Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Psychoanalysis”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 199 records · Page 11Linked to original sources
PubMed1997

Disclosures and refutations: clinical psychoanalysis as a logic of enquiry.

The author argues that the empirical status of psychoanalysis has been distorted by the controversy surrounding Aristotelian and Galilean-Newtonian schemes of science, whose core ideas, respectively, are scientific concepts or forms and scientific laws. Bound by the Euclidian axiomatic tradition, Newtonian-style 'laws' do not obtain in the social sciences, and in biology they apply only at near-molecular levels, not at the level of mind. Continuing the traditional Aristotelian reliance on 'exemplars', neither Freud's nor Darwin's work fits the deductivist, infallibilistic scientific criteria used by philosophers such as Tarski, Popper or Grünbaum. Rebutting the charge that the workings of psychoanalysis are not explicit enough, this paper unfolds the logic of enquiry it utilises. In contrast to Newtonian inductivism, Popper's method of conjectures and refutations and Lakatos's method of proofs and refutations, clinical psychoanalysis employs a 'practical logic' of disclosures and refutations, a constantly evolving enquiry of multi-layered and tentative evidence of discordance and analogy. Such epistemic fallibilism, relying on a build-up of ostensive evidences rather than on 'certainties', is illustrated in the text by Moore's famous 'two-hands' argument, is held to fit in with the workings of everyday discernment and, arguably, with Darwinian evolution.

Humans↗
PubMed1997

Freud's deshi: the coming of psychoanalysis to Japan.

This paper presents an account of four Japanese men, three of whom had an audience with Freud and who, with differing experiences and ambitions, returned to Japan to practice and develop psychoanalysis. Only two received any formal training, and two were strongly influenced by Buddhist thought. Freud gave no clear sign as to whom to appoint as leader, leaving the situation unsettled. This may have contributed to the continuing split and rivalry between groups, a split which was not resolved until the formation of the Japanese Psychoanalytic Society for trained analysts and the Association for interested laymen in the 1950s. From the beginning the development of psychoanalysis in Japan was informed by a paradox: the need to get Freud's approval and hence appear orthodox, while assimilating some of the concepts to the dictates of the culture.

Buddhism↗
PubMed1979

From avant-garde to specialism: psychoanalysis in America.

Psychoanalysis in America functioned first largely as an avant-garde phenomenon. Later psychoanalysis became a specialty within a bureaucratic society. Both roles help explain the importance and the limitations of freud's impact on American culture.

History, 20th Century↗
PubMed1991

Otto Fenichel and the left opposition in psychoanalysis.

David Rapaport's collection of Otto Fenichel's Rundbriefe (1934-1945) is described as a recently rediscovered, 2,500-page primary source for studying the intellectual and organizational history of European-American psychoanalysis. Beginning as the confidential newsletter of the Reich-Fenichel "Left opposition" within the International Psychoanalytic Association, its function became primarily intellectual as Fenichel's group ceased to function as a caucus. It ended when its editor decided to devote himself to the struggle against neo-Freudianism within psychoanalysis, and to practice as a licensed physician.

Freudian Theory↗
PubMed2003

In the margins of scientific dialogue: Evart Van Dieren contra psychoanalysis.

Evart Van Dieren (1861-1940), a Dutch general practitioner who had a passionate aversion against psychoanalysis, wrote two particularly polemical books contra Freud but nevertheless did not succeed in generating much response. In this paper, some of his objections against psychoanalysis are briefly examined and compared with some present day arguments against Freud by Grünbaum and Crews, with the purpose of finding an answer to the question: What does it take to be a successful or unsuccessful critic?

Freudian Theory↗
PubMed2000

On teaching psychoanalysis in antianalytic times: a polemic.

The author argues that in the current attitudinal climate, characterized by significant denigration of psychoanalysis coming from biologically oriented psychiatrists, academic psychologists, pharmaceutical firms, insurance companies, managed care organizations, anxious taxpayers, and revisionist critics of Freud, psychoanalysts need to adapt their training and supervisory practices to take into account the preconceptions of many of those seeking training as psychotherapists. Specifically, we need to appreciate the nature of the transferences toward analysts and analysis that exist in the wider mental health community and in the general public. These include assumptions that analysts are cold, arrogant, rigid, and worshipful toward Freud (who is himself seen as cold, arrogant, rigid, and narcissistic), and the prevalent misconception that psychoanalysis has been empirically discredited. Analysts need to find creative and honest ways, some of which are suggested by the author, to challenge the distortions in these stereotypes and to respond nondefensively and generatively to the grains of truth they contain. The essay concludes with some reminders of the legitimate strengths of the psychoanalytic tradition that suggest that its future is not as bleak as its disparagers have assumed.

