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PubMed2004

Trace metal distribution in surface soils of Novi Sad and bank sediment of the Danube River.

Concentration ofCu. Cd, Pb, Zn, As, Mn, and Fe in the Novi Sad city urban area surface soil samples and the Danube bank sediment sample were measured in 2001. The results correspond to a network of six representative sampling sites in which the main soil properties, organic matter, water content, pH, and particle size have also been determined. The geometric mean content of Zn, Cu, Cd, and Pb obtained from soil samples throughout the Novi Sad urban area (61.32, 28.39, 0.151, and 2.70 mg/kg, respectively) was compared with the geometric mean concentration in world soils. It was revealed only one site (sampling site No. 3) with Zn and Cu content higher than the allowed ones set by Dutch authorities used for investigation of a site for possible rehabilitation (Dutch A values).

Environmental Monitoring↗
PubMed1981

Comparative description of the SADS and PSE.

The Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (SADS), Part I, and the Present State Examination (PSE) are both structured interviews to assess the present psychiatric condition. The present article attempts to provide researchers with information that may help them to decide which of the two instruments would be most suitable for their purposes. We describe the similarities and differences in the instruments' development, purpose, method, content, training requirements, reliability, and validity to point out their relative strengths and weaknesses for psychiatric assessment. Essentially, the PSE is, by both content and method, a mental status examination. The SADS, Part I, is, by content, an amalgam of a mental status examination and a history of the present illness, but, by method, is a history of the present illness. Neither comprises a complete traditional assessment of the current condition.

Depressive Disorder↗
PubMed2005

Brain regions involved in the recognition of happiness and sadness in music.

Here, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging to test for the lateralization of the brain regions specifically involved in the recognition of negatively and positively valenced musical emotions. The manipulation of two major musical features (mode and tempo), resulting in the variation of emotional perception along the happiness-sadness axis, was shown to principally involve subcortical and neocortical brain structures, which are known to intervene in emotion processing in other modalities. In particular, the minor mode (sad excerpts) involved the left orbito and mid-dorsolateral frontal cortex, which does not confirm the valence lateralization model. We also show that the recognition of emotions elicited by variations of the two perceptual determinants rely on both common (BA 9) and distinct neural mechanisms.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1989

Psychometric properties of the K-SADS-P in an Israeli adolescent inpatient population.

Seventy adolescent admissions to a psychiatric unit were evaluated with a Hebrew translation of the Schedule for Affective-Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Aged Children (K-SADS-P). Interrater and test-retest reliability and mother-child agreement were evaluated for diagnoses, symptom clusters, and 20 affective symptoms. K-SADS diagnoses were also compared with 3-month unit evaluation diagnoses as a measure of consensual validity. The reliability of assessing psychosocial functioning was additionally examined. Reliability and validity of diagnoses were high and reliability of symptoms and syndromes was good to excellent. Mother-child agreement faired less well on all measures. The use of semistructured interviews and DSM-III criteria in an Israeli adolescent psychiatric setting are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Gd-HPDO3A, a complex to obtain high-phasing-power heavy-atom derivatives for SAD and MAD experiments: results with tetragonal hen egg-white lysozyme.

A neutral gadolinium complex, Gd-HPDO3A, is shown to be a good candidate to use to obtain heavy-atom derivatives and solve macromolecular structures using anomalous dispersion. Tetragonal crystals of a gadolinium derivative of hen egg-white lysozyme were obtained by co-crystallization using different concentrations of the complex. Diffraction data from three derivative crystals (100, 50 and 10 mM) were collected to a resolution of 1.7 A using Cu Kalpha radiation from a rotating anode. Two strong binding sites of the gadolinium complex to the protein were located from the gadolinium anomalous signal in both the 100 and 50 mM derivatives. A single site is occupied in the 10 mM derivative. Phasing using the anomalous signal at a single wavelength (SAD method) leads to an electron-density map of high quality. The structure of the 100 mM derivative has been refined. Two molecules of the gadolinium complex are close together. Both molecules are located close to tryptophan residues. Four chloride ions were found. The exceptional quality of the SAD electron-density map, only enhanced by solvent flattening, suggests that single-wavelength anomalous scattering with the Gd-HPDO3A complex may be sufficient to solve protein structures of high molecular weight by synchrotron-radiation experiments, if not by laboratory experiments.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Jolly SAD.

