Human sparganosis in Louisiana: a case report.
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Female↗
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Sparganosis in non-human primates.
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Animals↗
[Laboratory diagnosis of protozoan and parasitic diseases. 2. Helminthiasis. a. Sparganosis].
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Animals↗
Ultrastructural studies on the plerocercoid of Spirometra erinacei in experimental sparganosis.
The gland cell and the tegument of the Spirometra erinacei plerocercoid following parasite migration in hamsters were observed by electron microscopy. Gland cells released secretory granules mainly into the frontal pit during each stage of migration. The density of the perinuclear secretory granules decreased markedly just after parasite penetration through the host intestinal wall. Therefore, gland cells seem to play an essential role in penetration. During migration in the host, lipid-like droplets appeared in the subtegumental cells and tegument and increased in number and size during migration in the abdominal cavity, but they had disappeared from plerocercoids recovered from subcutaneous tissues. Myelin-like bodies also occurred in the tegument, subtegumental cells and medullary matrix; they were released directly through the tegument into the frontal pit. Discoidal bodies gathered in the distal part of the tegument, where filamentous microtriches appeared in regions from which microtriches had been peeled off during penetration.
Animals↗
Leukocyte accumulation in sparganosis: further characterization of an eosinophil chemotactic factor of the plerocercoid of Spirometra erinacei.
An eosinophil chemotactic (ECF) was partially purified from plerocercoids of Spirometra erinacei by a combination of anion-exchange chromatography on DE52 and gel filtration on Sephacryl S-200. The molecular weight of ECF was estimated to be 25,000-45,000 by high-pressure liquid chromatography. The ECF was bound with concanavalin A-Sepharose. The ECF was sensitive to periodate oxidation and to heating (56 degrees C, 30 min). On isoelectric focusing, eosinophil chemotactic activity was clearly revealed at pI 4.1. These results suggest that ECF of S. erinacei plerocercoid is an acidic glycoprotein. An intradermal injection of ECF eosinophil attractions in the normal guinea pig skin.
Animals↗
Sparganosis and "proliferative" spargana in vervets (Cercopithecus aethiops) and baboons (Papio sp.) from East Africa.
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Africa, Eastern↗
Imunological characterization of antigens from cysticercus and sparganum and their application to immunodiagnosis 1. Immunological characteristics of crude antigenic components from Cysticercus cellulosae.
We studied the serological reaction between various antigenic components from Cysticercus cellulosae and IgG antibodies in sera of cysticercosis, sparganosis, hydatidosis patients and normal humans by ELISA and EITB. In serological tests by ELISA, we recognized cross reaction of Cysticercus antigenic components with IgG antibodies in heterologous sera such as sparganosis and hydatidosis patients or normal humans. The crude antigenic components of Cysticercus showed lower ELISA sensitivity in homologous sera from cysticercosis patients than heterologous sera from hydatidosis patients. A total of 31 polypeptide bands with 260 KDa-22 KDa molecular weights were detected by SDS-PAGE, and 11 of them showed strong intensity. Total 22 components of them were recognized by IgG antibodies in cysticercosis patients sera. However, 12 of them were recognized also by normal human sera, 11 were by sparganosis sera, and 21 were by hydatidosis patients sera. The crude antigenic components of 104 KDa, 82 KDa, 72 KDa, 59 KDa and 34 KDa molecular weights were nonspecific ones, which cross-reacted with sera of either cysticercosis, sparganosis, hydatidosis patients or normal humans.
Journal Article↗
Sparganum mansoni parasitic infection in the lung showing a nodule.
Reported herein is a 57-year-old man infected by Sparganum mansoni, a kind of tapeworm, showing a solitary nodule of the middle lobe of the right lung. Because a transbronchial biopsy could not diagnose the nodule, a right middle lobectomy was performed on suspicion of malignant tumor. The lesion was diagnosed as sparganosis by histological and immuno-serological examinations. Histological examination revealed granulomatous inflammation with neutrophil and eosinophil infiltration around the worm and interstitial pneumonia surrounding the nodule. Moreover, vasculitis with foreign body giant cell was seen around the lesion. To the authors' knowledge this is the second case of sparganosis limited in the lung, and the current report presents the first detailed histological description of a pulmonary sparganosis case.
Animals↗
Public health significance of zoonotic tapeworms in Korea.
