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PubMed1991

Differentiated additive androgyny model: relations between masculinity, femininity, and multiple dimensions of self-concept.

Masculinity (M) and femininity (F) were related to multiple dimensions of self-concept in 2 large studies. Androgyny theory predicts that M and F contribute positively to self-concept, but the effect of F has been nil in research using global self measures. Here, consistent with the new differentiated additive model, the relative contribution of M and F varied substantially, depending on the area of self-concept; F contributed more positively to self-concept facets that were more stereotypically feminine. Support for the model was consistent across self-responses and responses by significant others (Study 1) and across 5 age groups in early-to-middle adolescence (Study 2).

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Factors related to the self-concept of institutionalized, white, male, adolescent drug abusers.

The main purpose of this research was to examine the relationship between selected drug-related, familial, and demographic variables and the self-concepts of institutionalized, white, male, adolescent drug abusers in a large midwestern city. In addition, the self-concepts of the subjects in the study were compared with the self-concepts of Pulliam et al.'s (1971) non-drug using adolescent sample. The TSCS, a family questionnaire, an index of socioeconomic status, and an interview were used to collect data from 140 subjects. The mean self-concept score of this sample was significantly lower than the mean self-concept score of Pulliam et al.'s sample. Results of a stepwise multiple regression yielded four statistically significant predictors of the subjects' self-concepts: both mother/adolescent relationship and father/adolescent relationship when the adolescent was between age thirteen and his present age; the number of the subject's prior status offenses and the subject's preference for non-depressant drugs. These variables were positively correlated with the subjects' self-concepts. This study demonstrated the importance of differentiating among institutionalized adolescents' self-concepts based on type of drug abused, prior criminal record, and parent/adolescent relationships.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

The dynamic self: how the content and structure of the self-concept change with mood.

Change in the content and structure of the self-concept was examined in a 2-year prospective study of depression. A self-descriptive card-sorting task measured the self-concepts of participants who were either high or low in cognitive vulnerability to depression at 2 times, once when their mood was low and once when it was not. Analyses examined change in the positive and negative content of the self-concept and in 3 features of self-structure: differential importance, compartmentalization, and self-complexity. Findings suggest that change in the content of the self-concept simply reflects life circumstances, whereas change in self-structure may help to counteract stress and negative mood.

Affect↗
PubMed1992

Self concept of pregnant teenagers.

This study is an exploratory research effort to investigate whether an association exists between self concept and teen pregnancy or repetitive teen pregnancy. The study was conducted at a special school for pregnant girls using the Tennessee Self Concept Scale instrument with 148 available sample. The pregnant girls in this study had a lower self concept in general than the norm group and specifically in moral, family and social dimensions. Among these subjects, black girls had a higher self concept in all areas than white girls. There was no statistically significant difference on their scores between the first and repetitive pregnant girls. The self concept measure as a correlate of pregnancy may be selectively utilized for possible identification of the most vulnerable group or cases among teenage girls. A long-term approach to teenage pregnancy would be to improve their self concept through various support services. Significant others in the teenagers' lives may help improve in moral-ethical, family and social area with special concerted efforts.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Predicting intraindividual self-concept trajectories during adolescence.

The level and stability of both global and domain-specific self-concepts was examined in a study of 253 adolescents, aged 11-20. Intraindividual self-concept trajectories were calculated through growth curve modeling. Six of the self-concept domains were stable over time. In the remaining three domains, there was a significant increase in perceived competency. Growth curve modeling highlighted individual differences in both level and change in self-concept for each of the domains. These differences were partially accounted for by the adolescents' age and gender, suggesting that these variables are important determinants of adolescent self-concept.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Carrier testing in fragile X syndrome: effect on self-concept.

The purpose of the study was to explore self-concept in women at risk for inheriting the fragile X mutation. Time 1 measures were obtained prior to carrier testing and Time 2 measures were collected approximately 5 months after learning carrier status. The sample consisted of 42 women from 17 families. Measures included the Tennessee Self-Concept Scale (TSCS), the fragile X Visual Analog Scale (VAS), and a structured interview. The TSCS provided a global measure of self-concept and the fragile X VAS and structured interview provided a contextual measure of self related to carrier status. Results indicated that there were no differences initially between carriers and noncarriers and no change from Time 1 to Time 2 on the TSCS. Analysis of the Time 1 fragile X VAS means for the total sample found a reduction in positive feelings about self. Analysis of the Time 2 fragile X VAS found that noncarriers reported improvement in feelings about self, with no change in feelings about self found in the carriers. Responses from the structured interview indicated that the feelings regarding self in the context of genetic testing are not related to global self-concept, but result from concerns regarding the implications of a positive carrier test for themselves and their families. This information highlights areas related to carrier testing that warrant further investigation and may ultimately result in modifications to the genetic counseling.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

[Relationships among self concept, perception of aging and physical aging].