Examples of phasing macromolecular crystal structures based on single-wavelength anomalous dispersion (SAD) show that this approach is more powerful and may have more general application in structural biology than was anticipated. Better data-collection facilities and cryogenic techniques, coupled with powerful programs for data processing, phasing, density modification and automatic model building, means that the SAD approach may gain wide popularity owing to its simplicity, less stringent wavelength requirements and faster data collection and phasing than the multi-wavelength (MAD) approach. It can be performed at any wavelength where anomalous scattering can be observed, in many cases using laboratory X-ray sources.

Aldose-Ketose Isomerases↗
PubMed2002

A new class of gadolinium complexes employed to obtain high-phasing-power heavy-atom derivatives: results from SAD experiments with hen egg-white lysozyme and urate oxidase from Aspergillus flavus.

Seven gadolinium complexes are shown to be excellent compounds for the preparation of heavy-atom derivatives for macromolecular crystallography projects. De novo phasing has been carried out using single-wavelength anomalous diffraction (SAD) on a series of gadolinium-derivative crystals of two proteins: hen egg-white lysozyme and urate oxidase from Aspergillus flavus. Lysozyme derivative crystals were obtained by co-crystallizing the protein with the corresponding gadolinium complex at a concentration of 100 mM. Diffraction data were collected to a resolution of 1.7 A using Cu K(alpha) radiation from a rotating-anode generator, making use of the high anomalous signal of gadolinium at this wavelength. Urate oxidase derivative crystals were obtained by soaking native crystals in 100 mM gadolinium complex solutions. Diffraction data were collected to a resolution close to 3 A using X-rays at the Gd L(III) absorption edge, taking advantage of the sharp white line on that edge. For all urate oxidase derivative crystals and three of the lysozyme crystals, SAD phasing led to electron-density maps of very high quality, allowing unambiguous chain tracing. From this study, the binding effectiveness of the gadolinium complexes seems to be related to the nature of the precipitant used for crystallization. These gadolinium complexes represent a new class of high-phasing-power heavy-atom derivatives that may be used for high-throughput structure-determination projects.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Optimizing the error term in direct-method SAD phasing.

The probability formula of the direct-method SAD (single-wavelength anomalous diffraction) phasing proposed by Fan & Gu (1985, Acta Cryst. A41, 280-284) contains an error term which is related to the lack-of-closure error. This error term is used as a weighting function in the phase derivation and in the subsequent calculation of electron-density maps. Previously, there has been a constant in the error term that has had to be determined empirically for each particular case. It has been found that improper choice of the constant often leads to failure of the direct-method SAD phasing. The problem is resolved by introducing a modified error term and a method of automatically tuning the associated scaling factor.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2004

Direct-method SAD phasing with partial-structure iteration: towards automation.

The probability formula of direct-method SAD (single-wavelength anomalous diffraction) phasing proposed by Fan & Gu (1985, Acta Cryst. A41, 280-284) contains partial-structure information in the form of a Sim-weighting term. Previously, only the substructure of anomalous scatterers has been included in this term. In the case that the subsequent density modification and model building yields only structure fragments, which do not straightforwardly lead to the complete solution, the partial structure can be fed back into the Sim-weighting term of the probability formula in order to strengthen its phasing power and to benefit the subsequent automatic model building. The procedure has been tested with experimental SAD data from two known proteins with copper and sulfur as the anomalous scatterers.

Automation↗
PubMed2004

Going soft and SAD with manganese.

