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At least 199 records · Page 11Linked to original sources
PubMed1980

Simplified irradiation dosimetry in carcinoma of the cervix (external irradiation and one radium insertion).

Gynecologic radiation oncologists have long desired a single unit by which radiation doses to specific reference points in the pelvis can be summed. The Patterns of Care Studies, Marcial's 1976 report to the Conference on Radiation Oncology of the American Cancer Society, and other radiation oncologists advise summed doses to Point A, Point B, or the pelvic side wall. Since there is a difference in the biologic effect of high intensity, long time interval teletherapy and low intensity, short time interval brachytherapy, the rad dose obtained from each modality cannot be simply added. Ellis and Sorenson in the Nominal Standard Dose (NSD) concept have described radium conversion factors that can be used to normalize brachytherapy rads at selected reference points to equivalent teletherapy rad. The two rad doses can then be summed. A simple method found useful in 50 cases of carcinoma of the cervix, and used with a computer or readily available reference tables and with any radium system, is described and discussed. Further clinical uses of the method are suggested.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Radon daughter exposures at the Radium Hill uranium mine and lung cancer rates among former workers, 1952-87.

The aim of this historical (retrospective) cohort study was to investigate the relation between occupational exposure to radon daughters and subsequent mortality from lung cancer. Participants were former workers from the Radium Hill uranium mine, which operated in eastern South Australia from 1952 to 1961. A total of 2,574 workers were identified from mine records. Exposures to radon daughters were estimated from historical records of radon gas concentrations in the mine and from individual job histories. Exposures of underground workers were low by comparison with other mines of that period (mean 7.0 Working Level Months [WLM], median 3.0 WLM). Thirty-six percent of the cohort could not be traced beyond the end of employment at Radium Hill. Among those traced to the end of 1987, lung cancer mortality was increased relative to the Australian national population of the period (Standardized Mortality Ratio = 194, 95 percent confidence interval [CI] = 142-245). Compared with surface workers, lung cancer mortality was markedly increased in the underground workers with radon daughter exposures greater than 40 WLM (relative risk = 5.2, CI = 1.8-15.1). From the available information, we conclude that this increase is unlikely to be due to differences in smoking habits or other confounders. Taken together with the findings from other occupational studies, these results support current moves towards more stringent radiation control in the workplace, and underline the importance of research into the possible effects of domestic radon exposures.

Humans↗
PubMed1996

Radium-226 in cattails, Typha latifolia, and bone of muskrat, Ondatra zibethica (L.), from a watershed with uranium tailings near the city of Elliot Lake, Canada.

Radium-226 concentrations were measured in the main food plants (cattails, Typha latifolia) and bone of adult muskrats (Ondatra zibethica (L.)), taken from a study area near Quirke Lake in the Serpent River drainage basin. This watershed receives drainage containing radionuclides from the U tailings near the City of Elliot Lake, Ontario, Canada. Two control sites (one local, one 130 km distant) were also sampled. Radium-226 levels in cattails varied by plant part and place of collection. Roots sampled in the study area had the highest mean (226)Ra level (1135.0 mBq g(-1)), stems and leaves had 284.2 and 275.9 mBq g(-1), respectively (dry-weight basis, n = 6 in all cases). Local and distant control cattails carried much lower (226)Ra levels (20.2 and 15.2 mBq g(-1) dry weight, respectively, using pooled equal portions of all plant parts, n = 3 in both cases). Muskrats from waters with mean total (226)Ra levels in the period, 1984-1987 greater than 75.0 mBq litre(-1) ('study-high' sites), near U tailings within 10 km of Quirke Lake, had a mean (geometric) bone level of (226)Ra of 344.9 mBq g(-1) (dry-weight basis, n = 36); those from nearby waters, containing < 75.0 mBq litre(-1) of (226)Ra ('study-low' sites), had a mean bone level (80.3 mBq g(-1), n = 9) similar to animals taken in unaffected local control areas 20 km from the tailings (79.1 mBq g(-1), n = 12); animals from the distant control area, near Sudbury, Ontario, had the lowest mean burden (11.5 mBq g(-1), n = 24). Levels were unrelated to age or sex of the animals. Dry-weight based (226)Ra concentration ratios (bone concentration/plant tissue concentration) were calculated to range from 0.3-1.4 in the study-high area to 2.4-6.3 in the local control area. Wet-weight based concentration ratios were about 4.3 times higher. Concentration ratios were similar to values calculated for other species and in general agreement with values calculated for humans. The muskrat is judged to be a useful indicator (biomonitor) of environmental (226)Ra levels as there is a highly significant positive correlation coefficient (r = 0.74) between bone and ambient (water) concentrations of the radionuclide (F79 = 95.04, P < 0.0001) Estimated yearly (226)Ra intake by people eating muskrats was calculated to be below the current allowable level set by Canadian regulatory authorities.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1983

