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At least 199 records · Page 11Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

CNTF induces dose-dependent alterations in retinal morphology in normal and rcd-1 canine retina.

Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) provides morphologic preservation of rods in several animal models of retinitis pigmentosa (RP). However, CNTF may alter photoreceptor morphology and rod photoreceptor differentiation in vitro, as well as affecting normal retinal electrophysiology. In addition, the capacity of CNTF to support other cell types affected secondarily in RP (cones and ganglion cells) is unclear. The purposes of this study were to examine the effects of CNTF upon a canine model of RP, the rod-cone degeneration (rcd-1) dog. Archival tissue from a previous study assessing the capacity of CNTF to rescue photoreceptors in rcd-1 dogs was used. One eye was treated for 7 weeks before being explanted. The contralateral eye was untreated. A total of 23 rcd-1 dogs and seven control dogs (four untreated and three CNTF-treated) were used. Morphometric data describing outer and inner nuclear layer thickness, inner retinal thickness, cones and ganglion cells were collected at nine evenly spaced points along each retina and analysed using a mixed effects model. Immunohistochemistry was performed on a subset of 11 dogs for expression of rhodopsin, human cone arrestin (hCAR) and recoverin. CNTF protected the outer nuclear layer and increased inner retinal thickness in a dose-dependent manner (both were maximal at CNTF doses of 1-6 ng day-1). Significant cone loss or reduction of inner nuclear layer width in rcd-1 did not occur in this model, therefore we were unable to assess the protective effect of CNTF upon these parameters. CNTF did not afford significant ganglion cell protection. CNTF induced morphologic changes in rods and ganglion cells, as well as reducing expression of hCAR and rhodopsin, but not recoverin. The dose of CNTF which provided optimal outer nuclear layer protection also resulted in several other effects, including altered ganglion cell morphology, increased thickness of the entire retina, and reduced expression of some phototransduction proteins. These changes were more marked in rcd-1 retinas than in wild-type retinas. This implies that the consequences of CNTF treatment may be substantially influenced by the cellular context into which it is introduced.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Mapping of autosomal dominant cone degeneration to chromosome 17p.

PURPOSE: We studied a single, large family with autosomal dominant cone degeneration in order to map the disease-causing gene. METHODS: Seventy-three individuals in this family were examined, and 34 were found to be affected. Blood samples from 34 affected and unaffected family members were obtained for DNA analysis and linkage mapping. Fifty-three genetic markers were analyzed in this family by using short tandem repeat markers. These markers were primarily in candidate genomic regions. RESULTS: Marker D17S796 generated a significantly positive LOD score of 4.21 (theta = .04; 10,000:1 odds in favor of linkage). Marker D17S513 gave a significant LOD score of 3.1 (theta = .096; 1,000:1 odds in favor of linkage). Other markers in the region generated suggestive findings, such as D17S786, with a LOD score of 2.7, and D17S945, with a LOD score of 2.41. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that a genetic defect that causes autosomal dominant cone degeneration is located on chromosome 17p in the region of recoverin. Recoverin, a retinal expressed gene, is an appealing candidate for this disease.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Invasive thymoma with paraneoplastic retinopathy.

A 60-year-old man was admitted for progressive visual loss in both eyes. He was diagnosed with retinopathy and chest computed tomography revealed an invasive thymoma. In western blot analysis, serum autoantibodies against recoverin, photoreceptor-specific calcium-binding protein, and heat shock cognate protein 70 which were identified as the cause of cancer-associated retinopathy (CAR). Immunofluorescence staining showed that thymoma cells also expressed recoverin. These observations strongly suggested that similar pathogenesis of CAR was involved in the presented case.

Biomarkers, Tumor↗
PubMed1999

Identification of calcium binding sites in the trypanosome flagellar calcium-acyl switch protein.

