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PubMed2002

Analysis of the polymorphic CAG repeat length in the androgen receptor gene in patients with testicular germ cell cancer.

Changes in the length of a polymorphic trinucleotide (CAG) repeat in the androgen receptor (AR) gene, which may lead to altered transactivation of the AR gene, have been implicated to play a role in the pathogenesis of several forms of endocrine cancer and certain reproductive disorders. Subjects with reproductive disorders that are associated with a relative deficiency of androgen function carry an increased risk for testicular cancer, therefore we have examined the (CAG)n in the AR gene in DNA isolated from peripheral blood cells of 102 patients diagnosed with testicular germ cell neoplasia and compared them with a control group of 110 healthy men with proven fertility. All patients and control subjects underwent comprehensive andrological examination that included reproductive hormone profiles and the analysis of the (CAG)n in the AR gene that was done by means of PCR and DNA sequencing. There was no difference in the distribution of (CAG)n between the subjects and controls, no association of (CAG)n and the tumor type and no association with severity of the disease. We conclude that the high risk of testicular germ cell cancer in the Danish population is not associated with the (CAG)n polymorphism in the AR gene.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Prostaglandin treatment and subsequent cystic ovarian disease in Holstein cows.

Using computerized herd health data, a prospective cohort study was devised to determine whether cows treated with prostaglandins had a higher incidence of cystic ovarian disease than comparable cows not treated. Of 744 cows selected as having diseases for which prostaglandin administration may be indicated, 240 received prostaglandin. Sixteen cows had cystic ovarian disease following prostaglandin administration. Chi-square analysis showed no association (P greater than 0.10) between cystic ovarian disease and the use of prostaglandin. Incidence of cystic ovarian disease within 150 days of calving in clinically normal cows was compared with that of cows with reproductive disorders. Cows with reproductive disorders had a significantly (P less than 0.01) higher incidence of cystic ovarian disease.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

[Analysis and prevention of reproductive cycle disorders in goats in a semi-arid region in northeast Brazil].

An ecopathology survey was conducted in order to define the risk factors for abortion in traditionally raised goats in north-eastern Brazil. The survey showed a sequence of disorders in the reproductive cycle. A detailed analysis of this cycle produced useful elements to define prevention measures. The objective is to create, through changes in the reproductive cycle, a better balance between demand in the kidding period and the seasonal forage supply. Kidding management measures may also reduce kid mortality rates.

Abortion, Veterinary↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Priority trends in the prevention of reproductive health disorders].

Common biomedical and sociohygienic risk factors leading to disorders of the reproductive health indicate that universal approaches to their prevention are to be developed. The author discusses primary (mainly social), secondary (sociomedical), and tertiary (mainly medical) prevention of the above conditions. Realization of these measures aimed at preservation and restoration of the reproductive health of a family is intended to solve the problem of proper reproduction of healthy generations.

Female↗
PubMed2006

How to improve reproductive efficacy from now in Japan? Find out the factors of late lactation to predict postpartum reproductive diseases.

Reproductive efficiency and performance in dairy cattle has been declining over the last 20 years in Japan. Recently, this has resulted in serious problems in dairy herds. There have been changes in the animals themselves and in the animal's environment, e.g. the genetic potential for milk yield has improved, the herd size of dairy farms has been expanding, the housing system of dairy cattle has been changing from tie stall to free stall, and total mixed ratio (TMR) feeding systems have become widespread. It is not clear whether the animals have adapted adequately to these environmental changes. Up till now, reproductive management has been undertaken by monitoring animal performance and/or hormonal treatments, and this has resulted in acceptable reproductive performance. However, conception and pregnancy rates have continued to decline, and the calving to calving interval has continued to extend. Consequently, the average parity and the average age at culling in dairy cattle have been declining. The most common causes of culling in dairy cattle are reproductive disorders in Japan. Therefore, in future, prevention of reproductive disorders will be required for both reproductive efficiency and animal welfare. During late pregnancy and the transition from the pregnant, non-lactating state to the non-pregnant, lactating state, dramatic changes are occurring in the dam including an increase in the fetal-placental mass and calving. Thus, the demand for energy, protein and minerals by the conceptus increases, the space within the abdominal cavity and the rumen capacity decreases due to the increased volume of the conceptus, the local immunological relationship between the fetal and maternal placenta dramatically changes, and physiological homeostasis is activated to adapt to these changes. If cattle can't maintain homeostasis before calving, the incidence of reproductive diseases will be greatly increased. We have been examining reproductive, nutritional and immunological factors to predict the occurrence of reproductive disorders as early as possible and to develop strategies to prevent them. It is unlikely that all dairy farms in Japan will be able to improve reproductive performance with general advice, due to the wide variation in feeding systems and management in Japan. Therefore, specific advice needs to be tailored to each herd, based on management systems employed within each herd. We have proposed that it is important to identify common risk factors across herds, to use these factors as an index for disease control and reproductive management and finally to demonstrate the relationship between these factors and fundamental improvement of the reproductive efficiency. We propose this approach with the aim of providing a breakthrough in improving reproductive performance in dairy cattle in Japan. The focus of this review will be that such an approach is important for improvement of the reproductive efficiency in Japanese dairy cows.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Reproductive endocrine disorders in women with partial seizures of temporal lobe origin.