Carcinoma of the urinary bladder category T3NxMo treated by the combination of radium implant and external irradiation: second report.

Forty-one patients with bladder cancer, T3NxMo, with a diameter not exceeding 5 cm, were treated by 3 times 350 rad external irradiation, radium implant at reduced dose, and an additional 3000 rad external irradiation ("Radium 55%"). Survival is excellent where there is a high or medium degree of differentiation without vascular invasion in the biopsy specimen; prognosis is poor if a low degree of differentiation is combined with vascular invasion. The future therapeutic approach will be adapted to this finding.

Brachytherapy↗
PubMed2006

Squamous cell carcinoma of the auricle arising from keloid after radium needle therapy.

The squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the auricle was one of the common tumors of not only skin but also ear. SCC of the auricle was described to be the carcinoma of old age with some predisposing factors and keloid was known to be one of the predisposing factors for malignant tumors. Keloid and radium needle therapy were risk factors, latter the major, independently from each other and were reported to conclude in SCC depending on the duration for the keloid and the dose for the radium needle therapy. The increased age with the long duration of these predisposing factors should have to be kept in mind in every situation when these treatment modalities had been planned to. Surgical interventions should always be the first choice in the treatment of not only the carcinomas but also in keloids in selected cases.

Aged, 80 and over↗
PubMed1996

Nasopharyngeal radium irradiation: the Washington County, Maryland, study.

Although there have been many studies of cancer risk associated with a variety of x-ray treatments for benign conditions of the head and neck, little is known about the possible long-term health consequences of nasopharyngeal radium irradiation. This treatment results in minimal radiation exposure to the thyroid gland, which is the focus of much of the research regarding other head and neck irradiation. With nasopharyngeal radiation, on the other hand, exposure to the pituitary gland and the nasopharynx in the area immediately adjacent to the application site may have been substantial. In 1975 a follow-up study was undertaken in Washington County, Maryland, of 2925 persons who were treated at the Health Department's Clinic for the Prevention of Deafness in Children between 1943 and 1960. Of these, 904 persons had been treated with nasopharyngeal radium. After an average of 24 years of follow-up, an excess risk from brain cancer was suggested on the basis of three cases of cancer occurring in the treated group and none occurring in those who were not treated. This finding could have resulted by chance. Other results were consistent with a potential pituitary effect of radiation, but interpretation is limited by the absence of clinical and laboratory data. The history of the study is reported along with an overview of study methods and results.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Feasibility of an epidemiologic study of submariners who received radium irradiation treatment.

Thousands of World War II veterans reportedly received nasopharyngeal irradiation with radium-tipped applicators for treatment of middle ear pressure problems known as aerotitis media. Because of concerns about adverse health effects of radiation exposure, including the increased risk of head and neck cancer, the feasibility of identification of a large number of veterans with documented exposure for an epidemiologic study was investigated. The irradiation treatments were found to have occurred at the New London Naval Medical Research Department, at several Naval Hospitals, and aboard ships during the period from 1945 to 1952. Documentation of the treatment on veterans' medical records was sparse and inconsistent. Only 8 of 668 records reviewed were found to have evidence of the radium treatment: 7 from 33 self-reported veterans and 1 from 635 names on submarine school class rosters and submarine muster rolls. There appears to be no practical way to identify from military service and medical records a large number of submariners who received the treatment.

Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation↗
PubMed1979

[Disturbances in development of the maxilla following interstitial radium therapy for a facial rhabdomyosarcoma at the age of 3 years (author's transl)].

Radium therapy at the age of 3 years for an embryonic rhabdomyosarcoma of the paranasal fold resulted in severe cutaneous lesions but also relatively limited disturbances of growth of the corresponding maxilla: inclusion of the underlying canine and version of neighbouring teeth, very incomplete development of the nearest dental roots, absence of air filling of the maxillary sinus. The relatively slight nature of these developmental disturbances is certainly related to the techniques of interstitial radium therapy developed and used at the Gustave Roussy Institute. Routine orthodontic study of the cases of children surviving after treatment of a malignant tumor of the face would undoubtedly offer even more precise information concerning therapeutic indications.

Child↗
PubMed1984

[Result of radiotherapy for esophageal cancer--radical radiotherapy combined with intracavitary radium irradiation].

Between 1974 and 1980, 61 primary esophageal squamous cell carcinoma were treated by external irradiation combined with additional intracavitary radium therapy. The esophageal primary control rate was 36% (22/61) and the 5-year survival rate was 24.7%. We believe that external radiation therapy followed by additional intracavitary radium irradiation produces good results.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Treatment of bladder cancer at the Rotterdam Radiotherapy Institute (R.R.T.I.) with special reference to bladder radium implantation and preoperative radiotherapy followed by cystectomy.

Between 1950 and 1972, a total of 2,031 cases of bladder cancer were treated in the R.R.T.I. The policy differed according to size and stage of the disease as well as to the general condition of the patient. Best results were achieved by radium implantation of solitary lesions less than 5 cms in diameter. Preoperative radiotherapy followed by cystectomy was the treatment of choice for cases of T3 category. The remaining T1 and T2 cases were treated surgically, while T4 cases were managed with external irradiation alone.

Female↗
PubMed1988

Time and dose dependency of bone-sarcomas in patients injected with radium-224.

The time course and dose dependency of the incidence of bone-sarcomas among 900 German patients treated with high doses of radium-224 is analysed in terms of a proportional hazards model with a log-normal dependency of time to tumor and a linear-quadratic dose relation. The deduced dose dependency agrees well with a previous analysis in terms of a non-parametric proportional hazards model, and confirms the temporal distribution which has been used in the Radioepidemiological Tables of NIH. However, the linear-quadratic dose-response model gives a risk estimate for low doses which is somewhat less than half that obtained under the assumption of linearity.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Therapy of ankylosing spondylitis with 224Ra-radium chloride: dosimetry and risk considerations.

Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a chronic inflammatory rheumatic disease which reduces the quality of life and leads to disability in approximately one-third of the patients. The spectrum of therapeutic modalities is limited. The renaissance of the use of (224)Ra-radium chloride for AS treatment, however, gives rise to concern which should result in the reconsideration of (224)Ra dosimetry and in the discussion of the risks associated with this treatment. The present study introduces new dosimetric calculations for alpha and beta/gamma rays performed according to the model proposed by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP). After a treatment schedule of 10 intravenous injections, each with 1 MBq of (224)Ra, the absorbed doses were calculated to be highest on the bone surface of the patient (4.4 Gy) with a resulting effective dose of 2.5 Sv.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Treatment of carcinoma of the oral tongue by radium needle implantation.

Forty-nine patients had a radium implant for carcinoma of the oral tongue. In thirty-four of the forty-nine (70 per cent), local three year control of the cancer was achieved. Three patients in whom the radiation failed were rescued by subsequent surgery. The five year absolute survival in this series was 63.8 per cent. In conclusion, we believe that improved survival rates without functional and cosmetic defect can be obtained by closer cooperation between surgeons and radiotherapists.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Is EPA's radium-226 drinking water standard justified?

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) proposed drinking water standard for radium-226 (226Ra) of 5 pCi/l is evaluated according to its health basis and carcinogenic implications. Proposed health risks of 226Ra in drinking water by other leading theoreticians (Evans, Gofman-Tamplin and Peterson) are also considered in light of the EPA proposal. It is concluded that the EPA proposal to raise the standard for 226Ra in drinking water is not justified on the basis of present knowledge of 226Ra carcinogenic effects.

