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PubMed1985

Prevalence and epidemiology of the major gastrointestinal parasites of horses in Perth, Western Australia.

A survey was conducted on the prevalence of the major gastrointestinal parasites in 140 horses necropsied in Perth, Western Australia, during 1979 to 1982. Adult Strongylus vulgaris were found in 22.5 per cent of horses and verminous arteritis in 62.9 per cent. The peak worm prevalence was in November to January (summer). S edentatus had a similar prevalence and seasonality but S equinus was not found in this survey. Draschia megastoma and Habronema muscae were found in 66.2 per cent and 35.3 per cent of horses respectively. Infection is probably acquired in summer when 8 per cent of the Musca domestica in the vicinity of the stables carried third stage spiruroid larvae. Gasterophilus intestinalis and G nasalis occurred in 36.4 per cent and 22.1 per cent of the horses respectively and 52.1 per cent of horses were infected with one or both species. The peak prevalence of G intestinalis larvae occurred in December with a trough in February-April; the peak prevalence of G nasalis was in May with a trough in November-December. Parascaris equorum was found in 9.9 per cent of the horses and in 21.3 per cent of those less than three years old. Anoplocephala perfoliata was found in 4.9 per cent of the horses and most of these were in older horses.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Epidemiology and control of equine strongylosis at Newmarket.

Seasonal rises in mean faecal egg output were observed in grazing ponies in spring (578 eggs per gram) and in summer (930 epg) on 30 April and 2 September, respectively, in untreated ponies. Pasture infectivity reached a peak of 18,486 third stage larvae (L3)/kg on 17 September, two weeks after peak egg counts, coincidental with abundant September rainfall (103.0 mm). Differentiation of infective larvae from pasture showed the cyathostomes (small strongyles) to be predominant, but Trichostrongylus axei assumed major importance from late August to October. The large strongyles were rarely detected: Strongylus vulgaris was found only once and S edentatus only twice. The most effective parasite prophylaxis was achieved by twice weekly removal of faeces. In this group, concentrations of infective L3 on pasture reached a maximum of 1000 L3/kg, compared to 18,486 L3/kg for a control group and 4850 to 10,210 L3/kg for anthelmintic treatment groups. The removal of faeces increased the grazing area by about 50 per cent, by eliminating the characteristic separation of horse pasture into roughs and lawns. Spring and summer anthelmintic treatments of mature ponies with oxibendazole were effective in reducing the late season rise in pasture infectivity to 4850 L3/kg, but treatment of young ponies (mainly yearlings) with ivermectin every eight weeks or oxibendazole every four weeks resulted in pasture infectivity as high as 10,000 L3/kg. There was evidence of cyathostome resistance to benzimidazole drugs.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Serum protein changes in ponies on different parasite control programmes.

Serum protein responses were examined in 52 ponies divided into five groups and subjected to various control strategies that resulted in pasture infectivity ranging from 706 to 18,486 infective third stage, cyathostome and Trichostrongylus axei larvae per kilogram of herbage (L3/kg) by 17 September 1984. Major protein changes occurred only in young ponies (Groups 4 and 5) and were observed before exposure to maximum numbers of pasture larvae (Group 4; 10,210 L3/kg, Group 5: 10,042 L3/kg) on 17 September. It appeared that a primary infection of T axei was a greater stimulus to serum beta-globulin and immunoglobulin (Ig)G(T) responses that provided by continued infection with cyathostome (small strongyle) worms. The large strongyles (Strongylus vulgaris, S edentatus and S equinus) were not detected in any larval cultures or on pastures grazed by the young ponies. A fall in beta-globulin and IgG(T) concentrations of Group 5 ponies one month after treatment with ivermectin indicated a larvicidal action against T axei and/or the cyathostomes. A subsequent rise in serum albumin concentrations of Group 5 ponies suggested that a protein-losing gastroenteropathy had been alleviated by the larvicidal action of ivermectin. Mature control ponies (Group 1) showed little beta-globulin response and only a modest IgG(T) response in six of the 10 ponies after exposure to heavily infected lawns (18,486 L3/kg) in September 1984. It was concluded that serum protein and IgG(T) responses were of limited value as an aid to diagnosis of parasitism because of numerous difficulties of interpretation.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

A field survey on the distribution of strongyle infections of horses in Sweden and factors affecting faecal egg counts.

