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PubMed1978

Evidence of a uteroglobin-like protein in epithelial cells of reproductive and non-reproductive tissues of the rabbit.

An antiserum raised in a goat to a uteroglobin-like protein isolated from uterine fluid of oestrous rabbits was used in an immune fluorescence test to localize an antigen present in the reproductive tract of oestrous and pseudopregnant rabbits and mammary gland tissue. The antigen was also present in the vas deferens and seminal vesicle, but not in testis. Non-reproductive tissues, such as lung, small intestine, bladder and thyroid showed specific fluorescent staining which was eliminated or significantly reduced by absorption of the antiserum with a purified uteroglobin preparation.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Collaborative work to evaluate toxicity on male reproductive organs by repeated dose studies in rats 27). Repeated toxicity study on ethylene glycol monomethyl ether for 2 and 4 weeks to detect effects on male reproductive organs in rats.

As part of a collaborative project to determine the minimum administration period to detect compound effects on male reproductive organs in Sprague-Dawley (Crj:CD(SD)) male rats, 6- and 8-week-old rats were administered ethylene glycol monomethyl ether (EGME) daily at 100 and 200 mg/kg/day for 2 weeks or 100 mg/kg/day for 4 weeks, and histopathological changes in the testes and epididymides were examined. Testis and epididymis weights in the 2-week 200 mg/kg and 4-week 100 mg/kg groups were obviously decreased. On histopathological examination, severe degenerative changes in the testis such as atrophy of the seminiferous tubules and multinucleated giant cell formation were observed in all 2-week 200 mg/kg group rats. Degeneration of pachytene spermatocytes in Stages X IV-II, III and a decrease in the number of germ cells was observed with both 2 and 4 weeks treatments at 100 mg/kg/day. In the epididymides, the number of sperm in the caput decreased with 100 mg/kg/day groups after both 2 and 4 weeks. In addition, degeneration of pachytene spermatocytes induced by EGME was found to be exclusively due to apoptotic death. Similar testicular and epididymal changes were observed with 2 and 4 weeks treatments at 100 mg/kg/day of EGME. Therefore, we conclude that a 2 weeks administration period is sufficient for detection of EGME effects on male reproductive organs.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2000

Collaborative work to evaluate toxicity on male reproductive organs by repeated dose studies in rats 3). Effects of repeated doses of ethinylestradiol for 2 and 4 weeks on the male reproductive organs.

Male Sprague-Dawley rats were subcutaneously administered 0.3 and 3.0 mg/kg/day of ethinylestradiol for 2 and 4 weeks. Two weeks treatment decreased body weight gain, food consumption, absolute weights of testis, epididymis, prostate and seminal vesicle, and relative weights of epididymis, prostate and seminal vesicle. On the other hand, it increased absolute and relative weights of pituitary and adrenal glands, and induced atrophy of Leydig cells, degeneration/necrosis of pachytene spermatocytes, vacuolar degeneration of Sertoli cells, and retention of spermatids. In addition to the changes found after 2 weeks treatment, 4 weeks treatment induced exfoliation of germinal cells, decreases in spermatid and multinucleated giant cell formation and relative weights of testis. These results suggest that examination of prostate and seminal vesicle weights and histopathological changes in the testis are important for evaluation of male reproductive toxicity of ethinylestradiol and 2 weeks treatment is sufficient to detect toxicity on male reproductive organs.

Adrenal Glands↗
PubMed1988

Reproductive tract and pancreatic norepinephrine levels in pre- and overt-diabetic C57BL/KsJ mice: relationship to body weight, blood glucose, serum insulin, and reproductive dysfunction.

