The influence of soap on eczematous dermatitis.
A controlled study of the influence of soap on eczematous dermatitis of the hands (housewives' eczema) failed to show any significant influence of soap on the disease process.
Eczema↗
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Field efficacy of "Mosbar" mosquito repellent soap against vectors of bancroftian filariasis and Japanese encephalitis in southern India.
Deet-permethrin "Mosbar" soap was field tested for repellency against mosquitoes by volunteers in urban and rural localities in southern India. Eighty-nine to 100% reduction in man-vector contact was recorded for 8 mosquito species, including Culex quinquefasciatus and recognized vectors of Japanese encephalitis. The soap was highly acceptable to the community.
Adolescent↗
Effectiveness of soap formulations containing deet and permethrin as personal protection against outdoor mosquitoes in Malaysia.
Two soap formulations, both containing 20% deet and one each containing permethrin at 0.5 and 1.0%, respectively, were applied to exposed arms and legs of volunteers as personal protection against outdoor human biting mosquitoes in six locations on Penang Island, Malaysia. The predominant mosquito species collected from these locations were Aedes albopictus, Mansonia uniformis, Culex gelidus, Anopheles lesteri and Armigeres subalbatus. Efficacy and residual effects up to 4 hours indicated good protection against these species. Reduction in mosquito landing-biting rates in treated groups ranged from 83.8 to 100.0%. At high densities, small percentages of Ma. uniformis and An. lesteri landed or bit on treated skin. Use of the soap formulations in terms of cost-effectiveness, safety and overall vector control strategy for some tropical diseases is discussed.
Animals↗
[Chemoprophylactic activity of soaps containing essential oil from the fruit of Pterodon pubescens in schistosomiasis mansoni].
It has been studied the chemoprophylactic action on experimental schistosomiasis of the essential oil from Pterodon pubescens "sucupira branca" as an additive through different formulations, in toilet soap. Immediately or 24 hours later, groups of mice were exposed by tail method to Schistosoma mansoni cercariae. After 45 days of the exposition, the protective action of these soaps were evaluated. The results showed different levels of protection, ranging from 29.0 to 100.0%. Further studies are on going with the most promising formulations.
Animals↗
Environmental dermatitis. Contact dermatitis from perfumes in soap.
Perfumes in soaps cause nondescript patterns of contact dermatitis. Patch testing with balsam of Peru and a fragrance mixture can confirm a sensitivity to a perfume. The use of additive-free soaps determines its clinical relevance.
Adult↗
Skin irritancy of commercially available soap and detergent bars as measured by water vapour loss.
The irritancy on human skin of 13 toilet soaps was assessed by means of water vapour loss measurements. The tests were performed on healthy skin of the volar side of the forearm in a panel of 33 subjects. The exposures were done using the Finn chamber method. Skin water vapour loss was measured by means of an "evaporimeter". All soaps--tested in 2 g/v% solutions--were found to lead to a statistically significant increase of water vapour loss as compared to the control sites. Synthetic detergents based on alkyl sulfates, particularly Lactacyd, generally had a relatively greater effect on skin vapour loss as compared with the other products. On the whole the differences between the products were small. It appears that every person probably has his own pattern of susceptibility to wash-active agents.
Adolescent↗
[Influence of soap and Syndet upon alkali resistance (author's transl)].
The alkali resistance test data of 189 metal workers (66 female, 123 male) and 28 college students (12 female, 16 male) was analysed by means of correlation analysis and "Vorzeichentest" relative to the dependence on age group and sex as well as the difference of the right- and left- arm-alkali resistance. The results showed no significant differences. The right-left comparison of a soap and synthetic detergent-washing of the forearms of 14 college students (7 female, 7 male) and 11 metal workers (2 female, 9 male), repeated after 4 and 8 weeks respectively, which was carried out in the following without age and sex differentiation, showed that the synthetic detergent washing had less influence on the alkali resistance than the soap washing. The interpretation of alkali resistance testing should be based upon knowledge about time and modus of previous washing and occupational exposure.
Aging↗
Hand washing with soap reduces diarrhoea and spread of bacterial pathogens in a Bangladesh village.
Hand washing with soap and water can prevent the spread of diarrhoeal diseases in areas where comparatively costly interventions, such as supply of safe water and improved sanitation, are not possible. In this study, the practice of hand washing with soap and water was instituted in a periurban slum of Dhaka city, and the surveillance for diarrhoea sustained for a one-year period. Rates of primary and secondary attacks were compared to those of a non-intervention area similar in age structure, economic status, education, and other relevant variables. Rectal swabs of cases and contacts established aetiologies. There was a large (2.6 fold) reduction in diarrhoeal episodes in the intervention area during the observation period. Rates of bacterial pathogens were also lower in the intervention area. Significant reduction in diarrhoeal incidences was observed in all age groups for all pathogens except for rotavirus. These observations if implemented as health policy could reduce the spread of diarrhoeal diseases at low cost in high risk areas.