The 24 kDa flagellar calcium binding protein (FCaBP) of the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi is a calcium-acyl switch protein. FCaBP is modified by the addition of myristate and palmitate at its amino terminal segment and both modifications are required for calcium-modulated flagellar membrane association. FCaBP has four sequence motifs for potential calcium binding, and comparison to other calcium-acyl switch proteins, such as recoverin, suggested that only two of these sites are functional. Because it is not possible to predict with certainty the calcium binding affinity or selectivity based on motif analysis alone, we determined the quantitative calcium binding activity of FCaBP by direct ligand binding using the flow dialysis method. The results demonstrated the presence of two calcium binding sites in the full length FCaBP and in a mutant (FCaBPdelta12) lacking the amino terminal pair of sites. FCaBPdelta12 retains its ability to localize to the flagellum. A mutant FCaBP lacking the two carboxyl-terminal sites (FCaBPdelta34), did not bind calcium with high affinity and selectivity under the conditions used. The calcium binding properties of FCaBP are therefore distinct from other myristoyl switch proteins such as recoverin. The results add to a growing body of knowledge about the correlation of sequence motifs with calcium binding activity. Moreover, they demonstrate the need to determine the apparently novel mechanism by which FCaBP undergoes calcium modulated flagellar membrane association and its relation to calcium signal transduction.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1998

Cancer-associated retinopathy in a patient with non-small-cell lung carcinoma.

Cancer-associated retinopathy (CAR) is a paraneoplastic syndrome most often associated with small-cell lung carcinoma (SCLC), and it has been reported in patients with other malignancies. Antibodies against recoverin, a 23-kDa protein, have been found in patients with CAR suggesting an autoimmune phenomenon. Herein is the first report of a patient with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in whom anti-recoverin antibodies were detected in the serum. Steroid therapy, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy did not help the patient's vision. Progressive loss of vision in patients with lung cancer should, potentially, be tested for CAR.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The neurons of the ground squirrel retina as revealed by immunostains for calcium binding proteins and neurotransmitters.

Ground squirrel retinas were immunostained with antibodies against calcium binding proteins (CBPs) and classical neurotransmitters in order to describe neuronal phenotypes in a diurnal mammalian retina and to then compare these neurons with those of more commonly studied nocturnal retinas like cats' and rabbits'. Double immunostained tissue was examined by confocal microscopy using antibodies against the following: rhodopsin and the CBPs, calbindin, calretinin, parvalbumin, calmodulin and recoverin (CB, CR, PV, CM, RV), glycine, GABA, choline acetyltransferase (CHAT) and tyrosine hydroxylase (TOH). In ground squirrel retina, the traditional cholinergic mirror symmetric amacrine cells colocalize CHAT with PV and GABA and faintly with glycine. A second cholinergic amacrine cell type colocalizes glycine alone. CR is found in at least 3 different amacrine cell types. The CR-immunoreactive (IR) cell population is a mixture of glycinergic and GABAergic types. The dopamine cell type IR to tyrosine hydroxylase has the typical morphology of a wide field cell with dendrites in S1 but the "rings" seen in cat or rabbit retina are not as numerous. TOH-IR amacrine cells send large club-shaped processes to the outer plexiform layer. CB and CR are in bipolar cells, A- and B-type horizontal cells and several amacrine cell types. Anti-rhodopsin labels the low density rod photoreceptor population in this species. Anti-recoverin labels cones and some bipolar cells while PKC is found in several different bipolar cell types. One ganglion cell with dendritic branching in S3 is strongly CR-IR. We find no evidence for an AII amacrine cell in the ground squirrel, with either anti-CR or anti-PV. An amacrine cell with similarity to the DAP1-3 cell of rabbit is CR-IR and glycine-IR. We discuss this labeling pattern in relationship to other mammalian species. The differences in staining patterns and phenotypes revealed suggest a functional diversity in the populations of amacrine cells according to whether the retinas are rod or cone dominated.

Amacrine Cells↗
PubMed2003

Neuronal calcium sensor proteins are direct targets of the insulinotropic agent repaglinide.

