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PubMed2005

Lower sperm counts following prenatal tobacco exposure.

BACKGROUND: Recent findings have indicated that prenatal exposure to tobacco smoke may cause lower sperm concentration in ejaculates of adult men. To extend the research on this hypothesis we investigated the dose-dependency of the association, controlling for other prenatal exposures. METHODS: From 1987 to 1996, four separate occupational semen studies were conducted at three centres in Denmark. A total of 945 men provided semen and blood samples, and information on reproductive and lifestyle factors. In 2004, we collected data on the maternal smoking habits during pregnancy from 522 mothers of the participating men. RESULTS: Adjusting for study subgroup, abstinence time and other factors, we found statistically non-significant differences in mean sperm concentrations: 65.0 x 10(6)/ml [95% confidence interval (CI) 51, 81] among sons of non-smokers; 59.1 x 10(6)/ml (95% CI 46, 75) among sons of mothers who had smoked 1-10 cigarettes/day; and 57.7 x 10(6)/ml (95% CI 40, 81) among those whose mothers had smoked >10 cigarettes/day. The former group had a higher odds ratio (OR) for oligozoospermia (sperm concentration < or =20 x 10(6)/ml) of 1.5 (95% CI 0.9, 2.8), the latter group an OR of 2.6 (95% CI 1.2, 5.8). CONCLUSION: We observed a dose-dependent association between prenatal tobacco exposure, lower sperm concentration and higher risk of oligozoospermia.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Age at unilateral orchiopexy: effect on hormone levels and sperm count in adulthood.

PURPOSE: We determined whether there are differences in hormone levels, such as inhibin B, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone and testosterone, and sperm density in men with a history of unilateral cryptorchidism as stratified by age at orchiopexy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 84 men with a history of unilateral cryptorchidism presented to our institution for serum hormone measurement and semen analysis. These parameters were compared using Pearson's correlations and analysis of variance among 4 groups stratified according to age at orchiopexy (range 1 month to 11 years). RESULTS: Comparison by Pearson's correlation analysis showed that age at orchiopexy significantly correlated inversely with inhibin B (r = -0.274, p = 0.012) and positively correlated with FSH (r = 0.229, p = 0.036). Comparison of mean hormone levels and sperm density by analysis of variance for linear trend revealed a significant relationship between age at surgery with inhibin B (p = 0.032) and testosterone (p = 0.029), while sperm density, FSH and luteinizing hormone were not significantly related. Post hoc comparison of individual means at surgery and at the time of this study demonstrated a significantly higher inhibin B level in the youngest age group than in 2 of the 3 older groups. CONCLUSIONS: Men who previously had unilateral cryptorchidism and who underwent orchiopexy by age 2 years have higher inhibin B and lower FSH profiles than those who underwent surgery later in life. This finding suggests an overall beneficial effect of early orchiopexy in boys born with unilateral cryptorchidism.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

The concentration of nitrite in seminal plasma does not correlate with sperm concentration, sperm motility, leukocytospermia, or sperm culture.

OBJECTIVE: To correlate the concentration of nitrite (the stable metabolite of nitric oxide) in seminal plasma with sperm number and motility, leukocytospermia, and sperm culture. DESIGN: Prospective study. SETTING: Academic research institution. PATIENT(S): Seventy normozoospermic or dyspermic men enrolled in an artificial insemination/in vitro fertilization program. INTERVENTION(S): Semen samples (n = 70) were checked for sperm concentration, total sperm count, sperm motility, seminal leukocyte concentration, and sperm culture; similarly, the concentration of nitrite in seminal plasma was measured by Griess reaction. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Measurement of nitrite concentration in seminal plasma and its correlation with sperm concentration, total sperm count, sperm motility, leukocytospermia, and sperm culture. RESULT(S): The concentration of nitrite in seminal plasma does not correlate with sperm concentration, total sperm count, or with the proportion of immotile or rapid-forward motile spermatozoa. Moreover, the concentration of nitrite in seminal plasma is not significantly increased when sperm culture is positive, nor does it correlate with leukocyte concentration in semen. CONCLUSION(S): Our results do not support the hypothesis that in vivo nitric oxide synthesis affects sperm function; alternatively, our results could suggest that nitrite in the seminal plasma is not a sensitive marker of in vivo nitric oxide synthesis.

Fertilization in Vitro↗
PubMed2006

[Comparison of four methods for sperm counting].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the accuracy and precision of 4 methods including Hemacytometer, Makler chamber, Cell-VU chamber, and computer-aided semen analysis for determining sperm concentration. METHODS: Latex bead solutions with concentrations known as (35 +/- 5) x 10(6)/ml and (18.0 +/- 2.5) x 10(6)/ml and semen samples (n = 54) were counted by the above 4 methods and the results were then compared. RESULTS: Mean bead concentrations for Hemacytometer, Makler, Cell-VU chambers and CASA were (44.84 +/- 4.86), (52.36 +/- 7.78), (39.70 +/- 4.76), (28.53 +/- 2.06) x 10(6)/ml respectively for the standard solution containing (35 +/- 5) x 10(6)/ml, and (21.04 +/- 1.87), (24.54 +/- 3.67), (19.09 +/- 2.02), (14.62 +/- 0.95) x 10(6)/ml respectively for a standard solution containing (18 +/- 2.5) x 10(6)/ml. The results of Cell-VU chamber were consistently similar and close to the standard solutions, while those of Hemacytometer, Makler chambers were overestimated, and those of CASA were underestimated. The coefficients of variation for Hemacytometer, Makler, Cell-VU chambers and CASA were 10.81%, 14.86%, 12.80%, and 7.22% respectively for a higher standard solution, while 8.89%, 14.96%, 10.58%, and 6.50% respectively for a lower standard solution. CASA has the lowest CV%. When semen samples were counted, the results of Hemacytometer, Makler, Cell-VU chambers and CASA were (76.98 +/- 59.90), (63.89 +/- 53.84), (45.28 +/- 34.52), (41.96 +/- 31.93) x 10(6)/ml respectively. There wasn't any significant difference either between Cell-VU chamber and CASA (P = 0.71), or between Hemacytometer and Makler chamber (P = 0.14), while there was significant difference between Cell-VU chamber or CASA and Hemacytometer or Makler chamber (P < 0.05 or P <0.01). CONCLUSION: When counting semen sample, there wasnt any significant difference between Cell-VU chamber and CASA. Each laboratory can select its own proper method for manual or computer-aided analysis.

Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted↗