Of 50 consecutive women with partial seizures of temporal lobe origin (temporal lobe epilepsy [TLE]) evaluated for reproductive dysfunction, 28 had menstrual problems. Of those, 19 had reproductive endocrine disorders. Polycystic ovarian syndrome and hypogonadotropic hypogonadism occurred significantly more often in women with TLE than in the general female population. Polycystic ovarian syndrome was associated with predominantly left-sided lateralization of interictal epileptic discharges; hypogonadotropic hypogonadism was more commonly found with right-sided discharges. Hyposexuality occurred more often in women with predominantly right-sided interictal epileptic discharges and was associated with low serum luteinizing hormone levels. There are several possible interpretations: epileptic discharges in medial temporal limbic structures may disrupt hypothalamic regulation of pituitary gonadotropin secretion; anovulatory cycles of reproductive endocrine disorders may promote the development of epileptic discharges; and TLE and some associated reproductive endocrine disorders may represent the parallel effects of prenatal factors common to the development of the brain and the reproductive system.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Reproductive endocrine disorders in men with partial seizures of temporal lobe origin.

Twenty consecutive men with partial seizures of temporal lobe origin were evaluated for sexual or reproductive dysfunction. Eleven (55%) had diminished sexual interest or reduced potency. Nine of them had reproductive endocrine disorders, with features of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism in five, hyperprolactinemia in two, and hypergonadotropic hypogonadism in two. Among these nine were cases in which the reproductive endocrine abnormalities could not readily be attributed to antiseizure medication use. Other possible interpretations are as follows: epileptic discharges in medial temporal lobe structures may disrupt hypothalamic regulation of pituitary secretion, hypogonadism may promote the development of epileptic discharges, and temporal lobe epilepsy and associated reproductive endocrine disorders may represent the parallel effects of prenatal factors common to the development of both the brain and the reproductive system.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Reproductive performances of dairy cows in smallholder production system in Selalle, Central Ethiopia.

A study was conducted to assess the reproductive performance and factors that influence reproductive efficiency of cows in smallholder dairy farms in Selalle, Central Ethiopia. Three hundred dairy farms (average herd size = 8) were visited and data on reproductive, breeding and management histories were collected and analysed. The overall geometric means for calving to conception interval (n=382) and duration after last calving (n=422) were 187 and 201 days in pregnant and non-pregnant cows, respectively. The least-squares mean calving to conception interval was higher (p < 0.05) in mixed crop-livestock production (MCLP) than in small urban dairy production (SUDP) systems and was lower (p < 0.01) in non-suckling than in suckling cows. District significantly influenced (p < 0.01) the least-squares mean duration after last calving and, among the districts, non-pregnant cows in Wuchale-Jida had the highest values, whereas cows in Sululta and Mulo had the lowest values. The overall average number of services per conception (+/-SD) and the first service conception rate were 1.6 +/- 1.0 (n=382) and 56% (n=456), respectively. The prevalences of abortion, dystocia (assisted parturition), retained fetal membrane, vulval discharge/endometritis and pre-weaning calf mortality were 1.4%, 1.3%, 5.4%, 2.8% and 17.4%, respectively. The present estimates of extended calving to conception interval and duration after last calving indicate poor reproductive performances of cows in Selalle smallholder dairy farms. The pre-weaning calf mortality rate is highly significant. Accordingly, a further detailed investigation is necessary to identify and quantify the specific reproductive disorders and associated interacting factors attributing to such poor performance and to determine the causes and predisposing factors behind such high calf mortality.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Medicinal plants used by the Criollos of Northwestern Argentine Chaco.

