcare organizations.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

The effects of demographic factors, family background, and early job achievement on age at marriage.

National data for ever-married men age 20 to 65 in March 1973 are utilized to estimate least squares and log-linear structural equation models of age at marriage. We demonstrate that most characteristics of family background (including both the family structure and its socioeconomic standing) are irrelevant in their effect on age at marriage. Intercohort trends are not explicable with reference to the changing socioeconomic, ethnic, or nativity compositions of the cohorts. Regional differences in age at marriage have persisted over the years in only slightly diminished form and cannot be explained by reference to the nativity, ethnic, or socioeconomic compositions of the regions. Early job status relates only weakly to age at marriage. Only those activities that are time-consuming or otherwise disruptive of the smooth operation of normal life-cycle processes during the transition from adolescence to adulthood (such as college attendance and service in the military) seriously affect the age at which a man marries.

Achievement↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A structural model of the relationships among stage of disease, age, coping, and psychological adjustment in women with breast cancer.

The present study used structural equation modeling to examine the relationships among disease stage (i.e. Stage II versus Stage IV), age, coping style, and psychological adjustment in 100 women diagnosed with breast cancer. Five separate models were examined: a full model, a mediational model, a demographic-disease model, a coping style model, and a regression model The analyses revealed that the present data best fit the mediational model in which age and stage of disease were not directly associated with psychological adjustment but, instead, were mediated by coping style (chi 2(25) = 45.776, AASR = 0.05, CFI = 0.94). The mediational model accounted for 56% of the variance in psychological adjustment. In particular, the model showed that younger women and women with an earlier disease stage used greater levels of the coping strategy characterized as a fighting spirit and lower levels of the coping strategies characterized as hopelessness/helplessness, anxious preoccupation, and fatalism which, in turn, were related to better psychological adjustment. Overall, these findings may offer an explanation for the conflicting findings regarding the relationship between age, stage of disease, and psychological adjustment to breast cancer by illustrating that coping strategies may be an essential mediating factor; in turn, a mediating model of psychological adaptation may offer useful information for clinicians as they implement interventions designed to improve patients coping efforts.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1994

Medical students' motivation for internal medicine.

OBJECTIVE: To verify that motivational concepts tested in other educational settings are relevant to understanding medical students' choice of a career in internal medicine. More specifically, to compare the effects of "facilitating students' interest" versus "controlling students' learning" as educational models during the internal medicine clerkship. DESIGN: An observational retrospective study of 89 fourth-year medical students. Structural equation modeling compared the two models statistically. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Student choice of internal medicine residency. RESULTS: Instructors who supported students' autonomy engendered in students greater feelings of competence and interest in internal medicine than did controlling instructors. Perceived competence further enhanced students' interest in internal medicine. In turn, interest predicted students' choosing an internal medicine residency. Overall, the facilitating students' interest model better explained students' choice of internal medicine than did the controlling students' learning model. CONCLUSIONS: The results verify that the nature of the learning climate during the internal medicine clerkship is an important predictor of students' subsequent pursuit of internal medicine training. Instructors who teach in an autonomy-supportive manner enhance students' perceived competence and interest in internal medicine, which increases the likelihood they will select an internal medicine residency.

Career Choice↗
PubMed1998

Genetic influences on childhood hyperactivity: contrast effects imply parental rating bias, not sibling interaction.