Body Burden↗
PubMed1983

Cancer of the urinary bladder category T2, T3, (NxMo) treated by interstitial radium implant: second report.

Three-hundred-twenty-eight patients with bladder cancer category T2NxMo and 63 patients with category T3NxMo have been treated by 3 times 3.5 Gy external irradiation followed by a radium implant. Overall 5- and 10-year survival in the T2 category are 56%. In the T3 category they are 39% and 13%, respectively. The intercurrent death (i.e. without evidence of bladder malignancy) corrected actuarial survival percentage in the T2 category is 75% at 5 years and 69% at 10 years. The corresponding percentages in the T3 category are 62% and 59%. Prognosis is worsened by the following factors: more than 1 diagnostic transurethral resection, a pathological intravenous pyelography, non-papillary structure and poor degree of differentiation of the growth. Prognosis in category T3, as compared with category T2, is worse because of the prevalence of bad prognosticators in this T3 category. Therapeutic adaptation to these findings might improve prognosis in the future.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Validation of methods for the determination of radium in waters and soil.

This article describes the advantages and disadvantages of several analytical methods used to prepare the alpha-particle source. As a result of this study, a new method combining commercial extraction and ion chromatography prior to a final co-precipitation step is proposed. This method has been applied and validated on several matrices (soil, waters) in the framework of international intercomparisons. The integration of this method in a global procedure to analyze actinoids and radium from a single solution (or digested soil) is also described.

Alpha Particles↗
PubMed2005

Model testing for the remediation assessment of a radium contaminated site in Olen, Belgium.

Environmental assessment models are used as decision-aiding tools in the selection of remediation options for radioactively contaminated sites. In most cases, the effectiveness of the remedial actions in terms of dose savings cannot be demonstrated directly, but can be established with the help of environmental assessment models, through the assessment of future radiological impacts. It should be emphasized that, given the complexity of the processes involved and our current understanding of how they operate, these models are simplified descriptions of the behaviour of radionuclides in the environment and therefore imperfect. One way of testing and improving the reliability of the models is to compare their predictions with real data and/or the predictions of other models. Within the framework of the Remediation Assessment Working Group (RAWG) of the BIOMASS (BIOsphere Modelling and ASSessment) programme coordinated by IAEA, two scenarios were constructed and applied to test the reliability of environmental assessment models when remedial actions are involved. As a test site, an area of approximately 100 ha contaminated by the discharges of an old radium extraction plant in Olen (Belgium) has been considered. In the first scenario, a real situation was evaluated and model predictions were compared with measured data. In the second scenario the model predictions for specific hypothetical but realistic situations were compared. Most of the biosphere models were not developed to assess the performance of remedial actions and had to be modified for this purpose. It was demonstrated clearly that the modeller's experience and familiarity with the mathematical model, the site and with the scenario play a very important role in the outcome of the model calculations. More model testing studies, preferably for real situations, are needed in order to improve the models and modelling methods and to expand the areas in which the models are applicable.

Belgium↗
PubMed2005

Distribution of uranium and radium isotopes in an aquifer of a semi-arid region (Manouba-Essijoumi, Northern Tunisia).

Groundwaters from the Sebkhet Essijoumi drainage basin, situated in northern Tunisia, West of the city of Tunis, were sampled and analyzed for uranium and radium isotopes. Low (234)U/(238)U activity ratios coupled with relatively high (228)Ra and (238)U concentrations were found in the Manouba plain phreatic aquifer, at the northern part of the basin, where remote sensing has indicated that this plain corresponds to the main humid zone of the area. Low (234)U/(238)U ratios probably reflected short residence time for waters in the Manouba plain, and high ratios longer residence time in the south, where water reaching the phreatic aquifer seems to have previously circulated in rocks constituting the southern hills. Assuming that, in the Manouba plain aquifer, the groundwater flows downstream from the Oued Lill pass area to the South-West of the Sebkha, the difference in the (228)Ra/(226)Ra activity ratio suggests that the residence time of water has been 2.8 years longer near the Sebkha than upstream.

Desert Climate↗