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At least 199 records · Page 11Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

Women's status and depressive symptoms: a multilevel analysis.

The effects of state-level women's status and autonomy on individual-level women's depressive symptoms were examined. We conducted a multi-level analysis of the 1991 longitudinal follow up of the 1988 National Maternal Infant Health Survey (NMIHS), with 7789 women nested within the fifty American states. State-level women's status was assessed by four composite indices measuring women's political participation, economic autonomy, employment & earnings, and reproductive rights. The main outcome measure was symptoms of depression (Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, CES-D). The participants were a nationally representative stratified random sample of women in the USA aged between 17 and 40 years old who gave birth to live babies in 1988, were successfully contacted again in 1991 and provided complete information on depressive symptoms. Women who were younger, non-white, not currently married, less educated or had lower household income tended to report higher levels of depressive symptoms. Compared with states ranking low on the employment & earnings index, women residing in states that were high on the same index scored 0.85 points lower on the CES-D (p<0.01). Women who lived in states that were high on the economic autonomy index scored 0.83 points lower in depressive symptoms (p<0.01), compared with women who lived in states low on the same index. Finally, women who resided in states with high reproductive rights scored 0.62 points lower on the CES-D (p<0.05) compared with women who lived in states with lower reproductive rights. Gender inequality appears to contribute to depressive symptoms in women.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Service accountability and community participation in the context of health sector reforms in Asia: implications for sexual and reproductive health services.

This paper examines the concept and practice of community participation in World Bank-supported health sector reforms in Asia, and how far such participation has strengthened accountability with regard to provision of sexual and reproductive health (SRH) services. It argues that the envisaged scope of community participation within a majority of reforms in Asia has been limited to programme management and service delivery, and it is occurring within the boundaries of priorities that are defined through non-participatory processes. Setting up of community health structures, decentralization and community financing are three important strategies used for promoting participation and accountability within reforms. The scant evidence on the impact of these strategies suggests that marginalized groups and sexual and reproductive rights based groups are poorly represented in the forums for participation, and that hierarchies of power between and amongst health personnel and the public play out in these forums. Community financing has not lead to enhanced service accountability. As a result of the above limitations, community participation in health sector reforms has rarely strengthened accountability with respect to provision of comprehensive SRH services. In this context, rights (including sexual and reproductive) based groups and researchers need to engage with design, monitoring and evaluation of health sector reforms, both from inside as participants and outside as pressure groups. Participation contracts enhancing powers of civil society representatives, quotas for participation (for women, other marginalized groups and rights-based organizations), and investment in capacity building of these stakeholders on leadership and sexual reproductive rights and health are pre-requisites if participation is to lead to health and SRH service accountability. Community participation and service accountability hence requires more and not less investment of resources by the state.

Asia↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Legal protection of population's reproductive health].

The topicality of decision-making of the legal and organizational nature, passed mainly at the state level, and ensuring the normal performance of the reproductive function as a component of public health is demonstrated. Statistic data on the specificity of reproductive health and its shaping-up in the growing generation as well as on the aftermaths of an early sexual activity and on an influence of the so-called "deviational" behavioral forms as observed in contemporary teenagers are presented. Appropriate international documents are analyzed; the role of international organizations in designing the reproductive rights of citizens and the related recommendations of how to implement such rights are demonstrated. National legislation acts pertaining to the discussed sphere and, in particular, the efforts undertaken to eliminate, in Russia, all forms of discrimination in respect to women, as well as efforts targeted at securing the rights to a free reproductive choice, at reproductive health protection and at family planning are in focus of attention.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Short-changing reproductive health.

Health sector reformers, particularly the economists among them, are prone to reject calls for more financial support for reproductive health as "special pleading" even when the argument is made that reproductive health is a basic human right. Reproductive health is not alone in this. Up to now, however, the idea that the right to reproductive health care should take precedence over other health rights has not been put on the table. Economists ask how much interventions cost and whether there is enough money to cover all of the interventions being proposed; if not, they ask which interventions will be funded. Basing decisions about spending for health on evidence about the burden of disease is a way of using the principles of economics to improve health systems performance. However, this methodology poses some special problems for reproductive health as pregnancy is not a disease. Further, economic principles are not the only valid criteria for decisions about health care funding. Those who are concerned about reproductive health need to remain vigilant about the impact of these changes and counter with their own evidence on how they may or may not be contributing to improved health system performance and to reproductive health and rights.

Decision Making, Organizational↗
PubMed2000

Toward voluntary parenthood.

David Lykken's proposal to license married parents for child rearing, and to deny the same opportunity to single and inept parents, springs from his deep concern for millions of youngsters cruelly subjected to abusive and neglectful rearing circumstances. Children from such inadequate homes grow up to have high rates of school failure, criminality, and drug addiction. The problem is clear, but Lykken's remedies of mandated marriage and parental licensure are unacceptable in U.S. society, where our reproductive rights are fortunately protected by our Constitution. As a devoted proponent of reproductive rights, I propose a legally and morally acceptable proposal to the same end. Increasing women's effective control of reproduction and moving toward entirely voluntary parenthood will accomplish the same goals without compromising our civil liberties.

Civil Rights↗
PubMed1998

Abortion in Thailand: a feminist perspective.

With the passing of the Fourth World Conference on Women in Beijing, China, women's issues in Asia have moved increasingly to the forefront. One such issue, abortion, continues to generate controversy as many women argue for protection and/or recognition of their reproductive rights. The objectives of this paper are threefold: (1) To examine the abortion debate in Thailand, identifying issues raised by Thai feminist scholars about the status of women; (2) To overview some of the more prominent feminist arguments regarding abortion (particularly those written by Canadian and American scholars) as a tool for defining women's reproductive rights; (3) To focus on a study of attitudes toward abortion among health care personnel and post-induced abortion patients in Bangkok, Thailand in order to discern the degree of support (if any) for feminist abortion arguments.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed2002

Analysis of women's reproductive health situation in Bida Emirate of Niger State, Nigeria.

This study examined the reproductive health situation in Bida Emirate of Nigeria, with a view to advancing frontiers in communication support for reproductive health education. Multi-stage sampling technique was used to randomly select 1,200 women respondents that participated in the study. Data was obtained on reproductive health and rights, reproductive health history, and personal and social characteristics of respondents. Data analyses showed that majority (68.1%) of respondents were aware of existing methods of birth control, while 31.9% were not. On the use of methods, abstinence, breastfeeding and use of condoms recorded 42.8%, 22% and 40.3% respectively. Respondents rarely used traditional methods of birth control. Forty five per cent blamed their husbands for not using family planning methods. Surprisingly, 84.8% of respondents had no idea of what HIV/AIDS is all about; only 13% and 3.1% could describe gonorrhoea and AIDS respectively. Results further revealed that there is no significant relationship between personal and social characteristics of respondents (religion, marital status and position, etc) and their attitude towards family planning. However, rural and urban women significantly differed in their health status (t = 0.2729; p < 0.001). Similar trend was observed for attitude towards family decision-making (t = 40; p < 0.001), sexuality and STD prevention (t = 90; p < 0.001), and maternity/childcare (t = 0.001; p < 0.001). In conclusion, the study reveals that there is a wide gap between social expectations of women's reproductive health and cultural realities in Nupeland of Nigeria. The study thus recommends, among others, the need for sustainable safe motherhood campaign in culture bound societies.

Adolescent↗