Small group work--the need for some guidelines.
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The experiencing of participants of client-centered encounter groups served to demonstrate possibilities and limits of current models of the group process. This was done by analyzing the correlations between 5 dimensions of experiencing and aims of group participation, personality variables, modus of participation i.e. patient, student, therapist, time of participation, and group setting. The experiencing dimensions included 1. sympathy, trust, understanding, and help between members, 2. freedom from anxiety and stress, 3. openness, controversy and feedback, 4. momentary strong and basic feelings in one's self and others, 5. understanding, help and closeness of the group facilitator. The results show: Successful group participation was to the extent of maximal 50% determined by the experiences immanent in the client centered group process concept. Personality variables measured by tests determined the experiencing in the group to an extent of maximal 10%, supposedly less than the group experiencing was influenced by special characteristics of the group development for example the initial phase of group formation, member characteristics like age, attitudes concerning group work, and conventions of social behaviour. Even less relevant as determinants of group experiencing were differences of group setting and social pressure in the direction of uniform experiences at least within the first 20 hours of group participation.
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One group of alcoholics received closed-group encounter therapy, and another, open elective group therapy. The closed-group encounter therapy was superior in elevating self-concept.
Too frequently the behavioral sciences have been conceived as another specialty from which will be derived new techniques to extend the physician's armamentarium. The doctor/patient relationship as well as referrals and consultations have been assumed to be reducible to ritualized protocols and treatments. The personality of the physician and his interpersonal style both with patients and colleagues have often been ignored as being beyond the purview of professional concern. Yet the person of the physician is subject to the influence of colleagues and patients as well as their factual reports. Traditionally, the physician has not received training to allow him/her more objectively to understand the dynamic social processes through which health care planning is formulated, delivered, and received. With such social skills training the physician is in a better position to understand the dynamic processes within the family itself. Both health-care teams and families exhibit similar problems with parental authority, sibling rivalry, differential learning styles, and different career priorities. It is, therefore, essential that an adequate behavioral science program be structured to include learning experiences in which the physician can gain a greater awareness of self, interpersonal style, professional role, and group dynamic processes. Simulated health-care team exercises and encounter groups are two avenues through which such learning can be approached.
This article explores how group-dynamic interventions can be used to teach health professionals to counter impulses to make clients dependent on them. The basic assumption, derived from Kohut's work on narcissism, is that dependence-making behavior is connected with deep-rooted feelings of insufficiency resulting from a defective autonomy. A part of the standard Dutch General Practice (GP) training program, experience-sharing in groups of 12 GP trainees, offers opportunities to explore these feelings. The format of this experience-sharing (well-defined boundaries, minimal structure, facilitating leaders) often evokes behavior in which the peculiarities of the dependence-making behavior of the GP's vis-à-vis patients are mirrored: that is, dependent behavior. In order to analyze and influence this behavior, use can be made of Levine's model of group psychotherapy, which focuses on enhancing autonomy. In this paper we show, by means of four group cases, how Levine's framework can be used to enhance autonomy, lessen dependence, and thus diminish the tendency of GP's toward dependence-making behavior.
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In a previous article, the authors reported on 5 individuals who developed psychoses after participation in Erhard Seminars Training (est). Two additional cases are reported, and the combined case material is discussed in terms of group and psychodynamic theories. The authoritarian est leadership style may mobilize in trainees an overdetermined and pathological reliance on identification with the aggressor. Such a mechanism may be central to the production of psychiatric casualties, particularly in individuals with defective ego boundaries. Future controlled research is necessary to ascertain the rate of occurrence of psychiatric disturbances associated with est and to test the authors' hypotheses.
Thirty-two male and female college students participated in six 90-minute leaderless encounter groups in which they received videotape feedback, leader-facilitated videotape feedback, or verbal feedback. Statistical analysis indicated that feedback through a visual medium had no effect on self-concept, role-playing ability, or group coherence. Groups within the experimental conditions were initially different in their ratings on the dependent measures. These differences were maintained throughout the experiment.