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PubMed1994

Membrane ionic current photomodification by rose bengal and menadione: role of singlet oxygen.

Photosensitized modification of ionic leak current and potassium current was studied in frog cardiac atrial cells using whole cell patch clamp techniques. Rose bengal (RB) and menadione (MQ) were used as photosensitizers. Separate photophysical studies of the photosensitizers in deuterium oxide solution demonstrated that MQ did not produce singlet oxygen as evidenced by the lack of luminescence at 1270 nm, whereas RB was an efficient singlet oxygen generator. Both photosensitizers sensitized block of potassium current in atrial cells, and both sensitized an increase of ionic leak current. However, when photosensitizer concentrations and illumination intensities were adjusted to match the rate of block of potassium current by the two photosensitizers, there were dramatic differences in leak current increase, both quantitatively and qualitatively. Menadione sensitized a much slower increase in leak current than did RB. Further, the leak current sensitized by MQ had a more positive reversal potential than that sensitized by RB, suggesting a less potassium-selective leak current pathway. The results suggest that, while the effects of singlet oxygen and non-singlet oxygen modification of cell membranes may be similar, there may also be significant differences in the resulting membrane permeabilities. The results also demonstrate that MQ and RB may be useful agents to study the role of singlet oxygen versus non-singlet oxygen modification of biological systems.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Study of 131I-rose bengal kinetics in normal man: a critical evaluation of a three-compartment model.

The plasma disappearance curve following a single intravenous injection of a tracer dose of 131I-labelled Rose Bengal (131I RB) is used to calculate the parameters of a three-compartmental model. In the model proposed, plasma 131I RB exchanges with two additional pools, one of which is thought to represent extrahepatic extravascular compartment (compartment 2) and the other the liver (compartment 3). 131I RB is assumed to be eliminated from the system solely from compartment 3 by secretion into bile, and no urinary excretion is taken into consideration. The assumptions implicit in the model (no excretion of 131 I RB in urine, reflux from liver to plasma, exchange with extravascular extraphepatic compartment, identification of compartments 2 and 3 respectively as extravascular extrahepatic, and intraphepatic) are supported by a set of experimental data.

Bile↗
PubMed1984

Modification of rat liver iodothyronine 5'-deiodinase activity with diethylpyrocarbonate and rose bengal; evidence for an active site histidine residue.

Iodothyronine 5'-deiodinase activity of rat liver microsomes was rapidly and completely lost by treatment with diethylpyrocarbonate (DEP) and by photo-oxidation with Rose Bengal (RB). In both cases inactivation followed pseudo first order reaction kinetics. Inactivation by DEP was diminished in the presence of substrate or competitive inhibitors, and was reversed by hydroxylamine treatment. In addition to photo-oxidation, deiodinase activity was also inhibited by RB in the dark. This inhibition was reversible and competitive with substrate (Ki 60 nM). These results suggest the location of an essential histidine residue at or near the active site of rat liver iodothyronine deiodinase.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Rose bengal sodium I 131 studies in infants with suspected biliary atresia.

Twenty-eight infants suspected of having biliary atresia were studied with radionuclide imaging and quantitation of liver activity clearance using rose bengal sodium I 131. Scanning the abdomen for the presence or absence of gut radioactivity was a sensitive indicator of complete biliary obstruction. Absence of gut radioactivity correctly predicted biliary atresia in all 11 infants proved to have that diagnosis. Biliary atresia was excluded by the presence of gut radioactivity in 13 of 17 infants with other forms of neonatal juandice. When present, gut activity was identifiable within 24 hours after injection. Serial tests improved specificity. Plotting the rate of clearance of liver activity did not aid diagnosis.

Bile Ducts↗
PubMed1995

FD&C Red No. 105 (Rose Bengal B) neutralizes the thyroid tumor promoting effect of iodine-deficient diet in rats.

The effect of 3,4,5,6-tetrachloro-2',4',5',7'-tetraiodo-fluorescein sodium salt (Rose Bengal B or FD&C Red No. 105, molecular weight 1017.6) on the thyroid of rats treated with N-bis(2-hydroxypropyl)-nitrosamine (DHPN) and iodine-deficient (I-def) diet is studied. Six-week-old male F344 rats were divided into seven groups (20 each) and given a single subcutaneous injection of DHPN (2800 mg/kg body wt.). From week 2 to 20, I-def diet was given in combination with either FR105 (1.25, 5.0, or 20 mg/l) or potassium iodide (KI, 12.5, 50.0 or 200 micrograms/l) in drinking water. As a result, an amount of 1.25 mg/l of FR105 was slightly more effective than 200 micrograms/l of KI in terms of inhibition of the effect of I-def diet on thyroid weight, morphology, thyroid-related hormones and thyroid tumor development. It was calculated that 1 mumol/l of FR105 was slightly more potent than 1 mumol/l of iodide ion. As each FR105 molecule has four iodide residues, at least 25% of total iodide residues were calculated to be utilized by the rats given I-def diet.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Demonstration of traumatic pleuro-biliary fistula with 131I-rose bengal.