Through an epidemiological review on the zoonotic tapeworms in Korea, the frequency and severity of the zoonoses have been recognized. Taeniasis and human cysticercosis are of importance to the public health in Korea. The frequency of taeniasis is 0.3% to 12.7% discovered by stool examination and 4.5% to 38.0% discovered by questionaire survey. Taeniasis occurs more frequently in males than in females and, especially, in both sexes in the age-group of 20 to 49. T. saginata is more common that T. solium. No case of human cysticercosis caused by T.saginata has been reported in Korea. To the contrary, human cysticercosis caused by T. solium has been reported frequently during the 1960's. The severity of human cysticercosis is a significant problem of public health in Korea. Old data on bovine cysticercosis in the 1920's and 1930's are not useful for present control measures. Systematic surveys on bovine and swine cysticercosis as well as taeniasis and human cysticercosis are needed in Korea. Cases of sparganosis have been reported frequently during the past 15 years. Most of the 34 cases of sparganosis reported involved the eating of raw snakes and frogs. Most of the cases occurred in older males. Sparganosis in snakes, frogs, chickens, and swine has been reported in Korea. Human infection of Hymenolepis nana ranged from 0.2% to 1.4% discovered by stool examination. A few cases of adult worm collections of Diphyllobothrium latum and Hymenolepis diminuta have been reported in Korea. Two cases of human hydatid disease have been reported in Korea. No study on the disease in domestic animals is available. No case of human infection with dog tapeworm has been reported, even though it is highly prevalent in the indigenous dogs in Korea. I recommend that further study on the zoonotic tapeworms be conducted epidemiologically in Korea to get basic data for the public health programming.
Adolescent↗
Isolation and partial characterization of cysteine proteinase from sparganum.
A proteolytic enzyme was purified from the tissue extract of spargana (plerocercoids of Spirometra erinacei) by DEAE-Trisacryl M ion exchange chromatography and thiopropyl-sepharose affinity chromatography resulted in a 21-fold purification. The proteinase activity was assayed with a synthetic fluorescent substrate, carbobenzoxy-phenylalanyl-7-amino-4-trifluoromethyl-coumarin. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the purified materials revealed a single 28,000 dalton band. Inhibitor profiles of the band indicated that it belonged to cysteine endopeptidases. It exhibited identical pH curves with optimum at pH 5.5, and 50% activity from pH 4.7 to 8. It could completely degrade collagen chains to three identical products. It also showed some activity on hemoglobin. Furthermore, the band on immunoblots was reactive to the sera of sparganosis patients. These results suggest that the proteolytic enzyme belongs to cysteine proteinase which plays a role in the tissue penetration. Also it may be used as the antigen for diagnosis of active sparganosis.
Animals↗
Enzymatic N-glycan analysis of 31 kDa molecule in plerocercoid of Spirometra mansoni (sparganum) and its antigenicity after chemical oxidation.
A highly specific antigenic protein of 31 kDa from plerocercoid of Spirometra mansoni (sparganum) was obtained by gelatin affinity and Mono Q anion-exchange column chromatography. The purified 31 kDa protein was subjected to N-glycan enzymatic digestion for structural analysis. The relative electrophoretic mobility was analyzed by SDS-PAGE, before and after digestion. On SDS-PAGE after enzymatic digestion, the 31 kDa protein showed a molecular shift of approximately 2 kDa, which indicated the possession of complex N-linked oligosaccharides (N-glycosidase F sensitive) but not of high-mannose oligosaccharides (endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase H, non-sensitive). Chemically periodated 31 kDa protein showed statistically non-significant changes with human sparganosis sera by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Therefore, the dominant epitopes of the 31 kDa molecule in human sparganosis were found to be mainly polypeptide, while N-glycans of the antigenic molecule in sparganum was minimal in anti-carbohydrate antibody production.
Animals↗
Intracerebral hematoma caused by sparganum: a case report.
Cerebral sparganosis is caused by migrating larvae of Spirometra mansonoides. This condition is rare. The presenting symptoms include headache, seizures and focal neurological deficit, which are due to a parasitic granulomatous space-occupying lesion. The authors report a case of intracerebral hematoma, which has never been reported as a presenting symptom of cerebral sparganosis. The surgical treatment of this complicated condition yielded poor results when compared to previous reports of the uncomplicated condition.