SAD phasing has been revisited recently, with experiments being carried out using previously unconventional sources of anomalous signal, particularly lighter atoms and softer X-rays. A case study is reported using the 75 kDa RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of the bacteriophase phi6, which binds a Mn atom and crystallizes with three molecules in the asymmetric unit. X-ray diffraction data were collected at a wavelength of 1.89 A and although the calculated anomalous signal from the three Mn atoms was only 1.2%, SHELXD and SOLVE were able to locate these atoms. SOLVE/RESOLVE used this information to obtain SAD phases and automatically build a model for the core region of the protein, which possessed the characteristic features of the right-hand polymerase motif. These results demonstrate that with modern synchrotron beamlines and software, manganese phasing is a practical tool for solving the structure of large proteins.

Amino Acid Motifs↗
PubMed2006

In-house sulfur SAD phasing: a case study of the effects of data quality and resolution cutoffs.

Single-wavelength anomalous diffraction (SAD) utilizing the weak signal of inherently present S atoms can be successfully used to solve macromolecular structures, although this is mostly performed with data from a synchrotron rather than a laboratory source. Using high redundancy, sufficiently accurate anomalous data may now often be collected in the laboratory using Cu Kalpha X-ray radiation. Systematic analyses of a laboratory-derived data set illuminate the effects of data quality, redundancy and resolution cutoffs on the ability to locate the S atoms and phase the structure of Ptr ToxA, a 13.2 kDa toxin secreted by the fungus Pyrenophora tritici-repentis. Three sulfurs contributed to the successful phasing of the structure and were located using the program SHELXD. It is observed that data quality improves with increasing redundancy, but after a certain point becomes worse owing to crystal decay, so that there is an optimal amount of data to include for the sulfur substructure solution. Further, the success rate in locating S atoms is dramatically improved at lower resolutions and in a manner similar to data quality, there exists an optimal resolution at which the likelihood of solving the substructure is maximized. Based on these observations, a strategy for SAD data collection and substructure solution is suggested.

Crystallization↗
PubMed2004

The role of the anterior cingulate cortex in pitch variation during sad affect.

We examined neural activity, in the frontal lobes, associated with speech production during affective states. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), the blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) response to the overt reading of emotionally neutral sentences was measured before and after a happy or sad mood induction. There was no explicit demand to produce affect-congruent speech and a cover story was used to de-emphasize the significance of the speech task in light of our experimental aims. Each fMRI measurement was acquired 6 s after the onset of sentence presentation so that speech could be recorded while the scanner noise was minimal; speech parameters (e.g. pitch variation) were extracted from the sentences and regressed against fMRI data. In the sad group we found the predicted changes in affect and pitch variation. Further, the fMRI data confirmed our hypothesis in that the 'reading effect' (i.e. the BOLD response to reading minus the BOLD response to baseline stimuli) in the supracallosal anterior cingulate cortex covaried negatively with both pitch variation and affect. Our results suggest that the anterior cingulate cortex modulates paralinguistic features of speech during affective states, thus placing this neural structure at the interface between action and emotions.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

ALS and SAD-like nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit genes are widely distributed in insects.

Segments of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor alpha subunit genes have been isolated from a panel of insect species by polymerase chain reaction, using degenerate oligonucleotide primers designed to recognize conserved regions of the Drosophila melanogaster ALS and SAD genes. The amplified segments encode elements of typical alpha-subunits anticipated to play roles in ligand binding and ion channel formation. Each is also clearly either ALS or SAD-like. The predicted protein sequences display extremely high levels of conservation (over 85% for each subtype) even though derived from very distantly related insect species.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2005

Vagal withdrawal to a sad film predicts subsequent recovery from depression.