Although everyone grows old, perception about the aging process and aging as measured physiologically vary widely. Perceptions of aging have psychologically influence on physical aging. This study was to examine the relationships between, self-concept, perception of aging, and physical aging in the elderly and to contribute to the theory development which may direct nursing intervention to promote well-being of the aged. Subjects were 70 women residents of a nursing home for the elderly in Seoul. Data collection was done from May 15 to June 15, 1988 using interview schedules and mechanical instruments. The instruments were selected items from the Health Self Concept Scale developed by Jacox and Stewart for self concept, and Secord and Jourad's Body Cathexis Scale and Osgood's Semantic Differential Scale for perception of aging. Physical aging was measured by mechanical instruments, inspection, questions, and palpation. The data were analysed for mean, t-test, ANOVA, and Pearson Correlation Coefficient using an S.P.S.S computerized program. The results of the analysis were as follows. 1. The mean level of self concept for the subject group was 16.97 (SD = +/- 6.17) in a range from 6-30. The mean level of perception of aging was 39.6. (SD = +/- 6.51) in a range from 13-65. The mean level of physical aging was 14.09 (SD = +/- 2.05) in a range from 8-40. 2. Relationships among self-concept, perception of aging, and physical aging. 1) There was a positive relationship between self-concept and perception of aging (r = 0.4461, p = 0.000). 2) There was a negative relationship between physical aging and perception of aging (r = -0.2975, p = 0.006). 3) There was a tendency toward a negative relationship between physical aging and self-concept, but not a significant relationship (r = -0.1033, p = 0.197). 3. 1) No general characteristic variables were related to self concept. 2) The general characteristic variable related to the level of perception of aging was religion (t = 4.17, p = 0.001). 3) The general characteristic variable related to the level of physical aging was age (F = 12.008, p = 0.000). There was a significant relationship between self-concept and perception of aging, and between physical aging and perception of aging. Therefore nursing intervention should focus on promoting a positive perception of aging and strengthening self-concept during the physical aging process.

Aged↗
PubMed1981

Reliability in the use of the Tennessee Self-Concept Scale for educable mentally retarded adolescents.

The Tennessee Self Concept Scale was administered in a 10-week test-retest situation to 39 educable mentally retarded adolescents. Low to moderate reliability coefficients indicated the need for more extensive normative information and for caution in evaluation of test scores in the study of EMR adolescents' self-concept. The obtained coefficients suggest the possibility that the self-concept of individual EMR adolescents is a more variable psychological characteristic than has been previously indicated in the research literature and that this variability needs to be more carefully assessed.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Therapeutic use of "prizing" and its effect on self-concept of elderly clients in nursing homes and group homes.

The purpose of this study was to ascertain the effect of nurse high prizing and nurse low prizing during group therapy in changing the self-concept of institutionalized aged persons. The hypothesis tested was that institutionalized aged clients participating in group therapy who receive nurse high prizing will show an increase in self-concept as measured by the Tennessee Self-Concept Scale (TSCS) when compared with those aged clients in the same settings participating in group therapy who receive nurse low prizing or those aged clients constituting the matched control groups. The study used an existing data source generated from the research of Williams and Lindell to conduct a secondary analysis of a variable not previously investigated. Mean difference scores from the posttest total self-concept score and subscales of the TSCS were analyzed in conjunction with the levels of prizing within the experimental and control groups. Using the Scale for Rating Prizing, two nurse raters judged the degree of prizing on 40 randomly extracted video segments. The findings indicated that 47.1% of those subjects who received low prizing decreased in self-concept; 68.4% of those who received high prizing increased in self-concept. No change in self-concept was noted in the control group. Findings were significant at the .0001 level. Investigating the effect of nurse high and low levels of prizing on client self-concept completes the Rogerian trilogy of therapist-offered conditions with this same sample of subjects. Extension of previous studies adds to the ever-growing body of nursing knowledge and increases the certitude, casualty, and generalizability of such investigations.