Diabetes-associated changes in tissue norepinephrine (NE) levels were determined in pre- and overt-diabetic C57BL/KsJ (db/db) mice relative to age-matched controls (+/?). At 4 weeks of age, both pre- and overt-diabetic mice exhibited obesity and hyperinsulinemia relative to controls. Prediabetic mice demonstrated normoglycemia and tissue (i.e., pancreatic, ovarian, and uterine) NE levels which were comparable to control levels. However, the hyperglycemic condition that characterized the overt-diabetic mice was found to be associated with significant elevations in tissue NE levels relative to both control and prediabetic values. These data demonstrate that the Type II diabetes-obesity syndrome in this mutant murine model is accompanied by a dramatic imbalance in the adrenergic influence on reproductive tissue glucose homeostasis. The hyperglycemic component of the diabetes-obesity syndrome is temporally linked to the noradrenergic disturbances in this model, which occur independently of insulin- or obesity-related changes that also accompany the expression of the genomic mutation and reproductive tract involution.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Community based study of reproductive tract infections among ever married women of reproductive age in a rural area of Haryana, India.

A community based study was carried out to estimate the load of reproductive tract infections (RTIs) among ever married rural women aged 15-44 years and utilisation of a mobile village based treatment facility by them, during 1997. Complete household survey was done in 10 randomly selected villages of Mahindergarh district in Haryana, India. A total of 2325 women were interviewed by auxiliary nurse midwives and were invited for medical examination in a health camp set-up in their village. Sixty-one percent (1415/2325) women reported symptoms of RTIs. Only 35% (812/2325) had their per-speculum examination done. Out of those examined, 32% (263/812) had vaginitis, 21% (175/812) had cervicits, and 19% (156/812) had pelvic inflammatory disease. Vaginal smear of those having discharge revealed that 48% (231/476) had bacterial vaginosis, 0.8% (4/476) had fungal infection 9% (44/496) had trichomonal infection and none was found to be having gonococcal infection. Tests for chlamydial infection could not be performed as the cost was not affordable. Eighty-nine percent of women who reported symptoms of RTIs had not consulted anyone for their problem prior to our village based camp. Only 42% symptomatic and 24% asymptomatics availed the services even in the village based camps. Study revealed high load of reproductive tract infections and low utilisation of treatment facility. In-depth studies are required to understand for high RTI morbidity load and low treatment seeking rate so as to design an appropriate RTI control programme.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Status of local reproductive tract immunity in men with inflammatory diseases of the reproductive system].

The clinico-immunological study of 80 patients with chronic prostatitis of different etiology was carried out. As controls, 20 healthy adult males were used. Mucous membranes of the reproductive tract were found to have different mechanisms of antimicrobial protection whose disturbances led to the inflammatory process. The clinico-immunological analysis carried out in the course of this study made it possible to state that, in contrast to healthy adults, pronounced changes in the characteristics of the local immunity status of the reproductive system occur in chronic prostatitis patients.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

[The law of common wealth reproduction and the law of general reproduction].

"A correlation between the fundamental economic law of socialism and fundamental law of population is established. The common wealth is the main economic category of socialism.... The fundamental economic law of socialism consists in retention and reproduction of the common wealth--multiplication of the social wealth and expansion of the people's power to dispose of the growing wealth. The law of population in socialism is the law of general self-reproduction." (SUMMARY IN ENG AND UKR)

Demography↗
PubMed1992

Effects of 2,5-dimethylpyrazine on reproductive and accessory reproductive organs in female rats.

The effects of 2,5-dimethylpyrazine on reproductive and accessory reproductive organs in female rats were studied. Following the administration of 2,5-dimethylpyrazine, uterus weight was significantly decreased while ovary weight was not affected, nor was there any influence on serum level of estradiol. The increase of uterine weight observed following estradiol injection after ovariectomy was inhibited by 2,5-dimethylpyrazine pretreatment. The uptake of 3H-estradiol into the uterus was also significantly decreased by 2,5-dimethylpyrazine. On the other hand, chlorpromazine administration resulted in significant decrease in ovary and uterus weight as well as serum estradiol level. These results suggest that 2,5-dimethylpyrazine may have direct inhibitory action on the uterus of rats.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

[Possible involvement of the renin-angiotensin system in reproduction. I. Occurrence and role in the male reproductive tract].