Cardiac vagal tone, as indexed by abnormalities in the level and/or reactivity of respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), has been related to psychiatric impairment, including risk for depression. Longitudinal studies of depression have focused on RSA levels and have found mixed support for the hypothesis that low RSA levels predict a more pernicious course of depression. The current investigation focuses on the relation between RSA reactivity and the course of depression. We measured depressed persons' RSA reactivity to sadness-, fear-, and amusement-inducing emotion films and reassessed participants' diagnostic status 6 months later. Depressed persons who exhibited a higher degree of vagal withdrawal to the sad film were more likely to recover from depression. Implications for the study of RSA in depression are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Depression without sadness: functional outcomes of nondysphoric depression in later life.

OBJECTIVES: We hypothesized that depressive symptoms not meeting full standard criteria for Major Depression would be associated with significant functional impairment among older adults over the course of a 13-year follow-up interval. Specifically, we developed criteria for a form of depression whose core symptoms did not include sadness or dysphoria. DESIGN: Population-based 13-year follow-up survey. SETTING: Community-dwelling adults living in East Baltimore in 1981. PARTICIPANTS: Subjects were the 1612 participants of the Baltimore sample of the Epidemiologic Catchment Area Program aged 50 years and older at the initial interview in 1981. MEASUREMENTS: The subjects were sorted into four categories based on their responses at baseline: (1) persons meeting standard criteria for Major Depression; (2) persons meeting alternative criteria for depression with dysphoria or (3) without dysphoria; and (4) a comparison category of persons not meeting any criteria for depression ("noncases"). The mortality and functional status of each group were compared after a 13-year follow-up interval. RESULTS: Compared with non-cases, participants aged 50 years and older who reported depressive symptoms but who denied sadness or dysphoria (nondysphoric depression) were at increased risk for death (relative risk (RR) = 1.70; 95% confidence interval (CI) (1.09, 2.67)), impairment in activities of daily living (RR = 3.76; 95% CI (1.73, 8.14)), impairment in instrumental activities of daily living (RR = 5.07; 95% CI (2.24, 11.44)), psychologic distress (RR = 3.68; 95% CI (1.47, 9.21)), and cognitive impairment (RR = 3.00; 95% CI (1.31, 6.89)) after a 13-year follow-up interval. The findings were not wholly explained by potentially influential baseline characteristics such as age, education, selected comorbid medical conditions, and functional status. CONCLUSION: Among adults aged 50 years and older, nondysphoric depression may be as important as Major Depression in relation to the development of functional disability and other long-term outcomes.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1985

Children and affect: strategies for self-regulation and sex differences in sadness.

Thirty-two children, aged 6 to 11, were interviewed concerning their responses to distressing situations. Results indicate that the children possessed expectancies for coping with both sadness and anger. Coping strategies were predominantly behavioral, verbalized, and self-oriented; the most common was to engage in a distracting activity. Strategies employed with parents differed from those used with peers, and girls reported higher proportions of sadness-inducing events than did boys.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2005

Mammalian SAD kinases are required for neuronal polarization.

Electrical activity in neurons is generally initiated in dendritic processes then propagated along axons to synapses, where it is passed to other neurons. Major structural features of neurons-their dendrites and axons-are thus related to their fundamental functions: the receipt and transmission of information. The acquisition of these distinct properties by dendrites and axons, called polarization, is a critical step in neuronal differentiation. We show here that SAD-A and SAD-B, mammalian orthologs of a kinase needed for presynaptic differentiation in Caenorhabditis elegans, are required for neuronal polarization. These kinases will provide entry points for unraveling signaling mechanisms that polarize neurons.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Structure of the SAD mutation and the location of control sites at silent mating type genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

The SAD mutation, an extra mating type cassette, has been shown to arise from an unequal mitotic crossover between the MAT and HMR loci, resulting in the formation of a hybrid cassette and a duplication of the MAT-HMR interval. The SAD cassette contains the "a" information and left-hand flanking regions from the parental HMRa cassette and the right-hand flanking sequences of the parental MAT cassette. This arrangement of flanking sequences causes a leaky but reproducible mating phenotype correlated with a low-level expression of the cassette as measured by RNA blotting. This weak expression is attributed to the loss of one flanking control site normally present at the silent HM storage loci.

Alleles↗