Penetrating thoracic trauma may result occasionally in communication between the pleura and biliary tree. A case of traumatic pleurobiliary fistula secondary to stab wound of the right chest was demonstrated with (131)I-rose bengal scan. The diagnosis was made 15 days after trauma and was managed conservatively with a thoracostomy tube drainage.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Modification of bovine heart succinate dehydrogenase with ethoxyformic anhydride and rose bengal: evidence for essential histidyl residues protectable by substrates.

Purified and membrane-bound succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) from bovine heart mitochondria was inhibited by the histidine-modifying reagents ethoxyformic anhydride (EFA) and Rose Bengal in the presence of light. Succinate and competitive inhibitors protected against inhibition, and decreased the number of histidyl residues modified by EFA. The essential residue modified by EFA was not the essential thiol of SDH, but modification of the essential thiol abolished the protective effect of malonate against inhibition of SDH by EFA. The EFA inhibition was reversed by hydroxylamine nearly completely when the inhibition was less than or equal to 35%, and only partially when the inhibition was more extensive. The uv spectrum of EFA-modified SDH before and after hydroxylamine treatment suggested that extensive inhibition of SDH with EFA may result in ethoxyformylation at both imidazole nitrogens of histidyl residues. Such a modification is not reversed by hydroxylamine. Succinate dehydrogenases and fumarate reductases from several different sources have similar compositions, and the two enzymes from Escherichia coli have considerable homology in the amino acid composition of their respective flavoprotein and iron-sulfur protein subunits. In the former, there is a short stretch containing conserved histidine, cysteine, and arginine residues. These residues, if also conserved in the bovine enzyme, may be the essential active site residues suggested by this work (histidine) and previously (cysteine, arginine).

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Use of rose bengal iodine 131-tagged isotope for testing liver function in 4000 patients.

Within 12 years, 4000 patients with hepatic lesions, were examined by the author. Examinations included: clinical, laboratory, biopsy, together with radioactive Rose-bengal 131I. RBR test prooved to be more sensitive than known laboratory liver function tests. In diagnosis of chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis, histological examinations remain to be decisive, though biopsy is not always recommended from view point of prognosis. The isotope procedure has a great advantage besides to its sensitive registration of liver cells functions, it offers good informations about flowness of bile tract. The bladder diagrams increase by action of milk-chocolate meals (24 hours), after which, urine analysis, estimation of blood activity and resting-liver activity can be of value. Harm due to radiation in RBR test is a minimum, so it can be repeated several times in order to follow progression of liver diseases. RBR examination is recommended for all big hospitals.

Cholestasis↗
PubMed2000

Determination of proteins in serum by fluorescence quenching of rose bengal using the stopped-flow mixing technique.

The stopped-flow mixing technique was used to develop a very fast, sensitive and accurate method for determining total proteins. The method is based on the lower fluorescence of Rose Bengal caused by binding of the dye to the proteins. The decrease in the fluorescence intensity, measured at 572 nm with excitation 555 nm, was linearly related to protein concentration from 1.3 to 24.5 micrograms ml-1. The detection limit was 0.3 microgram ml-1. The method was satisfactorily applied to the determination of total proteins in different serum samples.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Induction of thyroid tumors in (C57BL/6N x C3H/N)F1 mice by oral administration of 9-3',4',5',6'-tetrachloro-o-carboxy phenyl-6-hydroxy-2,4,5,7-tetraiodo-3-isoxanthone sodium (Food Red 105, rose bengal B).

