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PubMed2005

Work and retirement after cancer diagnosis.

A pilot telephone survey was administered to 253 cancer survivors, ages 35-75, 5-7 years after their diagnosis of breast, colorectal, lung, or prostate cancer. These survivors reported their demographic characteristics and, if they had retired, reasons for retirement and their impression of the retirement experience. Retirees were older, had less education and lower incomes, and fewer had health insurance through their current/former employer relative to employed survivors. Those who had retired, regardless of whether they retired before or after a cancer diagnosis, were similar in age, race/ethnicity, health insurance status, household income, and impressions of retirement. The results suggest that cancer may not negatively affect survivors' decision to retire or the quality of the retirement experience.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

The effect of retirement on somatic complaints.

This study investigated whether the level of somatic complaint increases as men make the supposedly stressful passage from work to retirement. For 171 retirees, pre- to post-retirement changes in the sum of selected somatic complaints from the Cornell Medical Index were compared with changes over a comparable time interval (3-5 yr) in 386 age peers who continued to work. Although there was slightly increased frequency of somatic complaint over time, eventual retirees did not differ from continuing workers in the amount and direction of change. Among retirees only, change from pre-retirement complaint levels did not vary by retirement age, length of time retired, part-time work in retirement, former occupational level or marital status, nor was it affected by the circumstance of compulsory retirement. These results, which are based on a continuous measure of health status, confirm previous findings from categorical data which conclude that retirement's effect on health is negligible.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1998

Paradigms of retirement: the importance of health and ageing in the Whitehall II study.

This paper evaluates four well established sociological theories of ageing using qualitative data from the British Whitehall II study. We attempt to apply the theories to contemporary retirement and through each theory examine the issue of health in retirement. The effect of lowered income in retirement is discussed in relation to Townsend's theory of structured dependency. Change in participant's health following retirement is examined in respect of the theory of disengagement by Cumming and Henry, adjustment to retirement in relation to Laslett's theory of the third age. Parson's role theory is used to examine how social interactions and relationships change for people who have recently retired. We discuss the need for a multifaceted theory of ageing which can accommodate the continually changing experience and age of retirement. We analysed interviews conducted with 25 male and female civil servants aged between 55 and 63 years, from different grades who had been retired for less than 2 years.

Aging↗
PubMed2004

A modeling framework for optimal long-term care insurance purchase decisions in retirement planning.

The level of need and costs of obtaining long-term care (LTC) during retired life require that planning for it is an integral part of retirement planning. In this paper, we divide retirement planning into two phases, pre-retirement and post-retirement. On the basis of four interrelated models for health evolution, wealth evolution, LTC insurance premium and coverage, and LTC cost structure, a framework for optimal LTC insurance purchase decisions in the pre-retirement phase is developed. Optimal decisions are obtained by developing a trade-off between post-retirement LTC costs and LTC insurance premiums and coverage. Two-way branching models are used to model stochastic health events and asset returns. The resulting optimization problem is formulated as a dynamic programming problem. We compare the optimal decision under two insurance purchase scenarios: one assumes that insurance is purchased for good and other assumes it may be purchased, relinquished and re-purchased. Sensitivity analysis is performed for the retirement age.

Aged↗
PubMed2006

Mental health functioning (SF-36) and intentions to retire early among ageing municipal employees: the Helsinki Health Study.

AIMS: To examine the associations of mental health functioning with intentions to retire early among ageing municipal employees. METHODS: Cross-sectional survey data (n = 7,765) from the Helsinki Health Study in 2000, 2001, and 2002 were used. Intentions to retire early were sought with a question: "Have you considered retiring before normal retirement age?" The dependent variable was divided into three categories: 1 = no intentions to retire early; 2 = weak intentions; 3 = strong intentions. Mental health functioning was measured by the Short Form 36 (SF-36) mental component summary (MCS). Other variables included age, sex, physical health functioning (SF-36), limiting longstanding illness, socioeconomic status, and spouse's employment status. Multinomial regression analysis was used to examine the association of mental health functioning with intentions to retire early. RESULTS: Employees with the poorest mental health functioning were much more likely to report strong intentions to retire early (OR 6.09, 95% CI 4.97-7.47) than those with the best mental health functioning. Adjustments for physical health, socioeconomic status, and spouse's employment status did not substantially affect this association. CONCLUSIONS: The findings highlight the importance of mental health for intentions to retire early. Strategies aimed at keeping people at work for longer should emphasize the importance of mental well-being and the prevention of poor mental health. More evidence is needed on why mental problems among ageing baby-boomer employees are giving rise to increasing social consequences, although the overall prevalence of mental problems has not increased.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Predictors of early retirement in British civil servants.