Faecal egg counts were performed during the first quarter of 1995 on samples from 1183 horses of varying breeds, ages and gender on 110 farms in 3 regions of Sweden. The majority of the horses had been treated with ivermectin or pyrantel when stabled the previous autumn. The risk of reinfection with strongyles between treatment and sampling was therefore considered to be minimal. Consequently, the results reflect primarily the occurrence of worms originating from inhibited strongyle larvae refractory to anthelmintic treatment. A total of 922 (78%) individuals were found to shed strongyle eggs, and 15 (14%) of the farms studied had at least one horse infected with Strongylus vulgaris. There was a significant, gradual decrease in faecal egg output in horses originating from the southern to the northern part of Sweden. Horses from studfarms showed significantly higher numbers of strongyle eggs/g faeces (EPG) as compared to those on other types of farms, such as riding-schools and boarding stables. However, there was no correlation between herd size and mean herd EPG. The output of strongyle eggs was highest in horses aged 2 and 3 years. EPG values then declined with increasing age of the horse. Horses treated with ivermectin in the previous autumn showed significantly lower EPG values than untreated horses and those treated with pyrantel pamoate.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Diagnosis and treatment of "verminous aneurysm" formation in the horse.

The clinical manifestations, diagnosis and differential diagnosis of "verminous aneurysm" formation at the root of the cranial mesenteric artery and coeliac artery resulting from Strongylus vulgaris larvae migration are described. Forty-nine of 57 cases were successfully treated with low molecular weight dextran (dextran 70).

Aneurysm↗
PubMed1981

Anthelmintic activity of paste and drench formulations of oxfendazole in horses.

Oxfendazole was administered in paste or drench formulations to groups of five horses carrying naturally acquired worm burdens. At a dose rate of 10 mg/kg the efficacy of either formulation appeared similar. One hundred per cent of the adult populations of the following genera was removed: Parascaris, Oxyuris, Strongylus (S edentatus, S vulgaris), Triodontophorus and Trichostrongylus axei. Efficacy against adult small strongyles, adult Habronema microstoma and immature Oxyuris equi was in the region of 96 to 99 per cent. The level of efficacy against immature small strongyles was at least 74 to 75 per cent, against fourth stage larvae of S vulgaris in the mesenteric arteries between 83 and 88 per cent and against fourth stage S edentatus in flank lesions between 97 and 99 per cent. Early fifth stage sheathed S vulgaris larvae in arteries were less susceptible. The drug failed to remove very young parascaris and habronema and had no effect against Anoplocephala perfoliata and various instars of Gasterophilus intestinalis and G nasalis. Hatching tests on strongyle eggs passed in the faeces indicated that 24 hours must elapse before all become sterile.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1992

Prevalence of benzimidazole-resistance in equine cyathostome populations in south east England.

In order to study the prevalence of benzimidazole-resistance in equine cyathostomes, 30 stables in south east England were selected according to strict criteria but with minimum bias to provide three matched groups of 100 horses. One group was treated with fenbendazole, one with pyrantel embonate and the third was left untreated. The overall efficacies of fenbendazole and pyrantel embonate, as judged by the faecal egg-count reduction test, were 56.3 and 95.8 per cent, respectively. The numbers of horses at individual stables were too small to draw conclusions at each stable, but whereas efficacies greater than 85 per cent were recorded for pyrantel at 26 of 27 stables, the corresponding figure for fenbendazole was five of 27. Cyathostomes accounted for more than 90 per cent of the larvae cultured from faeces before and after treatment. Trichostrongylus axei was detected on 20 sites, but Strongylus species were present on only five. In the area of the survey, benzimidazole-resistance was very widespread in stables which used benzimidazole anthelmintics regularly and had more than nine horses per stable, but the benzimidazole-resistant cyathostome strains were adequately controlled with the non-benzimidazole anthelmintic pyrantel embonate.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Efficacy of a 2 per cent moxidectin gel against gastrointestinal parasites of ponies.

The efficacy of moxidectin was evaluated in young ponies naturally infected with gastrointestinal parasites. Eight animals were treated orally with moxidectin at 0.4 mg/kg bodyweight and eight received only the vehicle. They were all necropsied two weeks later. Faecal samples were examined daily for egg counts and larval cultures. Parasites were recovered from total faecal samples collected daily and from the gastrointestinal tracts at necropsy. Moxidectin reduced the strongyle egg counts by > 99 per cent from three days after treatment but some individuals remained positive for 10 days. The drug had little or no ovicidal activity. As evaluated in the critical-controlled test, moxidectin was 99 to 100 per cent effective (P < 0.05) against luminal stages of parascaris equorum, Strongylus vulgaris, Triodontophorus species, Craterostomum acuticaudatum, 19 cyathostome species and Oxyuris equi. Adult S edentatus were also completely removed. Its efficacy against third stage larvae of Gasterophilus intestinalis was 95 per cent (P < 0.05). Luminal nematode stages were removed within a few days, and bots continued to be eliminated for at least two weeks after treatment. No activity was observed against Anoplocephala perforliata. As evaluated in the controlled test, moxidectin was 100 per cent effective against Habronema muscae (P < 0.05) and had a 76 per cent but not significant efficacy against encysted small strongyle larvae.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2001

Efficacy of moxidectin 2 per cent gel against naturally acquired strongyle infections in horses, with particular reference to larval cyathostomes.