Medicinal remedies of herbal origin employed by Criollos herdsmen of northwestern Chaco were studied through collections of plant specimens and by interviewing 83 local informants from several villages. A total of 619 medicinal uses were recorded for 163 plant species during field work. For each plant species the scientific and vernacular names, the parts of the plant used, specific medicinal uses, modes of preparation and administration and way of obtaining them were listed. Most species are collected in the wild (78%), they account for the seventy nine percent of the total recorded medicinal uses; the rest are obtained through cultivation or bought in markets. Plants are used mainly for diseases of the digestive tract (26.5% of total uses); skin affections (14.6%); respiratory disorders (9.1%); reproductive disorders (8.4%) and affections of the circulatory system (7.7%); and as antipyretics (7.5% of total uses).

Argentina↗
PubMed1989

Cytology of the canine reproductive system.

The methods for semen collection, its laboratory examination, and the interpretation of findings are presented in this article. The lack of comprehensive data for normal dogs and the lack of data associating actual percentages of spermatozoa with specific abnormalities with fertility or infertility are highlighted. Consequently, there is a need for standardization and completeness of semen examination procedures, especially in studies destined for publication. Collection and analysis of prostatic samples then is discussed, and the distinguishing cytological features of benign prostatic hyperplasia, prostatic adenocarcinoma, prostatis (including prostatic abscessation), and prostatic cysts are presented. This is followed by an assessment of the clinical usefulness of vaginal cytology, particularly to assist in the management of normal canine reproduction and in the diagnosis of reproductive disorders. The ways in which vaginal smears can facilitate the diagnosis of the stage of the estrous cycle and the diagnosis of abnormalities of the cycle and other disorders of reproduction are presented. Further consideration is given to its use to estimate the time of ovulation retrospectively and estimate the time of whelping prospectively. Finally, two specific diseases that can affect dogs and bitches are reviewed, namely, canine brucellosis and transmissible venereal tumor.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Fertility of transgenic female mice expressing bovine growth hormone or human growth hormone variant genes.

Although growth hormone (GH) exerts various direct and indirect stimulatory effects on gonadal development and function, excessive levels of GH in acromegalic patients and in transgenic animals are often associated with reproductive disorders. We have examined reproductive performance of transgenic female mice expressing the following hybrid genes: mouse metallothionein-1 (MT)/human placental GH variant (hGH.V), MT/bovine GH(bGH), and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK)/bGH. This allowed us to evaluate the effects of chronic GH excess in three animal models and to obtain some information on the significance of the lactogenic activity of the foreign GH (hGH.V vs. bGH) and on the developmental stage of transgene expression (MT vs. PEPCK). Transgenic animals from each line had elevated plasma insulin-like growth factor-I levels and greatly increased adult body weight. Plasma bGH levels were significantly higher in PEPCK/bGH than in MT/bGH transgenic mice. Approximately 20% of transgenic MT/hGH.V and MT/bGH females and over 60% of transgenic PEPCK/bGH females were infertile. Transgenic females that did reproduce ovulated either a normal or increased number of eggs but exhibited a variety of reproductive disorders including increased interval between pairing with a male and conception, increased interval between litters, reduced number of litters, reduced fetal growth, increased pre- and postnatal mortality, and alterations in sex ratio. Among adult offspring of these females, the proportion of transgenic animals was significantly less than the expected 50%. While some characteristics (e.g., fetal crown-rump length and weight on Day 14 of pregnancy) were affected to a comparable extent in transgenic females from all three lines, MT/hGH.V and PEPCK/bGH females were, in general, more severely affected than the MT/bGH animals. Sterility of PEPCK/bGH females appeared to be due to luteal failure since treatment with progesterone led to pregnancy. Greatly increased intervals between successive litters appeared to be due to failure to mate during postpartum estrus and to sterile matings during this period. Reduced fetal size and weight may have been due to chronic glucocorticoid excess because comparable changes could be induced in normal females by injections of dexamethasone during pregnancy, and plasma corticosterone levels were previously shown to be elevated in transgenic mice from each of these lines. Comparison of these results with data obtained from matings of normal female mice to transgenic males from the same lines suggests that reduced fetal growth is due primarily to maternal genotype, while reduced "transmission" of the hybrid genes is not, and presumably reflects increased mortality of transgenic progeny at various stages of development.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed2000

[Prevalence of Chlamydia infections in breeding sows and their importance in reproductive failure].