BACKGROUND: it is uncertain how recent changes in labour force dynamics may have influenced the increasing numbers of people taking early retirement in industrialized countries. The Whitehall II study provides an opportunity to examine the predictors of early retirement in one of the largest employers in the United Kingdom. METHODS: we examined the factors predicting early retirement in a 7-year follow-up period from 1988 to 1995 using longitudinal data on 2532 male and female London-based civil servants aged between 50 and 59.5 years. Baseline data on employment grade and duration of time working for the Civil Service were obtained from self-completed questionnaires. The primary factors examined included health, work characteristics, questions about job demands and job satisfaction and financial insecurity, wealth and material problems. Time until early retirement was analysed using Cox proportional hazards model. RESULTS: of the 2532 civil servants, 26.7% retired early during the follow-up period. We found that men and women in the higher-paid employment grades, those that had suffered from ill health and those that were less satisfied with their jobs were more likely to retire early, whereas material problems tended to keep people working. CONCLUSIONS: our results show that self-perceived health, employment grade and job satisfaction are all independent predictors of early retirement. Qualitative analyses may further advance our understanding of the retirement process.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2002

Influence of retirement on leisure-time physical activity: the atherosclerosis risk in communities study.

Cross-sectional data suggest that leisure-time physical activity may increase during retirement. Prospective population-based studies are necessary to characterize leisure activity patterns through retirement among the same persons to verify this observation. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to describe the influence of retirement on leisure activity using data from Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study cohort participants aged 45-64 years at baseline. Physical activity was measured by the Baecke questionnaire in 1,825 African-American and 5,957 White participants who were working at the initial visit (1986-1989) and either retired or working 6 years later (1993-1995). Participants who retired during follow-up were more likely to increase their sport participation and television watching than those who continued to work over the 6-year period. Among those reporting sport or exercise at baseline, those retiring over follow-up were more likely to maintain their sport and exercise participation than those who continued to work across race-gender groups. Among those not reporting sport or exercise at baseline, those who retired were more likely to adopt activity than those who continued to work except for African-American women. In this study, retirement was associated with gains in sport and exercise participation as well as television watching.

Black or African American↗
PubMed2002

Retirement transitions, gender, and psychological well-being: a life-course, ecological model.

This longitudinal study investigated the relationship between retirement transitions and subsequent psychological well-being using data on 458 married men and women (aged 50-72 years) who were either still in their primary career jobs, retired, or had just made the transition to retirement over the preceding 2 years. The findings show that the relationship between retirement and psychological well-being must be viewed in a temporal, life course context. Specifically, making the transition to retirement within the last 2 years is associated with higher levels of morale for men, whereas being "continuously" retired is related to greater depressive symptoms among men. The results suggest the importance of examining various resources and contexts surrounding retirement transitions (gender, prior level of psychological well-being, spouses' circumstance, and changes in personal control, marital quality, subjective health, and income adequacy) to understand the dynamics of the retirement transition and its relationship with psychological well-being.

Aged↗
PubMed1978

Survival after early and normal retirement.

This paper describes an epidemiological study of the patterns and correlates of survival after early (age 62 to 64) and normal retirement (age 65) among 3,971 U.S. rubber tire workers. For the two companies, death rates were significantly elevated during the first, fourth, and fifth years after early retirement. Among normal retirees, elevations in death rates occurred during the third or fourth years after retirement in Company B and Company A, respectively. When the experiences of both companies were combined, no significant mortality excesses were observed. Comparisons of deaths (cases) within 5 years of retirement with survivors (controls) showed that pre-retirement health status was the only significant predictor of survival after early retirement. Among normal retirees, lower status workers were more likely to die within 3 years of retirement than higher status workers, who were more prominent among deaths 4 to 5 years after retirement. Risks of dying were greater among normal retirees with a history of repeated medical and nonmedical absences.

Aged↗
PubMed1982

Predictors of retirement.