Adult↗
Immunodiagnosis of alveolar echinococcosis by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using a partially purified Em18/16 enriched fraction.
An improved enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) system using partially purified Eml8/16 enriched fraction (PP-Em18/16) prepared by isoelectric focusing was evaluated for serodiagnosis of alveolar echinococcosis (AE). The PP-Em18/16-ELISA was compared with Em2plus-ELISA by using sera from AE and cystic echinococcosis (CE) patients in China, where both AE and CE are endemic; sera from CE patients in Australia, where only CE exists; and sera from patients with cysticercosis, paragonimiasis, or sparganosis in Korea, where no indigenous AE or CE exists. We used Em2plus-ELISA as a standard ELISA and found 24.6% (17 of 69 specimens) cross-reactivity with sera from CE. Furthermore, some of the sera from paragonimiasis, sparganosis, and cysticercosis patients were also cross-reactive in the Em2plus-ELISA. When we tested for similar cross-reactivity in the same sera from CE patients by PP-Em18/16-ELISA (23.2%, 16 of 69), it became evident that the specificity of the PP-Em18/16-ELISA was better than that of the Em2plus-ELISA, since no sera from patients with the examined parasitic diseases except CE showed cross-reactivity. Some CE patients from China showed exceptionally high levels of antibody in comparison with those of CE patients from Australia, where no AE occurs. It is speculated that these patients with strongly positive cases of CE from China may have been exposed to both species of Echinococcus.
Animals↗
Tissue parasitic diseases in Korea.
Parasitic disease is still important subject in the field of infectious diseases in Korea considering it's number and morbidity. Recently there was conspicuous reduction of parasitic disease in terms of soil-transmitted nematodiasis, but parasitism affecting organs other than intestinal tract is still a considerable problem. This survey covers the parasitic diseases cross-sectioned at a pathology laboratory of a referral hospital, trying to elucidate the significance of its relative frequency and also to describe some histopathological changes made by different parasites. Entire pathological materials of parasitic diseases, that were referred, examined and confirmed at the Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Hospital from 1968 to 1987, were used for the study. There was a total of 594 cases of tissue parasitic diseases. This number accounted for 0.33 per cent of total accessions of surgical pathology. There occurred average 30 cases of tissue parasitic disease each year at this Hospital. Protozoal diseases were constituted of 15 cases of amebiasis, 7 cases of leishmaniasis (imported) and 5 cases of Pneumocystis carinii infections. Among helminthic infections cysticercosis was the most common (425 cases), and was followed by paragonimiasis (35 cases), sparganosis (31 cases), clonorchiasis (32 cases) and ascariasis (16 cases). In addition there were 4 cases of anisakiasis, 2 cases of fascioliasis, 2 cases of echinococcosis (imported) and a case of strongyloidiasis and a case of metagonimiasis respectively. It is emphasized that imported parasitic diseases such as leishmaniasis and hydatid disease become steadily found nowadays. Schistosomiasis is another possible imported disease, but not found in this series. And certain cestodiasis particularly cysticercosis and sparganosis should be the subjects of epidemiologic re-evaluation in view of steady occurrence of their morbidity.
Adult↗
Evaluation of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in serological diagnosis of human neurocysticercosis using paired samples of serum and cerebrospinal fluid.
The applicability of micro-ELISA was evaluatd in human neuro-cysticercosis using paired samples of serum and CSF. A total of 355 cases who were mostly neurologic patients was subjected. Cystic fluid of C. cellulosae was used as antigen in protein concentration of 2.5 micro-g/ml. Serum was diluted to 1:100 and CSF was undiluted in the assay for the specific IgG antibody level. The differential criterion of the positive reaction was the abs. of 0.18 in both samples. The results were summarized as follows: The overall sensitivity of the micro-ELISA in 71 confirmed neurocysticercosis was 90.1%; the sensitivity by serum was 77.5% and that by CSF was 83.1%. CSF was a more sensitive and valuable material. Most of the false negative cases of neuro-cysticercosis showed far lower level of abs. rather than marginal. The overall specificity of the micro-ELISA in 52 confirmed other neurologic diseases was 88.5%; the specificities by serum and by CSF were 94.2% respectively. Cases of other neurologic diseases did not show false positive reactions in both samples. When serum was assayed, taeniasis(2/18), sparganosis(2/20), paragonimiasis(1/56), clonorchiasis(1/15) and fascioliasis(1/1) cases showed cross reactions. When CSF was assayed, 2 of 10 neuro-sparganosis showed cross reactions while none of 9 neuro-paragonimiasis showed it. Out of 71 confirmed neuro-cysticercosis cases, 6 and 11 showed cross reactions by serum and CSF to crude extract antigen of sparganum; but no case did show it to crude extract antigen of Paragonimus westermani. Ventricular CSF showed low or negative levels of IgG antibody than lumbar CSF unless the lesion was at the lateral ventricle itself. Out of 4 racemose cysticercosis cases, 3 showed positive reaction in serum while all of 3 examined CSF were positive. The above results indicated that the serological test for detecting the specific IgG antibody by micro-ELISA using paired samples of serum and CSF was very helpful for clinical differentiation of neuro-cysticercosis from neurologic diseases of other causes.