BACKGROUND: Previous twin studies of hyperactivity have supported a 'contrast effect', whereby the more hyperactive the rating of one twin, the less the rating of the other. It has not been clear whether contrast effects occur in the twins' behaviour or in the ratings made of their behaviour but the implications for hyperactivity are different under the two models. METHOD: We use hyperactivity ratings from mothers and teachers for 1644 twin pairs in the Virginia Twin Study of Adolescent Behavioral Development (VTSABD) to explore the origin of contrast effects, making use of independent teacher reports in a proportion of twins. Models were fitted separately for the two informants and jointly to ratings combined through a latent variable, using structural equation modelling. RESULTS: Models for maternal data confirm the contrast effect previously reported. Teacher ratings show a different form of bias, with both twin confusion and correlated errors representing alternative but not mutually exclusive explanations of the data. Latent variable modelling of the joint responses allowed comparison of a model in which the contrast effect was placed on maternal ratings, representing bias, versus one in which the contrast occurred in the underlying 'true' phenotype. The fit of the former model was significantly better. CONCLUSIONS: Support is provided for the notion of contrast effects as a form of rater bias in maternal hyperactivity ratings. Different bias in teacher reports highlight that no one report can be considered a gold standard. The extent to which such biases may distort information for other data sources such as sib-pair studies of concordance/discordance is discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Rater bias in the EASI temperament scales: a twin study.

Under trait theory, ratings may be modeled as a function of the temperament of the child and the bias of the rater. Two linear structural equation models are described, one for mutual self- and partner ratings, and one for multiple ratings of related individuals. Application of the first model to EASI temperament data collected from spouses rating each other shows moderate agreement between raters and little rating bias. Spouse pairs agree moderately when rating their twin children, but there is significantly rater bias, with greater bias for monozygotic than for dizygotic twins. MLE's of heritability are approximately .5 for all temperament scales with no common environmental variance. Results are discussed with reference to trait validity, the person-situation debate, halo effects, and stereotyping. Questionnaire development using ratings on family members permits increased rater agreement and reduced rater bias.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Self-reported physical health among aged adults.

A multiple indicator structural equation model is proposed to delineate the various aspects of self-reported physical health. In particular, it specifies structural linkages among five measures of health including chronic illness, number of sick days, physical self-maintenance, instrumental activities of daily living, and subjective rating of one's own health. The proposed model is evaluated by using data from the 1968 National Senior Citizens Survey. The results support the predictions derived from the proposed model and are consistently replicated across four randomly divided subsamples.

Aged↗
PubMed1994

A measurement model for the Type A Self-Rating Inventory.

Compared to other questionnaire measures of Type A behavior, the Type A Self-Rating Inventory (TASRI) possesses particularly strong face validity. This study sought to develop a formal measurement model for the TASRI using a sample of 352 male and 479 female undergraduate psychology students. Assessed via structural equation modeling, an oblique two-factor (Hard-Driving, Extroverted) model explained over 90% of the common variance in responses to a subset of 13 of the original 28 TASRI items for men, women, and the pooled data. As hypothesized, relative to women, men had a greater mean score on the Hard-Driving factor and a lower mean score on the Extroverted factor. However, the magnitude of these gender differences is small. When reconceptualized in the context of work on the Big Five factor model, the Hard-Driving and Extroverted factors were found to reflect related elements of positive sociability and negative power, respectively.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Empowerment and staff nurse decision involvement in nursing work environments: testing Kanter's theory of structural power in organizations.

Work redesign initiatives have transformed approaches to patient care that will require increased control of nurses over both the content and context of their practice. A secondary analysis of two studies linking perceived work empowerment with two aspects of staff nurse decisional involvement using Kanter's (1977, 1993) theory of structural power in organizations is described. In these studies, the pattern of relationships among variables in Kanter's theory and two different facets of work decisional involvement (control over the content and context of nursing practice) were examined using structural equation modeling techniques. Consistent with theoretical expectations, perceptions of formal and informal power significantly influenced perceived access to work empowerment structures. Informal power was found to mediate the relationship between formal power and access to work empowerment structures. Formal and informal power and access to empowerment structures, in combination, were found to be significant predictors of the extent of involvement in decisions related to the content and context of nursing practice, respectively. The results provide empirical support for propositions derived from Kanter's theory of work empowerment, and provide potential guidance for theory-based management practices to enhance nurses' involvement in professional and organizational decision making.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Flashbulb memories and the underlying mechanisms of their formation: toward an emotional-integrative model.