Predictors of retirement among men were analyzed using data from seven longitudinal studies, multiple definitions of retirement, multivariate analyses, and unbiased statistical techniques. Results show that the predictors of retirement vary depending on how retirement is defined. The strongest predictors of objective retirement among men over age 65 (i.e., employed less than full-time and receiving a pension) are structural factors such as socioeconomic status and job characteristics. The strongest predictors of early retirement (i.e., retiring before age 65) and of age at retirement include both structural factors and subjective factors, characteristics are more important predictors than all the others combined.

Aged↗
PubMed1990

Cohort analysis of retirement preparation, 1974-1981.

Extending Easterlin's (1987) thesis regarding cohort size and personal welfare, this study was designed to examine cohort differences and changes in preparation for retirement. The data on which the study is based came from two cross-sectional surveys commissioned by the National Council on the Aging and conducted in 1974 and 1981. Major research questions included: (a) Which cohorts are most active in taking steps to prepare for retirement? and (b) Did Americans increase their retirement preparation activities during the time period studied? Results indicate that retirement preparation is influenced by cohort effects, especially among the more recent cohorts, and that earlier cohorts generally prepare more. Most respondents, especially the earlier cohorts, experienced a decrease in retirement preparation between 1974 and 1981 (i.e., a period effect). Analysis of the separate indicators of a retirement preparation index show that most activities, for instance, savings, decreased during this time while others either increased (will preparation) or remained stable (home ownership). The findings suggest that retirement preparation is influenced by economic climate and provide partial support for this application of Easterlin's thesis. Retirement preparation is also strongly related to education and race.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

How stressful is retirement? Findings from the Normative Aging Study.

The stressfulness of retirement both as a transitional event experienced during the past year and as a life stage was investigated. Transitional stress was assessed using a life events approach, and stage stress using a "hassles" approach. Respondents were 1,516 male participants in the Normative Aging Study, 45% of whom were retired. Among those retiring in the past year, respondents' own and spouse's retirement were rated the least stressful from a list of 31 possible events. Only 30% found retirement stressful. Retirement hassles were also less frequently reported and were rated less stressful than the work hassles of men still in the labor force. The only consistent predictors of both transitional and stage retirement stress were poor health and family finances; personality did not predict retirement stress.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

The problem of defining retirement among minorities: The Mexican Americans.

Using the 1979 Chicano Survey and four different operational definitions of retirement, we explored the effects of age, gender, health, birthplace, and lifetime work experience on the retirement of Mexican Americans. We found that correlates of retirement vary by the definition used. Frequent health limitations was associated with retirement defined by self-reported retirement or self-reported current work status, but not defined by respondents' self-described activities or receipt of retirement income. Operational definitions often used in discussions of timing and determinants of retirement, thus, poorly fit the lifetime work patterns and retirement process of Mexican Americans.

Aged↗
PubMed2001

Retirement effects on parent-adult child contacts.

PURPOSE: This study examined whether parents' retirement influences their contacts (visits, telephone/letter) with adult children outside the household. DESIGN AND METHODS: The study relied on data from the National Survey of Families and Households. The sample consisted of parent-adult child dyads where parents were aged 55-75 at time 2 and adult children resided outside the household at both waves (N = 2,153 parent-adult child dyads, based on reports from 792 parents). Generalized estimating equations (GEE) with robust standard errors were used. RESULTS: Retirement has no significant effect on telephone contacts. Retired parents maintain frequent visits with children. For children living within 10 miles, mothers' retirement is associated with fewer and fathers' retirement with more visits. This trend varies by number of children, length of retirement, and child's gender. For children living more than 10 miles away, retired mothers decrease visits with childless children, whereas retired fathers increase visits with childless children. IMPLICATIONS: We attribute these findings to the gender-specific salience of child contacts for retirees and suggest that future research address children's and parents' expectations for postretirement contacts.

Aged↗
PubMed2004

Born to retire: the foreshortened life course.

Retirement is no longer a concern solely for the second half of life. Rather, the idea that we will someday retire is increasingly present to all adults and it is even urged on adolescents. The earliest reaches of adulthood are being colonized by frequent reminders that it takes individual effort to achieve retirement. The changing nature of pensions, the identification of retirement saving with financial markets, the politics of Social Security, the aging baby boom generation, and the interests of a powerful industry and of government are daily compelling people's attention to retirement as a lifelong goal. With retirement as adulthood's great project of deferred gratification, the result could be greater personal readiness to retire but also some ironic outcomes, such as a stronger retirement norm, reluctance to spend on children, and outsized expectations for later life.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Who will be there to nurse? Retention of nurses nearing retirement.