With regard to the blood pressure the regulative function of the renin-angiotensin-system (RAS) is well known. Knowledge of the last years is that components of the RAS are available also in organs and excrets of the male reproductive tract. So, the angiotensin-converting-enzyme (ACE) - a key enzyme of the RAS - exists in the testes in an extraordinary high activity exceeding those of the lung tissue. In the ejaculate this so-called "testicular ACE" is associated with sperms, whereas the seminal plasma contains the higher molecular "pulmonary ACE". Because both isoenzymes posses the same catalytic effectiveness, the occurrence of adequate substrates (angiotensin I, bradykinin) and degrading products as effectors (angiotensin II), respectively, is of high importance for the valuation of the physiological relevance of the RAS in the process of fertility. Up to date, the knowledge is still insufficient, partly even contradictory. Therefore at present the regulative function(s) of the RAS in the male reproductive tract can only be expressed as postulates.

Humans↗
PubMed1997

[Relation between smoking in reproductive-age women and disorders in reproduction].

In a retrospective anamnestic study a total of 3180 women teachers from primary schools in seven districts of the Czech Republic with a different incidence of statistically recorded reproductive disorders were examined. A professionally and socially homogeneous group was selected on purpose to standardize to a maximum extent exposure to detectable and undetectable risk factors and confounding factors in the working environment and living conditions. The respondents were classified according to their statements on smoking habits up to the age of 45 years, which was taken as the reproductive period. Although the majority of smokers belonged into the group of mild smokers with a mean consumption of 10 cigarettes per day, in this group significantly more frequent heavy menstrual bleeding, early and spontaneous abortions, deliveries of premature infants and infants born in term but with a low birthweight were recorded. Smokers had significantly more often induced abortions of unwanted pregnancies in the case-history as compared with non-smokers. After elimination of women who by the time of the survey had never been pregnant yet, heavy smokers, as compared with non-smokers had a more than twofold risk as regards difficulty to become pregnant, of spontaneous abortions, deliveries of premature infants: there was an almost double risk of delivery of a low birthweight infant even among medium heavy smokers.

Abortion, Spontaneous↗
PubMed1997

Efficacy of an inactivated vaccine for prevention of reproductive failure induced by porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus.

This report describes the results of experiments with an inactivated oily vaccine containing per dose about 10(5.5) median tissue culture infectious dose (TCID50) of the Spanish strain of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) virus grown in porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs). In order to evaluate the efficacy of the vaccine, two experimental infection routes were tested in sows; subsequent intranasal (i.n.) and intravenous (i.v.) (out of a total of 93 piglets born to 7 sows, 16% were mummified, 18.2% were weak and died within 48 h of birth, 37% were stillborn, 5.3% died between 2 and 7 days of age, 22.5% lived for more than one week) and intranasal alone (out of a total of 65 piglets born to 5 sows, 0% were mummified, 22.5% were weak and died within 48 h of birth, 40% were stillborn, 4.6% lived for more than one week). I.N. alone was selected to evaluate the efficacy of the vaccine because this is the natural route of infection. A number of experiments were conducted to test the immunogenicity of the vaccine. In general, after challenge with the homologous strain, protection in vaccinated sows was high (at least 70% of the piglets were born alive and healthy), whereas protection in unvaccinated sows was low (only 10% of the piglets were born alive and healthy). Vaccinated animals devoid of antibodies by immunoperoxidase monolayer assay (IPMA) at the time of challenge were still protected at experimental infection.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Gender reassignment and assisted reproduction: present and future reproductive options for transsexual people.