Adolescent↗
A model to assess the efficacy of moisturizers--the quantification of soap-induced xerosis by image analysis of adhesive-coated discs (D-Squames).
Clinical grading of dry skin syndromes (xerosis) is beset by many variables which limit its reliability. Removing scales onto adhesive coated discs (D-Squames) has provided a means for objective measurement of xerotic states. Using image analysis we have modified the basic procedure to assure greater accuracy and reproducibility. The distribution of grey values on the discs was determined, from which a single value of the degree of scaling was calculated. We term this the scaling index. To induce xerosis, the lower legs of 22 women, aged 26-64, were washed daily for 10 days with soap. After washing, one side received a moisturizing lotion, the other served as an untreated control. At specified intervals, scaling was graded clinically, electrical conductance was measured and D-Squames were obtained. On the moisturizer-treated legs there was a significant decrease in dryness grades and scaling indices at all time points. Conductance was significantly increased on days 8 and 11. The untreated washed legs showed no changes in clinical grades, although conductance significantly decreased and the scaling indices increased in the last stage of the study. D-Squame analysis unequivocally revealed the beneficial effect of a moisturizer on soap-induced xerosis and the expected increase in scaliness without treatment.
Adult↗
[Modeling of cutaneous radio-contamination: effects of washings by soap and by solutions of DTPA].
Some neutral chirurgical soap, a solution of diethylen penta acetic acid (DTPA) at 1% and a solution at 25% of monocalcic trisodium salt of DTPA in serum have been studied on models of cutaneous contamination. Cesium 137 (137Cs) and Plutonium 239 (239Pu) have been used for the contamination. This research gives a protocol for external cutaneous decontamination which could be used in reception units for radiocontaminated wounded. Even the radioelement is unknown, DTPA at 25% represents a good solution for the treatment of general contamination, which is not the case for DTPA at 1%. A soap in which DTPA at 1% has been added is adapted for large cutaneous contamination. The treatment of ocular contamination is also studied in this article.
Burns, Chemical↗
Synthesis and characterization of nonconventional surfactants of aromatic amino acid-glycerol ethers: effect of the amino acid moiety on the orientation and surface properties of these soap-type amphiphiles.
The synthesis, characterization, and surface properties of soap-type amphiphiles comprising alkyl chains of 10-16 carbon atoms linked through an ether group to a glycerol-amino acid hydrophilic head group is described. The surface properties of members of this series derived from histidine and tyrosine were compared with those of phenylalanine and tryptophan derivatives described previously and with those of conventional soaps. In all cases, the amino acid derivatives showed superior surface properties, and an interesting differentiation was discovered regarding the orientation of tryptophan derivatives.
Glyceryl Ethers↗
Food commercials during television soap operas: what is the nutrition message?
Studies have examined food commercials appearing during daytime, prime time, and Saturday morning programming; none have evaluated commercials aired during soap operas. The purposes of this study were to examine the dietary composition of food products advertised during soap operas and the health and nutrition claims made on their behalf, using current dietary recommendations as a basis of evaluation. A total of 508 commercials videotaped during the top nine daytime serials for five consecutive days, were for food or beverage products. Most foods advertised were rated low in sugar, fat, sodium, and dietary fiber, and health and/or nutrition appeals occurred frequently. However, of the foods advertised as "low cholesterol," 77% were high in fat. Similarly, those foods advertised as low in saturated fat were high in total fat content. Forty-three percent of the food commercials promoting nutrition were for items such as flavored drinks with little nutrient value. Generally, the nutrition messages conveyed in these commercials supported current dietary recommendations, but the way in which the food products were promoted was often inconsistent and confusing, particularly in the area of fat. Nutrition educators need to address these inconsistencies when assisting consumers in interpreting television food advertising messages.
Adult↗
Discrimination of the irritancy potential of surfactants in vitro by two cytotoxicity assays using normal human keratinocytes, HaCaT cells and 3T3 mouse fibroblasts: correlation with in vivo data from a soap chamber assay.