Aged↗
PubMed1977

Individualized, success oriented instructions in achievement and self-concept of first graders.

Gains in achievement and self-concept of 23 first graders receiving individualized, supportive, success-emphasizing instruction were compared with those of 22 receiving more traditional instruction. The individualized group showed greater gains in certain academic skills but no greater gain in self-concept. This study did not support the contention that a supportive, success-emphasizing classroom environment enhances self-concept.

Achievement↗
PubMed1982

Self-concept and functional independence in the hospitalized elderly.

The purpose of this study was to determine the relationships of various kinds of hospitalization to self-concept and functional independence of 30 hospitalized and 10 nonhospitalized subjects older than 65. The Tennessee Self-Concept Scale was used to measure self-concept, and the Index of Activities of Daily Living (ADL) was used to measure functional independence. Self-concept scores differed among the hospitalized groups. Dependent older persons were found to have lower self-concept scores. Encouraging independence in the performance of self-care skills could diminish this problem of poor self-concept.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2003

Factors related to self-concept of elderly residing in a retirement center.

The purpose of this study was to explore the self-concept of elderly adults residing in retirement centers as well as its relationship to other variables, including function of activities of daily living (ADL), subjective well being, etc. Selected demographic attributes (sex, age, years of education etc.) were also examined for their relationship to self-concept. The subjects were a convenience sample of people aged 65 or older who were recruited from a retirement center in the south of Taiwan (N = 42), and a control group of elderly living with their family (N = 33). The Tennessee Self-Concept Scale (TSCS) was used to measure self-concept. The Multidimensional Functional Assessment Questionnaire- Chinese Version (MFAQ) was applied to measure the function of activities of daily living. A total of 37 subjects from the retirement center group and 28 subjects from the home group completed these questionnaires. The data were analyzed using SPSS/PC software version 10.0. After multiple linear regression analysis, the results showed that the elderly residing in the retirement center had significantly lower Personal Self and Family Self scores. The variables of ADL, sex and subjective well-being had effects on the total self-concept. Female elderly individuals also revealed significant higher scores than males in the subscales of Moral- Ethical, Family Self, Social Self, Identity, Satisfaction Self. These results suggest we should design appropriate programs to increase elderly people's interaction with others and establish new social networks for them which may enhance a sense of positive self-concept.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1994

The social adjustment and self-concept of adults with learning disabilities.

This study examined the social adjustment and self-concept of 81 adults (18 to 26 years of age), 40 of whom received special education services under the "learning disabilities" designation and 41 of whom had regular education programming. Subjects were mailed a set of questionnaires about their current functioning, including the Social Adjustment Scale-Self Report and the Tennessee Self-Concept Scale. Archival data on IQ and achievement test scores were also obtained. Results indicated no significant differences between groups on the social adjustment measure or any of its subscales, or on the measure of self-concept. A small subset of subjects in the learning disabilities group had clinically low self-concept scores. Achievement and IQ measures, collectively, were good predictors of global social adjustment (R2 = 96%). Overall, the findings suggest that this cohort of subjects with learning disabilities educated under the auspices of P.L. 94-142 fare about as well as their nondisabled peers in terms of social adjustment and self-concept. It appears that any negative effects of a disability classification abate once individuals leave the public school environment, and that previous forecasts of the socioemotional status of adults with learning disabilities may be unnecessarily pessimistic.

Achievement↗
PubMed1999

Selected factors influencing self-concept among hospitalized Chinese school-age children with a chronic illness.

A correlational descriptive study was conducted to investigate self-concept and selected influencing factors among hospitalized Chinese school-age children with a chronic illness. The purposive sample was composed of 122 school-age children with chronic illnesses, such as nephrotic syndrome, leukemia, and congenital heart disease, who were admitted to three major teaching hospitals in Shanghai City. The children's medical records, demographic forms, and the Piers-Harris Self-concept Scale (PHSCS) were used to collect the data. Descriptive statistics, and stepwise multiple regression were used to analyze the data utilizing the SPSS program (SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL, USA). The results of this study showed that the majority of hospitalized Chinese school-age children with a chronic illness had at least an average level of self-concept. Academic achievement (grade point average) was a strong predictor of self-concept, as are most of its subconcepts, including social behavior, academic competence, and physical appearance and attributes. Age was a significant predictor of overall self-concept, social behavior, and popularity subconcept. Sex was a significant predictor of self-concept subconcepts such as social behavior, anxiety, and popularity. Duration of illness was a significant predictor of physical appearance and attributes. In addition, the type of illness was a significant predictor of popularity. It can be concluded that the importance of school education should be emphasized by hospital and school nurses for the purpose of helping such children build a positive self-concept concerning their age, sex, academic achievement, type of illness, and duration of illness. Recommendations for further research have been suggested.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Life-span differences in life satisfaction, self-concept, and locus of control.