The tumorigenicity of 9-3',4',5',6'-tetrachloro-o-carboxy phenyl-6-hydroxy-2,4,5,7-tetraiodo-3-isoxanthone sodium (CAS: 632-68-8) [also called Food Red 105 (FR 105) or Rose Bengal B], which is widely used for food or cosmetic coloring in Japan, was examined in (C57BL/6N X C3H/N)F1 mice. Animals were divided into 6 groups with 50 mice in each group, and they were given solutions of 0, 0.125, and 0.5% FR 105 in the drinking water starting at 6 weeks of age and ending at 101 weeks. The mean relative thyroid weights in both sexes of mice given 0.125 and 0.5% FR 105 were significantly increased compared to those of controls. Enlarged thyroid glands were composed exclusively of colloid goiters characterized by distended follicles lined with flattened follicular cells. The male mice given 0.5% FR 105 had follicular adenomas in the thyroid gland at an incidence of 22.9%, which was significantly higher than the incidence in controls (P less than .005). Radioactive 131I uptake in colloid goiters was markedly decreased compared to that in intact thyroid glands. The results indicate that FR 105 can induce colloid goiters and thyroid adenomas in a dose-dependent manner.

Adenoma↗
PubMed1987

[Dynamic scintigraphy of the liver using 131I-rose bengal and the bile acid content of the blood following gastrectomy for cancer].

Liver function was studied in 84 patients with operable stomach cancer prior to and at varying times after gastrectomy using dynamic scintigraphy with 131I-rose bengal and determination by a radioimmunoassay of bile acids in the peripheral blood. A group of patients without signs of focal lesion of the liver and a history of its diseases was examined. It was shown that disorders of hepatocytic function took place before the operation. After gastrectomy the disorders were accompanied by considerable retardation of the basal secretion of bile into the intestine. At the same time an increase in the concentration of bile acids in the peripheral blood above the discriminant level of healthy persons, i.e. over 0.5 mg/l was observed. Disorders of liver function were of long duration and persistent over 1 year after gastrectomy.

Bile Acids and Salts↗
PubMed1998

Photoproduction and direct spectral detection of singlet molecular oxygen (1O2) in keratinocytes stained with rose bengal.

In vivo, keratinocyte skin cells are exposed to photooxidative processes, some of which can be mediated by singlet molecular oxygen (1O2), a species that is very difficult to detect spectrally in cells. We photosensitized 1O2 in cultured HaCaT keratinocytes stained with rose bengal (RB) that localizes exclusively inside the keratinocyte hydrophobic regions, as evidenced by strongly red-shifted absorbance and intense fluorescence. We used keratinocytes grown in a monolayer on a plastic coverslip and in suspension. The phosphorescence spectrum (1200-1350 nm) from 1O2 was strongest when the coverslip containing RB-stained keratinocytes was irradiated in air. The spectral intensity decreased when the coverslip was immersed in D2O during irradiation and was almost completely quenched when it was irradiated while immersed in water. Water not only shortens the 1O2 lifetime but also reabsorbs part of the 1O2 phosphorescence, processes that do not occur when 1O2 is produced in a keratinocyte layer exposed to air. Because the RB was inside keratinocytes, singlet oxygen must also be produced inside the keratinocytes. However, the sensitivity to the extracellular environment suggests that most of the detectable 1O2 phosphorescence originates from those 1O2 molecules that escaped from the cell through its membrane into D2O or into the air, where 1O2 has longer lifetimes. Our results confirm directly that 1O2 is indeed photosensitized in living cells by RB. They also suggest that keratinocyte monolayers may be a good cell model to examine in vitro the production of 1O2 by other photosensitizers of environmental and photomedical interest.

Cell Line, Transformed↗
PubMed1999

Reliability of results of the Rose Bengal test performed for export control in northern Somalia.

Sera from sheep and goats in northern Somalia which are exported to countries of the Persian Gulf are systematically checked for brucellosis by local veterinary teams. The standard test used is rapid seroagglutination using the Rose Bengal test (RBT) and seropositive animals are not exported. In order to assess the reliability of the serological results, three randomised batches of samples (653 sera), corresponding to an equivalent number of shipments (October and December 1994 and March 1995) were counterchecked. Control RBTs were carried out by expatriate veterinarians working on behalf of international non-governmental organisations and by the Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale of Padua, Italy, which also performed the complement fixation test (CFT). A fourth batch (n = 100), including a group of sera found positive by the local veterinary teams, was also checked. Agreement ranged from 96.3% to 98.5%.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed1978

Demonstration of traumatic hepato-pleural-cutaneous defect by 131I-rose bengal.