Education, Graduate↗
PubMed2001

The gap between: being and knowing in Zen Buddhism and psychoanalysis.

The author discusses various relationships derived from the image of gap, precipice, and abyss with specific emphasis on interacting dynamics between being and knowing as explicated in the Zen Buddhist teachings of Hui-neng and in the psychoanalytic writings of Wilfred Bion. While of significant value to psychoanalysis, it is argued that symbolic meanings can occlude the actuality of the analysand's or of the spiritual seeker's affective experiencing, particularly concerning the human tendency to concretize experiential states engendered through meditation and/or the psychoanalytic encounter. The author draws from Matte-Blanco's explication of symmetrical and asymmetrical perceptual modalities to discuss the fluid nature of spiritual experiencing, paradoxical coexistence of ultimate and relative realities and reciprocal dynamics and identities between states of experiencing that might otherwise appear opposed. The primacy of experiencing for both disciplines, particularly concerning the experiencing subject's momentary state of consciousness, forms a central theme for both Zen and psychoanalysis. Brief clinical vignettes support and illuminate the author's points.

Buddhism↗
PubMed2002

Between wonder and doubt: psychoanalysis in the goal-free zone.

This paper examines the experiential dimensions of wonder and doubt as one way to articulate the creative and growth-promoting tensions between the medical/scientific model and the spiritual/mystical model. Both forms of experience, it is argued, function as necessary elements in a psychotherapy that integrates psychoanalysis and spiritual praxes. Fundamental differences between the medical/scientific model and the spiritual/mystical models are examined. The notion of the gap serves to illustrate these diametrically opposed, albeit compatible and necessary, points of view. The multifaceted layers of movement between Buddhism and psychoanalysis typify interacting dynamics between the two disciplines and provide a focal point for discussion. The paper then explores parallels between the Zen Buddhist notion of "Satori" as explicated in the writings of D. T. Suzuki and Wilfred Bion's notion of "O." Theoretical aspects of the discussion provide a backdrop for exploring clinical experience regarding the relationship between acceptance and change, the clinical relevance of the Buddhist notions of "gaining idea" and "basic goodness." The author also explores relationships between presence as actuality and ideal; knowing and not knowing; wonder and doubt. Clinical material supports the theoretical aspects of the discussion.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Flechsig and Freud: late 19th-century neurology and the emergence of psychoanalysis.

The author analyzes the potential influences of Paul Flechsig's work on early Freudian theory, particularly on Sigmund Freud's 1966b/1895 Project for a Scientific Psychology. Gehirn und Seele, a discourse authored by Flechsig in 1894, is the focus of this analysis. The author believes that the links between the intellectual production of both German-speaking neurologists have been underrated to this day and attempts to establish that the early Freudian approach to many key issues in the history of psychoanalysis--dreams, unconscious processing, and drives, to name a few--was not unique but shared with some distinguished colleagues in neuropathology and psychiatry. Thus, he attempts to shed additional light on the transition from state-of-art neurology in the last decade of the 19th century to the creation of psychoanalysis as a discipline on its own.

Austria↗
PubMed2005

The mind of a rationalist: German reactions to psychoanalysis in the Weimar Republic and beyond.

In this article, the author seeks to trace the various attempts on the part of well-known German psychologists in the Weimar Republic to emphasize the rational side of psychoanalysis. In doing so, the author tries to demonstrate that the early reception in this period often resembled a critique of Freud's rationalism. It is possible to discern one particular form of criticism that emerged time and again, namely the association of psychoanalysis with the rationalist mind. If researchers wish to pinpoint further what lay beneath this purported connection, then it is possible to perceive a pronounced desire to prevent analysis of what many deemed to be sacred and beyond scientific scrutiny: the soul. It is precisely this discontent with Freud's thought that survived well into the Federal Republic, when other forms of critique had been discredited or no longer commanded serious attention.

Freudian Theory↗
PubMed2001

[Disorder specific therapy and psychoanalysis--a contradiction?].