Cell cultures have been proposed as a promising model for local tolerance testing. This study evaluated the cytotoxic effects of surfactants on early passage normal human keratinocytes, transformed human keratinocytes (HaCaT cells) and Swiss 3T3 embryonic mouse fibroblasts. Cell membrane integrity, as assessed by the release of the vital dye neutral red, and cell proliferation, as assessed by measurement of the total protein content, were both affected in a dose-dependent manner in response to surfactant exposure. There was a close correlation between the dose-response characteristics for the three cell types. Two surfactants exhibited differential effects on membrane integrity and proliferation, and thus no significant correlation was found between the two endpoints. The irritation potential of the surfactants to human forearm skin in vivo was assessed in a soap chamber test using transepidermal water loss and skin redness as quantitative endpoints. A comparison between the responses in vivo and in vitro yielded the highest correlation for the neutral red release test on normal keratinocytes. The total protein test did not significantly correlate with the soap chamber assay for keratinocytes and HaCaT cells. These results suggest that cultured normal human keratinocytes may be predictive for the irritancy of various surfactants in man. Definite judgement, however, has still to be based on confirmation in human volunteers of larger groups of compounds with diverse physico-chemical properties.
3T3 Cells↗
Interfacial slip in entrained soap films containing associating hydrosoluble polymer.
Frankel's law predicts that the thickness of a Newtonian soap film entrained at small capillary number scales as Ca2/3 provided the bounding surfaces are rigid. Previous studies have shown that soap films containing low concentrations of high molecular weight (Mw) polymer can exhibit strong deviations from this scaling at low Ca, especially for associating surfactant-polymer solutions. We report results of extensive measurements by laser interferometry of the entrained film thickness versus Ca for the associating pair SDS/PEO over a large range in polymer molecular weight. Comparison of our experimental results to predictions of hydrodynamic models based on viscoelastic behavior shows poor agreement. Modification of the Frankel derivation by an interfacial slip condition yields much improved agreement. These experiments also show that the slip length increases as where zeta = 0.58 +/- 0.07. This correlation is suggestive of the Tolstoi-Larsen prediction that the slip length increases in proportion to the characteristic size of the fluid constituent despite its original derivation for liquid-solid interfaces.
Journal Article↗
Tailored, interactive soap operas for breast cancer education of high-risk Hispanic women.
BACKGROUND: While Hispanic women have lower rates of breast cancer than do women of other ethnic groups, they are the least likely to undergo screening examinations. This study evaluated a culturally sensitive and linguistically appropriate, tailored, computer-based, educational program for early detection of breast cancer aimed at high-risk Hispanic women. METHODS: Spanish-speaking Hispanic women from an inner-city community health clinic were recruited and randomly assigned either to a computer intervention with an interactive soap-opera format (n = 118) or to a comparison group (n = 60). Pre- and posttests were used to identify any change in breast-cancer-related knowledge and beliefs. RESULTS: Both younger (18-40 years old) and older (41-65 years old) women in the intervention group demonstrated significant increases in their breast cancer screening knowledge and beliefs as compared with the younger and older women in the comparison group (n < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Computer-based tailored and interactive soap operas that are linguistically and culturally appropriate are effective in increasing breast cancer screening knowledge and beliefs among underserved Spanish-speaking Hispanic women.
Adult↗
A staged model of communication effects: evidence from an entertainment-education radio soap opera in Tanzania.
The authors draw on (1) the hierarchy-of-effects (HOE) model, (2) the stages-of-change (SOC) model, (3) social learning theory (SLT), and (4) the diffusion of innovations (DOI) to synthesize a staged model through which communication messages have effects on individual behavior change by stimulating (1) involvement with media characters and role modeling of their actions, and (2) interpersonal communication. Data from a field experiment in Tanzania on the effects of an entertainment-education radio soap opera, Twende na Wakati (Let's Go With the Times), on the adoption of family planning, are analyzed in light of a six-staged model of communication effects. It is found that (1) the model provides a useful framework for understanding the effects of an entertainment-education program, and (2) the radio soap opera promoted progress through the stages for family planning adoption in the treatment area in three of the four years of broadcast, and in the comparison area after broadcasts of the radio program began there.
Adult↗
Personal communication networks and the effects of an entertainment-education radio soap opera in Tanzania.
The personal networks of listeners and nonlisteners to an entertainment-education radio soap opera in Tanzania are examined to determine the effects of interpersonal discussion of the soap opera's educational themes of family planning and HIV prevention. Listeners are more likely to discuss these two educational issues in their personal communication networks and are also more likely to have other listeners to the radio program in their personal communication networks. Respondents demonstrate a relatively high degree of homophily with their network partners and are more likely to discuss matters arising from the radio program with their network partners who are of similar tribal membership, religious affiliation, and gender, and those who are equally or more highly educated than themselves.
Communication↗
Inactivation of respiratory syncytial virus by generic hand dishwashing detergents and antibacterial hand soaps.
In an in-vitro test, generic liquid hand dishwashing detergents were as much as 100-fold more effective than proprietary antibacterial soaps in inactivating respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). The use of such detergents for hand washing during annual RSV epidemics, or the incorporation of their antiviral components into antibacterial soaps might be considered to limit nosocomial spread.
Cross Infection↗