The NCS (neuronal calcium sensor) proteins, including neurocalcins, recoverins and visinin-like proteins are members of a family of Ca2+-sensitive regulators, each with three Ca2+-binding EF-hand motifs. In plants, lily CCaMK [chimaeric Ca2+/CaM (calmodulin)-dependent protein kinase] and its PpCaMK ( Physcomitrella patens CCaMK) homologue are characterized by a visinin-like domain with three EF-hands. In the present study, in an effort to discover NCS antagonists, we screened a total of 43 compounds using Ca2+-dependent drug affinity chromatography and found that the insulinotropic agent repaglinide targets the NCS protein family. Repaglinide was found to bind to NCS proteins, but not to CaM or S100 proteins, in a Ca2+-dependent manner. Furthermore, the drug antagonized the inhibitory action of recoverin in a rhodopsin kinase assay with IC50 values of 400 microM. Moreover, repaglinide tightly bound to the visinin-like domain of CCaMK and PpCaMK in a Ca2+-dependent manner and antagonized the regulatory function of the domain with IC50 values of 55 and 4 microM for CCaMK and PpCaMK respectively. Although both repaglinide and a potent insulin secretagogue, namely glibenclamide, blocked K(ATP) channels with similar potency, glibenclamide had no antagonizing effect on the Ca2+-stimulated CCaMK and PpCaMK autophosphorylation, mediated by their visinin-like domain. In addition, a typical CaM antagonist, trifluoperazine, had no effect on the CCaMK and PpCaMK autophosphorylation. Repaglinide appears to be the first antagonist of NCS proteins and visinin-like domain-bearing enzymes. It may serve as a useful tool for evaluating the physiological functions of the NCS protein family. In addition, since repaglinide selectively targets NCS proteins among the EF-hand Ca2+-binding proteins, it is a potential lead compound for the development of more potent NCS antagonists.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

The immunocytochemical localization of connexin 36 at rod and cone gap junctions in the guinea pig retina.

Connexin 36 (Cx36) is a channel-forming protein found in the membranes of apposed cells, forming the hexameric hemichannels of intercellular gap junction channels. It localizes to certain neurons in various regions of the brain including the retina. We characterized the expression pattern of neuronal Cx36 in the guinea pig retina by immunocytochemistry using specific antisera against Cx36 and green/red cone opsin or recoverin. Strong Cx36 immunoreactivity was visible in the ON sublamina of the inner plexiform layer and in the outer plexiform layer, as punctate labelling patterns. Double-labelling experiments with antibody directed against Cx36 and green/red cone opsin or recoverin showed that strong clustered Cx36 immunoreactivity localized to the axon terminals of cone or close to rod photoreceptors. By electron microscopy, Cx36 immunoreactivity was visible in the gap junctions as well as in the cytoplasmic matrices of both sides of cone photoreceptors. In the gap junctions between cone and rod photoreceptors, Cx36 immunoreactivity was only visible in the cytoplasmic matrices of cone photoreceptors. These results clearly indicate that Cx36 forms homologous gap junctions between neighbouring cone photoreceptors, and forms heterologous gap junctions between cone and rod photoreceptors in guinea pig retina. This focal location of Cx36 at the terminals of the photoreceptor suggests that rod photoreceptors can transmit rod signals to the pedicle of a neighbouring cone photoreceptor via Cx36, and that the cone in turn signals to corresponding ganglion cells via ON and OFF cone bipolar cells.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Low expression of rhodopsin kinase in pineal gland in Royal College of Surgeons rat.

The Royal College of Surgeons (RCS) rat has been extensively characterized as a model for inherited retinal dystrophy such as retinitis pigmentosa. We have found that significantly low levels of expression of rhodopsin kinase (RK) and alphaA-crystallin may be involved in the pathogenesis of retinal degeneration in the RCS rat (Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1999,40:2788-2794). In the present study, we examined the expression of photoreceptor specific proteins in the pineal gland (PG) including rhodopsin kinase (RK), arrestin and recoverin, which are known to be commonly present in both photoreceptor and PG, in order to elucidate the pathological relationship between retina and PG during retinal degeneration. Among these proteins, RK expression was significantly decreased with advancing age (3-5 weeks old) in RCS rat. However, in contrast, arrestin expression in RCS PG was comparable with control PG and no expressions of recoverin and other G-protein coupled receptor kinases (GRKs 2, 5 and 6) were detected in RCS PG during 3-5 weeks of age. By administration of nilvadipine, an effective Ca2+ antagonist that was shown to preserve RCS retinal degeneration, RK expression was significantly enhanced.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Cone dysfunction as a paraneoplastic syndrome associated with retinal antigens approximating 40 kiloDalton.