To investigate the prevalence of chlamydial infection and their significance for reproductive disorders in sow breeding herds in Germany, blood samples of 1493 pigs were taken for a serological survey by enzyme-linked-immunosorbent-assay (ELISA). Antibodies to Chlamydiae were found in 33% of the samples, in all herds investigated responders could be detected. The rate of seropositive animals in different farms varied from 4.3% to 72.7%. The percentage of positive responders in the farms correlated positively with the occurrence of MMA-syndrome (mastitis, metritis, agalactia), return to oestrus and diseases of the piglets. Also these herds showed less weaned piglets per sow and litter. Comparison of seronegative and seropositive sows within single farms revealed also worse reproductive data for seropositive sows. A significant relationship could be found between farms with a high quota of sero-positive sows and poor hygiene status as well as poultry keeping. As a second step 124 cervical swabs and 9 aborted piglets were investigated for chlamydial antigen by capture-ELISA and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Using the capture-ELISA for investigation only 3 probes with chlamydial antigen could be detected, however, examination by the more sensible PCR gave positive results in 50% of the probes. 20% of the PCR-positive animals were clinically healthy sows, 80% of the PCR-positive probes originated from sows with reproductive disorders. A significant relationship could be shown between PCR-positive probes and the incidence of abortion and litters with stillborn piglets and piglets with low viability. Swabs from 93 of the 124 sows were investigated as well for other bacterial pathogens of reproductive disorders. A high degree of micro-organisms of different species could be detected in 70% of the samples of sows with reproductive disorders and in 35% of the samples of clinically healthy sows. Species differentiation of the chlamydial antigen positive samples was done by southern blot hybridisation. Herewith C. psittaci could be diagnosed in all positive samples. Additionally 8 probes revealed a mixed infection with C. psittaci and C. trachomatis. The results of the present study show, that the prevalence of chlamydial infections in breeding herds is high and underline the importance of chlamydial infections for reproductive disorders. Single chlamydial infections as well as mixed infections with other pathogens must be considered.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Canine herpesvirus-1 (CHV-1): clinical, serological and virological patterns in breeding colonies.

Canine herpesvirus-1 (CHV-1) is presumed to be enzootic in the dog population and is associated with reproductive disorders and neonatal mortality. To advise dog breeders towards an effective management of CHV-1 infected colonies, 27 breeding bitches were studied during one reproductive cycle in field conditions: the effect of cycle stage, kennel size, initial antibody titre, mating and gestation on serologic and viral excretion patterns was evaluated, while the association between reproductive disorders and CHV-1 antibody titres and viral excretion was also analysed. All initially seronegative bitches seroconverted, while 40% of the initially seropositive bitches became seronegative at one or two occasions. No difference in antibody patterns was observed between mated and unmated bitches. Of the mated bitches, 46% experienced infertility, foetal resorption or mummification. No difference in antibody patterns was observed depending on the occurrence of reproductive disorders even if a decrease in antibody titres during early or late-di-oestrus was often present. Significantly higher titres were observed at all cycle stages in large kennels. None of the vaginal and nasal samples or buffy coats tested positive for CHV-1 DNA. The mixed image of clinical and sub-clinical carriage in this study demonstrated CHV-1 has a complex and difficult to predict clinical behavior. Preventive management with vaccination of reproducing bitches in kennels with reproductive disorders should therefore be advised.

Aging↗
PubMed1993

A relationship between particular reproductive endocrine disorders and the laterality of epileptiform discharges in women with epilepsy.

Cerebral limbic structures modulate the endocrine function of the hypothalamopituitary axis in both animals and humans. In an investigation of 30 women who had complex partial seizures with unilateral temporal lobe epileptiform discharges and reproductive endocrine disorders, there was a significant difference between the EEG laterality distributions associated with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCO) and those associated with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (HH). There was a strong predominance of left-sided discharges (15 versus one) with PCO, and right-sided discharges (12 versus two) with HH. Each distribution differed significantly from that of 30 women with epilepsy who had no reproductive endocrine disorder (left/right: 17/13). Moreover, among women with PCO who had unilateral non-temporal lobe foci, six of seven had right-sided epileptiform discharges. This represents a significant difference from the EEG laterality distribution among women with PCO who had temporal foci. These relationships between altered patterns of reproductive hormonal secretion and the predominant laterality of EEG epileptiform discharges in women with epilepsy are consistent with a lateralized asymmetry in cerebral influences on reproductive endocrine function.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Possible Link Between Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Reproductive Complications.

BACKGROUND: Initially conceptualized as a disorder of childhood, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is now emerging as a chronic disorder that may present in adolescence and persist into adulthood. Failure to recognize this common disorder in childhood may lead to disabling comorbid symptoms and a poor long-term prognosis in adulthood. Young adults with undiagnosed ADHD experience significant psychiatric comorbidity, including high rates of drug dependency and lower levels of global functioning. The public health consequences of poor impulse control (e.g., delinquency, criminal activity, drug use, risky sexual behaviors, high-risk pregnancies) are emerging, and a link between ADHD and poverty seems highly probable. CASE REPORT: I explore the sexual behaviors, and their consequences, of a young adolescent female. Her reproductive complications led me to consider undiagnosed ADHD. CONCLUSION: The long-term prognosis when ADHD is unrecognized and untreated in the adolescent is discouraging: maternal and perinatal morbidity may be anticipated and are biologically plausible. The actual assessment of risk in the setting of pregnancy and unrecognized ADHD remains largely unknown, and the benefits of timely diagnosis and appropriate treatment of ADHD during pregnancy have yet to be addressed. The following case presentation suggests an association between undiagnosed ADHD and reproductive complications.