A 19-year-old man was shot in the right chest about 2 cm below the nipple; bloody fluid was drained through a chest tube. Two days later sero-sanguineous fluid tinged with bile was seen to drain from the wound site. 131I-rose bengal, injected intravenously, collected in the dome of the liver and drained into a collection bag placed over the wound site, thus identifying a hepato-pleural-cutaneous fistula, which was confirmed at surgery.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

The Rose Bengal assay for monoclonal antibodies to cell surface antigens: comparisons with common hybridoma screening methods.

An automated colorimetric procedure for detection of antibodies specific for cell surface antigens (1) has been compared for specificity and sensitivity to other methods of hybridoma supernatant screening. The Rose Bengal colorimetric assay (RBA) compared favourably in these respects with whole cell radioimmunoassay and indirect immunofluorescence with manual or flow cytometric analysis (FACS). A major advantage of the method is that it allows a large number of samples to be screened in a comparatively short time. Unlike other semi-automated colorimetric assays, such as ELISA, the procedure does not require cell fixation, which can destroy some antigenic determinants. The original assay of O'Neill and Parish (1) has been modified to give increased sensitivity and also to enable the detection of erythrocyte specific antibodies by elimination of the dye staining step and direct measurement of haemoglobin by spectrophotometry. The RBA allows detection of monoclonal antibodies (MoAb's) binding to only a proportion of the cells in a sample, which is an important feature when hybridoma supernatants are screened for reactivity to a minor cell population, for example against leukaemic cell samples with low percentages of blast cells.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗
PubMed1999

Comparison of the dot-immunobinding assay with the serum agglutination test, the rose bengal plate test and the milk ring test for the detection of Brucella antibodies in bovine sera and milk.

In this study, Brucella antibodies in bovine sera and milk were detected using the dot-immunobinding assay (DIA), the serum agglutination test (SAT), the Rose Bengal plate test (RBPT) and the milk ring test (MRT). For this purpose, a total of 116 paired blood and milk samples collected at the same time from 56 aborted and from 60 healthy dairy cows was examined. In DIA, a nitrocellulose membrane (NCM) was used as the solid phase. Antigen adsorbed on the NCM was extracted from Brucella abortus S99 by heat treatment. The results obtained by DIA were compared with those of SAT, RBPT and MRT. Of the 116 paired blood and milk samples, 24 were positive and 72 were negative by all tests used. Serum samples of six aborted cows were positive by DIA, SAT and RBPT but the milk samples were negative by DIA and MRT. Serum and milk samples of four aborted cows gave positive reaction only by DIA tests. The remaining six aborted cows were negative only by MRT and two of them were negative by both RBPT and MRT. Four sera of healthy cows were found to be positive only by SAT.

Abortion, Veterinary↗
PubMed1993

Methylene blue and rose bengal photoinactivation of RNA bacteriophages: comparative studies of 8-oxoguanine formation in isolated RNA.

Several reactive oxygen species, including singlet oxygen (1O2) and hydroxyl free radical (.OH), may potentially be involved in the photoinactivation of viruses by agents such as methylene blue (MB) and rose bengal (RB). Both 1O2 and .OH also mediate the formation of 8-oxoguanine (8-oxoGua) in DNA and RNA. Evidence that MB-or RB-induced bacteriophage (R17 or Q beta) inactivation and 8-oxoGua formation in RNA result from 1O2 rather than .OH was obtained utilizing complementary experimental approaches which show that: (i) the rate of phage photoinactivation by MB was unchanged by the presence of iron chelators or by different temperatures in the 13-37 degrees C range; (ii) MB- and RB-mediated rates of 8-oxoGua formation in isolated RNA have very little, if any, temperature dependence, in contrast to a significant temperature dependence of 8-oxoGua formation by a .OH generating system, the ultraviolet light irradiation of H2O2; and (iii) deuterium oxide (D2O) enhanced the RB-mediated rate of phage photoinactivation and 8-oxoGua formation in isolated RNA. The presence of superoxide dismutase in the RB photoinactivation reaction did not alter the rate of phage inactivation. The data suggest that 8-oxoGua serves as a marker that correlates qualitatively with 1O2-mediated lethal lesions in RNA bacteriophages.

Centrifugation, Density Gradient↗
PubMed2006

Cellulose acetate containing toluidine blue and rose bengal is an effective antimicrobial coating when exposed to white light.

Simple methods of reducing the microbial load on surfaces in hospitals are needed to reduce the risk of hospital-associated infections. Here we report on the ability of a cellulose acetate coating containing the photosensitizers toluidine blue and rose bengal to kill microbes (Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Clostridium difficile, a bacteriophage, and Candida albicans) on its surface when illuminated with white light.

Anti-Infective Agents↗