The literature on age differences in life satisfaction, self-concept, and locus of control reveals a variety of conflicting findings. Nehrke et al. reported a study of elderly institutionalized males that attempted to control for some of the possible sources of variability. The present study extended this effort to a noninstitutionalized life-span sample of males and females in six age groups (fourteen to ninety-four). The age main effect was significant for the locus of control measure. For self-concept, the age and sex main effects were significant. For life satisfaction, the age and sex main effects and their interaction were significant. Generally, lower levels of self-concept and life satisfaction and a more external orientation characterized adolescents and young adults while, with notable exceptions, the remaining age samples were more positive in self-concept and life satisfaction and were more internally controlled. Although the three dependent measures were significantly correlated for the total sample, the correlations involving locus of control were only moderate. The data suggest that at least the life satisfaction and self-concept measures may be viable tools to assess the psychological quality of one's life, and that reliable age differences in well-being can be demonstrated if moderating variables are controlled experimentally or statistically.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Strength training can have unexpected effects on the self-concept of children with cerebral palsy.

PURPOSE: This study was designed to evaluate the effect of a home-based progressive resistance strength-training program on the self-concept of children with cerebral palsy. METHODS: A randomized, controlled trial was used to evaluate the effects of a six-week strength-training program on self-concept immediately after completion of the program (week six) and at a follow-up session held 18 weeks after the initial assessment. Seventeen children [eight boys, nine girls; mean age 12.1 years (SD 2.5)] with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy were recruited. Participants in the experimental group completed a home-based progressive resistance strength-training program using three exercises to strengthen the major support muscles of the lower limb. Participants in the control group undertook their normal daily activities. Self-concept was measured by the Self-Perception Profile for Children. RESULTS: Overall, the self-concept of both groups was positive at baseline and at six and 18 weeks. However, compared with controls, the experimental group showed decreased self-concept in the domain of scholastic competence and a trend for a decrease in social acceptance at six weeks. At follow-up, the experimental group had reduced self-concept in the domains of scholastic competence and social acceptance compared with the control group. CONCLUSION: These unexpected results suggest that participation in a relatively short home-based strength-training program may have an inhibitory effect on the self-concept of children with cerebral palsy. Despite the inhibitory effect, self-concept in the experimental group remained positive after strength training, suggesting that clinicians should not be overly concerned about the psychological effects of the intervention.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1982

Effects of hearing aid use on self concept in older persons.

The present study was designed to determine if self concept as measured in an older group of hearing-impaired individuals who had adjusted successfully to hearing aid use might be different from that of a similar group who had not yet begun such a rehabilitation process. The Tennessee Self Concept Scale (TSCS), a standardized and multipurpose instrument, was used for appraisal of self concept. In addition, a secondary procedure was the assessment of communicative efficiency by use of a questionnaire relating to various diverse listening situations. The major finding emerging from the present study showed the hearing aid group higher in overall self concept compared to a similar group who had not begun hearing aid use. This finding suggested that improvement in communicative efficiency, achieved through use of appropriate wearable amplification, may bear some relation to the self image of older hearing-impaired individuals.

Aged↗
PubMed1980

Measured self-concept in adjudicated juvenile offenders.

The pattern of self concept scores on the Tennessee Self-Concept Scale (TSCS) was compared for a group of adjudicated juvenile offenders (n = 43) and a group of non-offenders (n = 40). Notable differences were obtained, which suggested areas of further research and potential areas of counseling focus in dealing with the juvenile offender. Comparisons with data provided in the TSCS Manual revealed comparable differences between the juvenile offender group and a normative group and notable similarities in score pattern between the juvenile offenders and a group of psychiatric patients.

Adolescent↗