Flashbulb memories (FBMs) are detailed recollections of the context in which people first heard about important events. The present study investigates three models of the formation and maintenance of FBM. Two models have previously been proposed in the literature (Brown & Kulik, 1977; Conway et al., 1994). A third model of FBM that integrates theories of FBM and recent developments in the field of emotions is proposed. The present study compares these three competing models by investigating the FBMs that Belgian citizens developed upon learning of the unexpected death of their king Baudouin. Structural equation modeling revealed that, as compared to the two previously proposed models, the third model, which takes into account emotional processes, better explains FBM.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Well-being of haemophilia patients: a model for direct and indirect effects of medical parameters on the physical and psychosocial functioning.

This study outlines the development and evaluation of a structural equation model for establishing the consequences of haemophilia. The hereditary disorder is characterized by a high tendency to haemorrhages, with recurrent bleeding into the joints causing irreversible joint damage. The model is, in general, an attempt to answer the following questions: what is the effect of haemophilia on the well-being (i.e. satisfaction, health, somatic complaints and self-esteem) of patients and what is the additional or mediating role of other individual characteristics in this pathway? Disease severity, joint impairment and disability are defined as antecedents of well-being and the mediating roles of appraisal (i.e. the personal evaluation of the disease), health beliefs (i.e. locus of control), psychological characteristics (i.e. anxiety, anger, depression and optimism) and social support are investigated. Psychological variables turned out to be the strongest determinants of well-being and partly mediated the detrimental effect of disability on well-being. The role of appraisal remained somewhat unclear, as no significant relationship was established between this personal evaluation of haemophilia and well-being. Nevertheless, appraisal very well reflected the level of disability. An internal locus of control and favourable psychological characteristics appeared to reduce the perceived seriousness of haemophilia. No evidence was found for social support to act as a mediator between disability and well-being. The perception of support did show moderately strong associations with psychological characteristics (i.e. anxiety and depression) and satisfaction ratings. The study merits further research on quantifying the relationships between clinical parameters and psychosocial outcomes in patients with a chronic disease.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Logistic regression analysis of twin data: estimation of parameters of the multifactorial liability-threshold model.

We extend the DeFries-Fulker regression model for the analysis of quantitative twin data to cover binary traits and genetic dominance. In the proposed logistic regression model, the cotwin's trait status, C, is the response variable, while the proband's trait status, P, is a predictor variable coded as k (affected) and 0 (unaffected). Additive genetic effects are modeled by the predictor variable PR, which equals P for monozygotic (MZ) and P/2 for dizygotic (DZ) twins; and dominant genetic effects, by PD, which equals P for MZ and P/4 for DZ twins. By setting an appropriate scale for P (i.e., the value of k), the regression coefficients of P, PR, and PD are estimates of the proportion of variance in liability due to common family environment, additive genetic effects, and dominant genetic effects, respectively, for a multifactorial liability-threshold model. This model was applied to data on lifetime depression from the Virginia Twin Registry and produced results similar to those from structural equation modeling.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Physician utilization of computers in medical practice: policy implications based on a structural model.

The development of policies regarding computer-based medical technology is hampered by a lack of knowledge about the process by which such applications are adopted and utilized by physicians. This study was designed to test a model of the process by which physicians change their practice behavior by utilizing a computer-based hospital information system (HIS). A structural model was developed, estimated, and tested using data from 270 members of the medical staff of a 1160 bed, private teaching hospital. The overall model consists of a measurement model which assumes that the observed variables are generated by a smaller number of unobserved variables or factors; and a structural equation model that relates exogenous and endogenous variables. The model indicates that consultation with other physicians on a hospital service leads to greater exposure to potential computer applications resulting in less concern about the potential impact of computers on medical practice. Physicians who are more knowledgeable about computers are far more likely to tailor the system to their individual practice by developing their own personal order sets for use on the HIS. All of these factors result in increased use of the HIS by physicians. A number of policy implications related to the introduction of new computer-based technology into medical practice settings are discussed.

Attitude to Computers↗