Reports on cancer-associated retinopathies (CAR) have increased in recent years as the autoimmune reactions responsible have become better understood. The 23-kDalton autoantigen 'recoverin' was the first retinal antigen implicated in CAR, but others have since been described. We report an additional case involving an autoantigen other than recoverin, with five-year follow-up of a 50-year-old woman suffering from the CAR syndrome, with ocular abnormalities restricted to cone dysfunction. The patient had a history of laryngeal carcinoma surgically removed 18 months prior to presenting to the ophthalmologist with photophobia and decreased vision in both eyes. The patient's abnormal retinal hypersensitivity included antibody activity with two retinal antigens approximating 40 kD, located within the outer segments of the photoreceptor layer. To our knowledge, this is the first description of a cancer-associated, cone-specific dystrophy involving an abnormal amount of immunologic activity with two retinal proteins approximating 40 kD, that may prove to be isoforms of the same antigen.

Autoantibodies↗
PubMed1994

A new locus for autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa on the short arm of chromosome 17.

Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a group of genetically and clinically heterogeneous retinopathies, some of which have been shown to result from mutations in two different known retinal genes, rhodopsin (3q) and peripherin-rds (6p). Three additional anonymous loci at 7p, 7q and pericentric 8 have been implicated by linkage studies. There are still, however, a few families in which all known loci have been excluded. In this report we present data indicating a location, on the short arm of chromosome 17, for the autosomal dominant RP (ADRP) locus in a large South African (SA) family of British ancestry. Positive two-point lod scores have been obtained for nine markers (D17S938, Z = 5.43; D17S796, Z = 4.82; D17S849, Z = 3.6; D17S786, Z = 3.55; TP53, Z = 3.55; D17S578, Z = 3.29; D17S960, Z = 3.16; D17S926, Z = 1.51; D17S804, Z = 0.47 all at theta = 0.10 except D17S804 and D17S926, theta = 0.20). These data provide definitive evidence for the localization of an ADRP gene on chromosome 17p. The human recoverin gene has been localized to 17p13.1 and was consequently a prime candidate for ADRP in the family studied. However, mutation screening of the three exons of this gene failed to produce any evidence of recoverin being the gene involved in the pathogenesis of ADRP in this SA family.

Calcium-Binding Proteins↗
PubMed2004

Serum antibodies to retinal antigens in lung cancer and sarcoidosis.

OBJECTIVE: Autoantibodies to various neuronal proteins frequently accompany lung cancer and their appearance may precede cancer symptoms. In this study we examined which retinal antigens (RAs) are recognized by sera of patients with lung cancer and whether the occurrence of serum antibodies to particular RAs is characteristic for cancer in comparison with a noncancer lung disease. METHODS: Sera of 72 patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), 29 with small-cell lung cancer (SCLC), 27 with sarcoidosis (S), and sera of 32 healthy donors were examined in immunoblotting using retinal extracts and purified RAs as antigens. RESULTS: 69.0% of SCLC, 45.8% of NSCLC, and 44.4% of S sera displayed anti-RAs reactivity. Significantly less (p < 0.05; chi(2) test) percent of healthy control sera reacted with RAs. Lung cancer sera recognized mainly 46-, 56-, and 36-kD and to a smaller extent also 96-, 72-, 43-, and 26-kD proteins. Most of them were recognized with about 2-fold lower frequencies by S and control sera. Only lung cancer sera contained very high-titer antibodies to 46- and 26-kD RAs, identified as alpha-enolase and recoverin, respectively. CONCLUSION: Antibodies to RAs occur more frequently and in higher titers in lung cancer (especially SCLC) than in sarcoidosis or control sera. Although antibodies to retinal alpha-enolase, recoverin and other RAs are present mainly or exclusively in lung cancer sera, none of them seems to be a specific marker of a particular disease.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Development of the embryonic porcine neuroretina in vitro.