Transsexual people who want transition to their desired gender have to undergo hormonal and surgical treatments, which lead to irreversible loss of their reproductive potential. This paper argues that transsexual people should be offered the same options as any person that risks losing their germ cells because of treatment for a malignant disease. Indeed, transsexual women (male-to-female transsexual patients) may be given the option to store spermatozoa before they start hormonal therapy, so that their gametes may be used in future relationships. This may be especially important for the many transsexual women who identify as lesbians after their transition. Conversely, transsexual men (female-to-male transsexual patients) may be offered storage of oocytes or ovarian tissue, possibly obtained at the time of their oophorectomy. Current technology offers transsexual people the possibility to obtain children who are genetically their own in their future relationships and the option of gamete banking should therefore be discussed before starting hormonal and surgical reassignment treatment. This is particularly important for transsexual people who are diagnosed and treated at a young age.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Experimental reproduction of severe disease in CD/CD pigs concurrently infected with type 2 porcine circovirus and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus.

Three-week-old cesarean-derived colostrum-deprived (CD/CD) pigs were inoculated with porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2, n = 19), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV, n = 13), concurrent PCV2 and PRRSV (PCV2/PRRSV, n = 17), or a sham inoculum (n = 12) to compare the independent and combined effects of these agents. Necropsies were performed at 7, 10, 14, 21, 35, and 49 days postinoculation (dpi) or when pigs became moribund. By 10 dpi, PCV2/PRRSV-inoculated pigs had severe dyspnea, lethargy, and occasional icterus; after 10 dpi, mortality in this group was 10/11 (91%), and all PCV2/ PRRSV-inoculated pigs were dead by 20 dpi. PCV2-inoculated pigs developed lethargy and sporadic icterus, and 8/19 (42%) developed exudative epidermitis; mortality was 5/19 (26%). PRRSV-inoculated pigs developed dyspnea and mild lethargy that resolved by 28 dpi. Microscopic lesions consistent with postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) were present in both PCV2- and PCV2/PRRSV-inoculated pigs and included lymphoid depletion, necrotizing hepatitis, mild necrotizing bronchiolitis, and infiltrates of macrophages that occasionally contained basophilic intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies in lymphoid and other tissues. PCV2/ PRRSV-inoculated pigs also had severe proliferative interstitial pneumonia and more consistent hepatic lesions. The most severe lesions contained the greatest number of PCV2 antigen-containing cells. PRRSV-inoculated pigs had moderate proliferative interstitial pneumonia but did not develop bronchiolar or hepatic lesions or lymphoid depletion. All groups remained seronegative to porcine parvovirus. The results indicate that 1) PCV2 coinfection increases the severity of PRRSV-induced interstitial pneumonia in CD/CD pigs and 2) PCV2 but not PRRSV induces the lymphoid depletion, granulomatous inflammation, and necrotizing hepatitis characteristic of PMWS.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Effect of bST and reproductive management on reproductive performance of Holstein dairy cows.

The objective was to determine the effects of bovine somatotropin (bST) and two artificial insemination (AI) protocols on reproductive performance of Holstein cows. Lactating cows (n = 840) were assigned at 37 d in milk (DIM) to one of four treatments in a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement. Treatments consisted of either bST (500 mg/14 d) starting at 63 +/- 3 DIM or no bST (control), with cows either submitted for timed AI following a synchronized ovulation (Ovsynch) protocol or assigned to receive AI based on estrus detection (ED). Two injections of PGF2, at 37 +/- 3 and 51 +/- 3 DIM were used to presynchronize estrous cycles. Cows then received an injection of GnRH at 63 +/- 3 DIM, followed 7.5 d later by PGF2. Cows assigned to ED treatments were inseminated after observed estrus during a 7-d period. Cows in Ovsynch treatments received a second GnRH injection 48 h after the last PGF2alpha and received timed AI 16 to 18 h later. Pregnancy was diagnosed by ultrasound at 31 d after AI and confirmed 14 d later. Frequency of anovulation (18.5%) at 63 DIM was similar across treatments, but proportions of anovulatory cows decreased quadratically as body condition at 70 DIM increased from 2.25 to 3.75. Estrus detection rate after PGF2alpha tended to be lower in multiparous cows receiving bST, and bST reduced returns to estrus in nonpregnant cows. Conception rates were higher in cows receiving AI after ED and bST improved conception rates to first AI in cyclic cows by reducing embryonic mortality. Pregnancy loss was similar for cows inseminated following ED or the Ovsynch protocol. There was a positive impact of bST on fertility of cyclic cows inseminated at fixed time or at detected estrus, but effective resynchronization protocols are needed to optimize reinsemination of non-pregnant bST-treated cows.