Journal Article↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Reproductive endocrine disorders in women with primary generalized epilepsy.

It is known that women suffering from temporal lobe epilepsy may frequently present reproductive endocrine disorders (REDs). We hypothesized that a high occurrence of REDs could be found also in primary generalized epilepsy (PGE), and therefore investigated the hormonal and ovarian echographic profiles in 20 PGE female patients of reproductive age. Fourteen reported normal menstrual cycles, while 6 complained of longstanding menstrual irregularities. All but three patients were receiving antiepileptic drug (AED) therapy. In all subjects, the basal levels of gonadotropins, prolactin, and gonadal steroids were assayed. The response of luteinizing hormone (LH) to gonadotropin-releasing hormone was also investigated and ovarian ultrasonographic findings were evaluated. In five of six patients with menstrual problems (25% of the group), a well-defined RED was diagnosed (polycystic ovarian disease in three cases and hypothalamic ovarian failure in two). The 14 patients with normal menstrual cycles showed an elevation of mean basal follicle-stimulating hormone and prolactin, and a blunting of mean LH response. Our results suggest that a high occurrence of REDs may be found also in PGE. We hypothesize that a neurotransmitter dysfunction might be the common pathogenetic mechanism resulting in both REDs and PGE. The hormonal alterations observed in the patients with normal menstrual cycles seem to support our hypothesis. Previous data seem to rule out a possible AED effect accounting for the hormonal findings observed in our series. However, further studies are needed to confirm our preliminary results.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Epidemiology of reproductive performance in dairy cows.

The objectives of this presentation are to review results of our previous and on-going research with respect to the risk factors and consequences of poor reproductive performance in dairy cows, and to develop an economic framework to optimize decisions related to dairy cow reproductive performance. To make profitable breeding and replacement decisions, the farmer must account for factors including age, production level, lactation stage, pregnancy status, and disease history of the cows in the herd. Establishing the interrelationships among disease, milk yield, reproduction, and herd management is necessary for developing a decision model for disease treatment, insemination, and replacement. The data for the studies reviewed in this presentation incorporate health, production, and management components from Holsteins in the Northeast USA and Ayrshires from Finland. Data were analyzed using the Cornell Theory Center Supercomputer. The effect of risk factors on reproductive disorders was modeled with logistic regression, and on conception, insemination, and culling with survival analysis. The effect of reproductive disorders on milk yield was analyzed with mixed models. Economic optimization of reproductive performance was done with dynamic programming (DP). High milk yield, high parity, and calving in winter were risk factors for several reproductive disorders. These disorders, in turn, delayed insemination and conception in dairy cows, and some of them increased the risk of culling. Dystocia, retained placenta, and early metritis led to a short-term drop in milk production. High milk yield was not a major factor in delaying conception, except in first parity cows. However, higher yielders were more likely to be inseminated, and less likely to be culled. Non-pregnant cows had a higher risk of being culled. Reproductive performance of dairy cows influenced a herd's profitability, and good heat detection and conception rates provided opportunities for management control. It was not always economically advantageous to get cows pregnant as soon as possible, and there was no one optimal value for the calving interval length for all cows in a herd.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Non-reproductive heritable disorders in infertile couples and their first degree relatives.

The genetic safety of intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) remains a matter of continuing debate. One source of concern is the limited knowledge about the general genetic constitution and background of patients who need sophisticated reproductive technology to procreate. It has been postulated that such individuals could be carriers of genetic lesions that might result in an increased prevalence of heritable disorders among their offspring. To investigate this issue, we determined the frequency of potentially heritable non-reproductive diseases in 621 infertile couples and their first degree relatives. A total of 1302 fertile couples who underwent genetic counselling prior to prenatal diagnosis served as controls. The infertile patients had a slightly higher prevalence of potentially heritable non-reproductive disorders ('significant genetic risk factors') than the controls (1. 9 versus 0.9%; P = 0.015). In contrast, such diseases were less prevalent in their families than in the fertile couples' families. Our data do not support the hypothesis that their familial genetic background predisposes children born after ICSI to malformations or other non-reproductive genetic diseases.

Adult↗