PURPOSE: The objective of this study was to investigate the survival and morphology of embryonic porcine full-thickness neuroretina in culture. METHODS: Porcine fetuses were taken out by cesarian section, and the eyes were enucleated. Neuroretinas were explanted on culture plate inserts and were kept for 0-42 days in vitro under standard culture conditions. Green nucleic acid (Sytox) was used for measuring the extent of cell death, and 4,6-diaminidine-2-phenylindoldihydrochloride was used as a marker for the cellular layers. The explants were examined as whole-mount preparations and vertical sections. Sectioned tissue was stained with hematoxylin-eosin and labeled for immunohistochemistry with photoreceptor-specific antibodies raised against transducin and recoverin. RESULTS: In explants kept for 0-5 days in vitro, the developing retina consisted of multiple rows of neuroblastic cells and a more defined, but multilayered ganglion cell layer (GCL). Older explants revealed a more differentiated appearance with ultimately all normal retinal layers present, even after 42 days in vitro. Transducin- and recoverin-labeled photoreceptors were seen in these specimens, but no outer segments were found. The whole-mount preparation revealed extensively Sytox-labeled cells in the GCL at 2 days in vitro, but very few cells were labeled in older explants. CONCLUSION: This study shows that cultured fetal porcine full-thickness neuroretina can survive and develop according to its intrinsic timetable for at least 6 weeks in vitro. The in vitro system for culturing of the full-thickness retina may be useful in experiments involving retinal transplantation.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Identification of MHC class I H-2 Kb/Db-restricted immunogenic peptides derived from retinal proteins.

PURPOSE: To identify H-2 Kb/Db-binding immunogenic peptides derived from retinal proteins. METHODS: Computer-based prediction was used to identify potentially H-2 Kb/Db-binding peptides derived from the interphotoreceptor retinol-binding protein (IRBP), soluble retinal antigen (S-antigen), recoverin, phosducin, and pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF). The affinity of the peptides was analyzed by their abilities to upregulate the expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I on TAP-deficient cells (RMA-S cells) with flow cytometry. C57BL/6 mice were immunized subcutaneously, with individual peptides in incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA). Eight days after immunization, splenocytes were isolated for cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) analysis. A 51chromium-release assay was used to detect specific CTL reactivity generated in the cultures. Eyes were enucleated for histopathological analysis on day 21 after immunization with IRBP or IRBP and the immunogenic peptides. RESULTS: All the 21 predicted peptides were found to upregulate expression of H-2 Kb/Db on RMA-S cells. Five peptides, the two IRBP-derived peptides IRBP89-96 and IRBP(101-108), and the three PEDF-derived peptides, PEDF389-397, PEDF139-147, and PEDF272-279, induced specific CTL responses in vivo, whereas the remaining 16 peptides, including 5 IRBP-derived peptides, 5 S-antigen-derived peptides, 1 recoverin-derived peptide, 1 phosducin-derived peptide, and 4 PEDF-derived peptides, did not induce specific CTL reactivity. The immunogenic peptides alone did not induce inflammation in the eyes, but they could enhance severity of uveitis induced by IRBP. CONCLUSIONS: Five of 21 H-2 Kb/Db-binding retinal protein-derived peptides were found to be immunogenic, suggesting that these peptides could function as autoantigenic epitopes in the development of inflammatory eye diseases, such as uveitis.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Depletion of cholinergic amacrine cells by a novel immunotoxin does not perturb the formation of segregated on and off cone bipolar cell projections.

Cone bipolar cells are the first retinal neurons that respond in a differential manner to light onset and offset. In the mature retina, the terminal arbors of On and Off cone bipolar cells terminate in different sublaminas of the inner plexiform layer (IPL) where they form synapses with the dendrites of On and Off retinal ganglion cells and with the stratified processes of cholinergic amacrine cells. Here we first show that cholinergic processes within the On and Off sublaminas of the IPL are present early in development, being evident in the rat on the day of birth, approximately 10 d before the formation of segregated cone bipolar cell axons. This temporal sequence, as well as our previous finding that the segregation of On and Off cone bipolar cell inputs occurs in the absence of retinal ganglion cells, suggested that cholinergic amacrine cells could provide a scaffold for the subsequent in-growth of bipolar cell axons. To test this hypothesis directly, a new cholinergic cell immunotoxin was constructed by conjugating saporin, the ribosome-inactivating protein toxin, to an antibody against the vesicular acetylcholine transporter. A single intraocular injection of the immunotoxin caused a rapid, complete, and selective loss of cholinergic amacrine cells from the developing rat retina. On and Off cone bipolar cells were visualized using an antibody against recoverin, the calcium-binding protein that labels the soma and processes of these interneurons. After complete depletion of cholinergic amacrine cells, cone bipolar cell axon terminals still formed their two characteristic strata within the IPL. These findings demonstrate that the presence of cholinergic amacrine cells is not required for the segregation of recoverin-positive On and Off cone bipolar cell projections.