Journal Article↗
Serodiagnosis of human paragonimiasis by ELISA-inhibition test using monoclonal antibodies.
ELISA-inhibition test using Paragonimus westermani specific monoclonal antibody (Mab) was investigated to improve the diagnostic specificity of paragonimiasis. By cell fusion, one hybridoma clone secreting anti-P. westermani specific Mab was selected (Pwa-14), which reacted on bands of 28 kDa, 42.5 kDa, 89 kDa and 120.5 kDa. IFA showed Pwa-14 was located at the vitelline follicles. By micro-ELISA, 100% of 22 paragonimiasis cases were found positive, but 5 of 40 clonorchiasis cases (12.5%), 3 of 26 cysticercosis cases (7.7%) showed false positive. None of 10 sparganosis patients or 28 normal controls reacted positively. On the other hand, by ELISA-inhibition test using a P. westermani specific Mab, 100% of paragonimiasis cases were found positive, and there were no positive in cysticercosis, sparganosis cases or normal controls, except 2 (5.0%) false-positive sera of 40 clonorchiasis cases. The ELISA-inhibition test using a Mab showed higher specificity in comparison with micro-ELISA for serodiagnosis of human paragonimiasis.
Animals↗
Epidemiological significance of sero-positive inhabitants against sparganum in Kangwon-do, Korea.
Sparganum is a plerocercoid of pseudophyllidean tapeworms, Diphyllobothrium or Spirometra spp. Human sparganosis is endemic mainly in East and Southeast Asian countries where the custom of eating raw snake or frog meat, or poulticing with snake's skin exists. From January 1995 to November 1999, an epidemiological survey was undertaken to evaluate the serum levels of anti-sparganum specific IgG antibodies in Whachon-gun residents, Korea. An enzyme- linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and immunoblot analysis of the sera from 316 subjects were used. In addition, a stool examination from 416 inhabitants and questionnaires regarding the consumption of raw meat were given. Out of 416 inhabitants examined coprologically, one was infected with Clonorchis sinensis and two were infected with Metagonimus spp. The sera from 36 inhabitants (11.4 %) showed a positive reaction to the sparganum antigen. Out of these 36 inhabitants, the sera from 25 people were examined 7, 19, and 50 months later. The sera were found to still show positive reactions without any remarkable changes of anti-sparganum specific antibody titers except for one. An analysis of the questionnaires suggested that a history of eating of raw snakes or frogs was important risk factor for clinical or covert sparganosis (odd ratio=15.6 and 3.1, respectively).
Adolescent↗
MRI of CNS parasitic diseases.
This article reviews MRI findings of parasitic diseases of the central nervous system (CNS), with emphasis on neurocysticercosis, which is by far the most common CNS parasitic infection worldwide. MRI findings of neurocysticercosis are various, depending on the location (parenchymal, cisternal, ventricular, and spinal forms), and temporal evolutional stages (vesicular, colloid vesicular, granular nodular, and nodular calcified stages) of the worm. Classical findings of each location and stage are presented. Characteristic MRI findings of cerebral toxoplasmosis frequently seen in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), paragonimiasis, and sparganosis that have most commonly been reported in East Asia are also illustrated. MRI is superior to CT scan in the evaluation of most CNS parasitic infections and is nearly diagnostic, particularly in endemic areas. Contrast-enhanced study is essential not only for specific diagnosis of the disease, but also for assessment of the inflammatory activity.
Amebiasis↗