AIMS: To determine the impact on nursing work-force supply of delaying retirement. BACKGROUND DATA: The nursing workforce is aging, and the Baby Boomer generation is nearing retirement age. This potential loss of experienced nurses is likely to exacerbate current nursing shortages. METHODS: An analysis of loss rates of nurses in New South Wales (Australia) is provided using 2 different retirement ages--58 and 65 years. Supply numbers were used and then "aged" to determine the impact of retirement on workforce numbers. The impact of potential retention strategies on the numbers who could be retained were determined if 100% of 50- to 55-year-old nurses was retained, 75% of those 56 to 60 years, and 50% of those 61 to 65 years. RESULTS: By the year 2004, approximately 4139 nurses (registered and enrolled) will be lost through retirement at age 65 years. However, retirement at age 58 years sees 7328 lost by 2004. Potentially 2139 nurses in this age spectrum could be retained if strategies are focused on delaying retirement. CONCLUSIONS: Delaying the retirement of nurses could provide a significant human resource, not only in terms of absolute numbers but more importantly, in terms of experience and expertise. However, retention of this portion of the workforce may require different strategies than for younger members of the workforce. The needs of this segment of the nursing workforce may require nurse administrators to consider different approaches to nursing work and work allocation.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Socioeconomic factors and disability retirement from back pain: a 1983-1993 population-based prospective study in Norway.

STUDY DESIGN: A prospective observational study with an 11-year follow-up period was performed. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the influence of education and socioeconomic position on the incidence of permanent disability retirement from back pain. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Early retirement because of back pain is the extreme end point of a disabling process that is a great burden to the individual and costly for the society. Groups of employees at particular risk for permanent back pain disability need to be identified. METHODS: All employed men and women in Norway between the ages of 20 and 53 years in 1980 were included (n = 1,333,556). Outcome measures were disability retirement from inflammatory back pain (ICD-9 code 720) and noninflammatory back pain (ICD-9 codes 721 to 724). RESULTS: The 11-year cumulative incidence was 0.15% (n = 1990) for disability retirement from inflammatory back pain and 1. 64% (n = 21,829) for noninflammatory back pain and was somewhat higher in women than in men. Each year of formal education was independently associated with decreased risk for disability retirement from noninflammatory back pain (odds ratio [OR] = 0.78; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.77-0.79) and from inflammatory back pain (OR = 0.83; 95% CI = 0.81-0.86). Whereas disability from inflammatory back pain was moderately associated with socioeconomic status, there was a consistent upward trend in the association between disability retirement from noninflammatory back pain and lower socioeconomic position. The OR for unskilled workers was 3.1 (95% CI = 2.6-3.7) for men and 2.1 (95% CI = 1.7-2.5) for women, as compared with that of higher professionals. Stepwise analyses suggest that the effect of education is not mediated by socioeconomic status. CONCLUSIONS: The consistent upward trend in the relation of disability retirement to lower levels of education and socioeconomic position, even for inflammatory back pain, shows that factors related to the occupational and social environment play an important role in the disabling process. The stepwise, monotonic relation between socioeconomic position and disability retirement from back pain, even at the higher end of the socioeconomic scale, suggests that the relation between social class and back pain disability cannot be explained solely in terms of manual versus nonmanual jobs.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

General practitioners' retirement plans and what influences them.

The results of a study of the attitudes of 197 general practitioners aged 55 and over towards retirement and their plans for retirement are reported. Few wished to retire very early, and only a further 40% definitely planned a clean break from practice. Nearly half planned on taking "24 hour retirement," even though most (78%) will be entitled to full pension rights. Job satisfaction and health were the most important factors influencing the timing of the retirement. Seventy seven per cent thought that there should be no formal retirement policy, 79% wanted no compulsory retirement age, and 80% wanted no further controls or safeguards directed at older practising general practitioners. Half of the general practitioners in the sample were not looking forward to retirement. Personal discussions with respondents aged 65 and over suggested that there are many older general practitioners who plan to practise for some time, who feel that they will know when the time has come to stop, but who often express the hope that they may "die in harness." A large proportion of older doctors are in single-handed practice. In view of this, and also of the evidence from North America which suggests that older doctors may practise inferior medicine, it is thought that the ability of such general practitioners to evaluate their competence should be studied by methods such as peer assessment techniques.

Age Factors↗