Acetylcholine↗
PubMed1994

Photoreceptor-specific proteins in the mammalian pineal organ: immunocytochemical data and functional considerations.

The mammalian pineal organ contains photoreceptor-specific proteins, whose distribution shows conspicuous variation among different species of mammals. Nevertheless, the following general conclusions can be drawn: immunoreactions for S-antigen and recoverin labeled more pinealocytes than the rod-opsin immunoreaction. The intensity of the recoverin- and S-antigen immunoreactions varied from cell to cell. alpha-Transducin immunoreaction was absent from the pineal organ of all mammals investigated with the exception of the blind mole rat. Immunoreaction for the cyclic GMP-gated cation channel was undetectable in the pineal organ of all mammals investigated. The functional significance of photoreceptor-specific proteins in the mammalian pineal organ remains unknown. It has been speculated that the S-antigen might be involved in adrenergic transduction mechanisms. To test this assumption, we have started to analyze calcium responses of single rat pinealocytes to norepinephrine stimulation using the Fura-2 technique. The cells were subsequently labeled by means of S-antigen immunocytochemistry. These combined investigations showed that variation in S-antigen immunoreactivity is not correlated with differences in the rapid calcium response to stimulation with norepinephrine. It remains to be determined whether cells displaying different intensities of the S-antigen immunoreaction show different cyclic AMP responses to noradrenergic stimulation. Investigations along this line should help to clarify further whether there is indeed a relation between the expression of S-antigen and noradrenergic transduction mechanisms in the mammalian pineal organ.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

A highly conserved homologue of bovine neurocalcin in Drosophila melanogaster is a Ca(2+)-binding protein expressed in neuronal tissues.

Polymerase chain reaction was used to search for genes encoding recoverin-like proteins in Drosophila melanogaster. We identified a gene that codes for a cognate of bovine neurocalcin; hence, we have named it neurocalcin (nca). A cDNA of nca was isolated and sequenced. The deduced polypeptide product of the cDNA is 22 kDa in size, and its amino acid sequence is 88% identical to that of bovine neurocalcin. This deduced Drosophila neurocalcin (DrosNCa) protein has three putative EF-hands and has a sequence in its NH2 terminus required for fatty acylation. DrosNCa was expressed in Escherichia coli and subsequently purified by phenyl-Sepharose chromatography and Mono Q anion exchange fast protein liquid chromatography. This recombinant protein was capable of binding 45Ca2+ and exhibited Ca(2+)-dependent mobility shifts in both SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and native gel electrophoresis. DrosNCa was tritiated when it was coexpressed in E. coli with N-myristoyl transferase in the presence of [3H]myristic acid. The nca transcript was approximately 1 kilobase long, and tissue in situ hybridization showed that this message was present in the brain of adult flies. Antibodies raised against recombinant DrosNCa cross-reacted with rat hippocalcin on an immunoblot but not with bovine recoverin. When immunohistochemical analysis was performed, staining was observed throughout the central nervous system of adult flies, particularly in the neuropil, where neurons synapse. The nca locus maps to or near 76F on the Drosophila third chromosome.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1997

[Paraneoplastic retinopathy in 2 patients with breast carcinoma].

Paraneoplastic retinopathies are rare paraneoplastic phenomena resulting in retinal degeneration. They occur in association with different tumor types, yet most frequently encountered in small cell carcinoma of the lung. Clinical symptoms may be present before the diagnosis of the underlying malignancy. They are characterized clinically by progressive visual loss with ring scotomas, photopsia and night-blindness. An autoimmune disorder is suggested. In the sera of patients antiretinal antibodies may be detected that are sometimes reactive with the 23 kD retinal antigen recoverin, a photoreceptorprotein. We report on two patients with breast cancer who developed paraneoplastic retinopathy during the course of disease. Immunologic tests showed antiretinal antibodies that were not reactive with the 23 kD retinal antigen recoverin.

Autoantibodies↗