The efficacy of moxidectin 2 per cent equine gel against naturally acquired strongyle infections was assessed in 18 ponies which had grazed on contaminated pasture before being housed for eight weeks. Twenty-four hours before the treatment, two randomly selected ponies were euthanased and their worm burdens were determined. Eight of the remaining 16 ponies were treated with moxidectin 2 per cent gel while the other eight were given a placebo gel. Eight weeks later the 16 animals were necropsied and their worm burdens established. A 100 per cent efficacy was recorded against adult and lumenal L4 cyathostomes and adult Strongylus and Triodontophorus species. Digest recoveries of larval cyathostomes indicated a 90.8 per cent (P<0.002) reduction in early L3 and a 99.9 per cent (P<0.001) reduction in developing stages. There was a reduction in faecal egg output of between 96 and 100 per cent in the treated animals compared with the controls.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Diarrhoea in horses associated with ulceration of the colon and caecum resulting from S vulgaris larval migration.

The clinical manifestations of a diarrhoeic syndrome of horses with ulceration of the mucosae of the colon and caecum are described. Patients could be divided into three groups according to their presenting symptoms and the disease is probably caused by the thrombo-embolism associated with migrating larvae of Strongylus vulgaris. The differential diagnosis, prognosis and treatment are outlined with particular reference to the use of antithrombotic agents.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Verminous aneurysm caused by filaria.

Aneurysms caused by atherosclerosis are relatively frequent, as a consequence of the high incidence of this degenerative disease of the arteries. Other types of aneurysm, for example, those of infectious etiology, are more uncommon. Bacterias and fungi are able to cause aneurysms in several parts of the arterial tree. Stengel et al (1943), in a review of world literature described 217 cases of mycotic aneurysms. The Stedman's Medical Dictionary refers to a special type of aneurysm observed in horses, caused by intra-vascular migration of a worm, the Strongylus vulgaris. It has been named verminous aneurysm and generally involves the mesenteric arteries. We haven't found in medical literature any similar observations refering to human cases. The purpose of this paper is to describe a case of aneurysm the etiology of which we have imputed to the filaria (Wuchereria bancrofti). This case was observed in Marcilio Dias Naval Hospital, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Intimal asteroid bodies in horses: light and electron microscopic observations.

The morphology of asteroid bodies in equine arteries is demonstrated by light microscopy as well as by scanning and transmission electron microscopy combined with chemical analysis. Asteroid bodies first occur in horses at four weeks of age in all investigated tissues except the esophagus and always are located in the subendothelial space. The number, shape, ultrastructure and chemical composition of asteroid bodies differ markedly--depending on the age of the horse. Asteroid bodies are round and smooth in foals, but are shaped irregularly and have several projections and marked stratified calcification in adult horses. Asteroid bodies probably originate from smooth muscle cells. No direct etiological connection between asteroid bodies and migrating Strongylus vulgaris could be verified.

Aging↗
PubMed2000

Prevalence and biodiversity of helminth parasites in donkeys from South Africa.

Seven donkeys (Equus asinus) from North-West and Mpumalanga Provinces in South Africa were examined at necropsy. Quantitative samples were collected from the gastrointestinal tract for recovery of helminth parasites from the stomach, small intestine, cecum, ventral colon, dorsal colon, descending colon, and cranial mesenteric artery. Fifteen genera and 29 species of helminths were identified comprising 27 species of nematodes in the Ascarididae, Atractidae, Habronematidae, Onchocercidae, Oxyuridae, and Strongylidae; 1 species of cestode in the Anoplocephalidae; and 1 species of trematode in the Paramphistomatidae. In addition, 2 species of oestrid fly larvae in the Gastrophiliidae were identified. The most abundant group in number of species was the cyathostomes (small strongyles) and, of these, Cyathostomum montgomeryi, Cylicocyclus sp. (a), and Cylicostephanus minutus were the most numerous. The most prevalent cyathostomes were C. montgomeryi and Cylicocyclus sp. n. (a). Strongylus vulgaris was the most abundant and prevalent large strongyle species. The occurrence of small strongyle species and their prevalences in this study are compared with 3 other studies on donkeys in Africa.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Prevalence of strongyle nematodes in naturally infected ponies of different ages and during different seasons of the year in Louisiana.