Abortion, Spontaneous↗
PubMed2006

A reproductive screening test of feverfew: is a full reproductive study warranted?

Feverfew is currently used in the treatment of migraine and arthritis. It is traditionally contraindicated in pregnancy but there are no studies confirming this warning. An in vivo and in vitro preliminary screen was performed using a rat model: five female rats were orally dosed with 839 mg/kg feverfew daily on either gestation days (GD) 1-8 or 8-15. On GD20, rats were sacrificed and fetuses, placentae and ovaries were collected. The fetuses were weighed and examined for malformations. While maternal weight gain appeared to be reduced, ANCOVA analysis suggested that the difference was due to litter size, rather than treatment. Pre-implantation loss appeared increased but this was not statistically significant in the feverfew GD1-8 group. Fetuses exposed to feverfew from GD8-15 were smaller than ethanol controls perhaps as a result of the increased frequency of runts in treated litters. Feverfew induced toxicity when GD10.5 embryos were cultured for 26 h in rat serum to which extract was added. The results of the present preliminary study suggest that a comprehensive reproductive study of feverfew is warranted.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Seasonal variations in reproductive hormones in free-ranging echidnas (Tachyglossus aculeatus): interaction between reproduction and hibernation.

We measured the reproductive steroids testosterone and progesterone in free-ranging adult echidnas over several years. For months other than June-August, the mean progesterone concentration was 0.18+/-0.12 ng ml(-1) (n=14), and all blood samples taken from active female echidnas in June-August had progesterone concentrations above 0.5 ng ml(-1). The highest progesterone value measured was 13.4 ng ml(-1) in a pregnant female several days before egg-laying. For months other than June-August the mean testosterone concentration was 0.09+/-0.05 ng ml(-1) (n=13). During June-August all active sexually mature males had testosterone concentrations in excess of 0.2 ng ml(-1) and were found in mating groups at some time during this period. The highest plasma testosterone concentration measured was 4.62 ng ml(-1).

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Reproductive patterns of the yak. I. Reproductive phenomena of the female yak.

The reproductive phenomena of 62 multiparous yaks from two grassland areas were investigated. The lengths of oestrus and the oestrus cycle were 12-36 h and 19-21 days respectively. Ovulation occurred 12-36 h after the end of oestrus. The oestrus and conception rates were 85.5% and 94.3%. The duration of pregnancy ranged from 248 to 258 days. The signs of oestrus, pregnancy and parturition, and the changes of the uterus and ovaries during oestrus and pregnancy are described.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Reproductive autonomous choice--a cherished illusion? Reproductive autonomy examined in the context of preimplantation genetic diagnosis.

Enhancement of autonomous choice may be considered as an important reason for facilitating the use of genetic tests such as preimplantation genetic diagnosis. The principle of respect for autonomy is a crucial component not only of Western liberal traditions but also of Western bioethics. This is especially so in bioethical discussions and analyses of clinical encounters within medicine. On the basis of an analysis of qualitative research interviews performed with British, Italian and Swedish geneticists and gynaecologists on ethical aspects of preimplantation genetic diagnosis, the plausibility of the notion of autonomy within reproductive medicine is discussed. The analysis of interviews indicates not only that there is a gap between theoretical discussions and concrete practice, but also that an increase in choice--paradoxically--can hamper couples' choice.

Bioethics↗