One hundred and seventeen ponies were surveyed for the seasonal prevalence of strongyloid parasites, particularly cyathostomes, and for host- and age-related differences in these infections. For 56 ponies, all stages of the cyathostome life cycle, both mucosal and luminal, were enumerated. Total numbers of cyathostomes and percentage of developing larvae (DL) encysted in the mucosa remained constant in all 4 seasons of the year, whereas a significant increase in the percentage of adults in the cyathostome population occurred in fall. In yearling ponies, encysted early third-stage larvae constituted a significantly lower percentage of the cyathostome population, and DL and adults formed a significantly higher percentage, compared with those stages in older ponies, 2-5 yr of age. More species of cyathostomes were present in yearling ponies than in older ponies. Significant differences occurred in fecal egg counts at different seasons of the year, even though adult cyathostome and large strongyle numbers remained constant. Twenty-four species of cyathostomes were found year-round, and 2 rare species were found in only 2 or 3 seasons of the year. Prevalences for these 24 species were not significantly different during any season, although 5 species had significant differences in intensity levels of infection in certain seasons of the year. Three species of large strongyle (strongylinae) adults had significant seasonal variations in intensities. These were Strongylus edentatus and S. vulgaris, which occurred in significantly higher numbers in summer and fall, and Triodontophorus brevicauda, which was more numerous in spring and summer. Fourth- and fifth-stage larvae of S. vulgaris recovered from the mesenteric vasculature were significantly more numerous in winter and spring than in other seasons.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2004

Parasites of domestic and wild animals in South Africa. XLIV. Fleas (Insecta: Siphonaptera: Pulicidae) collected from 15 carnivore species.

Fleas were collected from 61 wild carnivores belonging to 13 species in various nature reserves and on farms, two feral domestic cats in a nature reserve and a domestic dog in the city of Johannesburg. Eleven flea species, including two subspecies of one of these, belonging to six genera were recovered. Amongst these only Ctenocephalides felis felis and Ctenocephalides felis strongylus are considered specific parasites of carnivores. The remaining ten species normally infest the prey animals of the various carnivores.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

The pathogenesis and control of strongyle infection in the horse.

The migratory route of infective Strongylus vulgaris larvae was determined: penetration of small and large intestine into the lumina of submucosal arteries, migration up the arterial tree, reaching the cranial mesenteric site by three weeks, where the larvae develop to the mature 4th stage. After 3-4 months they exsheath and the young adults migrate down the arteries towards the intestines, to the limit of arterial narrowing, from where they rupture from nodules into the lumen of the intestine. The prepatent period is about 6 months. The clinical syndrome was similar to, but less severe than that recorded in the literature. The most significant haematological changes were an early, sharp rise in WBC, increased neutrophil:lymphocyte ratio, and eosinophilia. Marked, progressive increase of total serum proteins as result of betaglobulins occurred. The rate of albumin catabolism was higher in infected horses and red cell survival was reduced. In field studies, it was shown that foals turned out to grass in spring can be infected both by overwintering larvae and by their untreated dams, the latter being by far the more important source of infection.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Oxibendazole: critical anthelmintic trials in equids.

The efficacy of oxibendazole against gastrointestinal parasites of horses was evaluated by the critical test method. Naturally infected ponies of various ages were given single oral doses of 5, 10, or 15 mg-kg of bodyweight. The drug was highly effective against adult large strongylids (Strongylus vulgaris, S edentatus, S equins), adult small strongylids (especially species of the genera Cylicostephanus, Cylicocyclus, Cyaathostomum, and Triodontophorus), and adult and larval stages of the large pinworm, Oxyuris equi. There was no apparent dose-related differences in efficacy. Oxibendazole was less effective against fourth-stage small strongylid larvae than it was against adults. The drug was inactive against stomach bots (Gasterophilus spp), tapeworms (Anoplocephala magna and A perfoliata), lungworms (Dictyocaulus arnfieldi), abdominal worms )Setaria equina), and mature or immature nematodes in locations other than the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Critical tests with oxibendazole against gastrointestinal parasites of ponies.

Twenty ponies were allotted to 4 groups of 5 ponies each, and oxibendazole was orally administered at dose levels of 5, 10, 15, and 20 mg/kg. In the 3 groups of ponies given the largest doses, efficacy against 3 species of Strongylus was between 92 and 100% and that against small strongylids of the genera Cyathostomum, Cylicocyclus, Cylicodontophorus, and Cylicostephanus was more than 99%. All adults and 95 to 100% of larvae of the pinworm Oxyuris equi were removed. In the group of ponies given 5 mg/kg, 86 to 100% of the large strongylids and 84 to 100% of the small strongylids were removed, as were all larval and adult pinworms. Trichostrongylus axei was found only in 4 of the 5 ponies given 5 mg/kg; results were encouraging, but not consistent. Almost all of the Parascaris equorum were found in this group of ponies; no anthelmintic activity was detected at this dose level. Oxibendazole removed approximately 99% of small strongylid 4th-stage larvae. No efficacy against the larval stages of Gasterophilus intestinalis and against Habronema spp and Setaria equina was observed.

Animals↗