The concept of disorder in the ICD-10 is self-contradictory as it is not purely descriptive and neutral in nosological terms. If a concept of disorder is used instead that avoids ideology and normative presuppositions it can easily be reconciled with psychoanalytic theory and practice. Likewise, concepts of specificity are compatible with psychoanalytic thinking. specificity in psychoanalytic terms is not a strict and narrow concept; it is linked to a peculiar and interesting understanding of the interrelations between theory and practice: clinical practice is not only a form of theory application but can influence theory. The discussion on disorder specific therapy is a challenge for psychoanalysis in 2 respects: 1. Psychoanalysis still needs a differentiated clinical theory on how to deal with symptoms in a concrete and practical sense. 2. In order to remain attractive for psychiatric postgraduate students or others, psychoanalytic teaching has to consider the disorder specific classification systems as a didactic starting point.

Humans↗
PubMed1996

Anna Freud as a historian of psychoanalysis.

This article explores a series of papers Anna Freud wrote in the 1970s, which constitute her history of child psychoanalysis. It notes her purposes-theoretical, clinical, and institutional-for reviewing this history and then focuses on three themes that she stressed. First, she emphasized that the "widening scope of psychoanalysis" had been both tremendously fruitful and perplexing as it revealed areas-such as the developmental pathologies-for which theory and technique lag. Second, she underscored the way child analysis had been extended from pathology to the theory of normal development, particularly by adding child observation to its research methods. Third, she noted how child analysis has often been hampered by reductionist thinking, and she made a plea for complexity: for considering all metapsychological frameworks and all developmental lines, and for articulating a complexly grounded diagnostic.

Child↗
PubMed2002

Analytical psychology and its relation to psychoanalysis. A personal view.

Jungian analysis is a process based on analytical psychology; it shows local variations giving emphasis to different aspects of Jung's work within the various societies which make up the IAAP. I describe the orientation of the Society of Analytical Psychology (SAP). I have emphasized the different origins of psychoanalysis and analytical psychology and described how, because we encounter the same clinical phenomena, our differences centre on technique and interpretation in the context of our theoretical differences (see Astor 1998, p. 697 & 2001). In the main the link to psychoanalysis has come from the connection forged by Fordham, who recognized that Jung and Klein shared a similar perception of the significance of unconscious phantasy. For Klein unconscious phantasy was the primary unconscious content, and this is different, as Spillius has recently pointed out, from Freud for whom, 'the prime mover, so to speak, is the unconscious wish.

Ego↗
PubMed1994

Commentary: psychodynamics and social cognition--notes on the fusion of psychoanalysis and psychology.

Interest in linking psychoanalysis with scientific psychology waxes and wanes. In part, the difficulties have been caused by the preference of psychoanalysts for Freud's clinical theory (and its emphasis on narrative truth) as opposed to his metapsychology (with its requirement for historical truth). Even though contemporary scientific psychology evolved largely independently of psychoanalysis, the articles on object relations, transference, and defense published in this special issue show that the theory remains a source of inspiration, observations, and hypotheses.

Defense Mechanisms↗
PubMed1982

Refutation and the appropriation of truth in psychoanalysis.

It is important in psychoanalysis to retain Popper's emphasis on theories that can be mistaken, and which therefore can be improved. This idea about the value of mistakes should not be rejected, as Will has done in his recent article. The main problem about the status of psychoanalysis is not, as Will argues, to understand science in such a way that psychoanalytic theories will be seen to be scientific. A prior question is whether the implicit personal theories of clients in therapy, the practical theories by which they live, can be effectively tested and improved in the psychoanalytic setting. The value of bringing to bear ideas from the philosophy and sociology of science is that they provide us with metaphors for the growth and change of theories in general. So if the psychoanalytic session has value, it is as a setting in which we can learn from mistakes, just as the experiment is a setting in which theories of natural science can be improved by refutations. Therapists' theories describe the implicit personal theories of their clients, rather as metatheories in the philosophy and sociology of science describe theories in physics and other sciences. Making these distinctions allows the question of the status of psychoanalytic theory and practice to be seen more clearly.

Female↗
PubMed1983

Psychoanalysis and the science of problem-solving man: an appreciation of Popper's philosophy and a response to Will (1980).

Popper's philosophy has been often misrepresented in the debate about the scientific status of psychoanalysis by pseudo-Popperians who use the idea of falsifiability without rejecting positivism and inductive logic. The debate itself is misconceived because it is based on the outdated positivist assumption that what is not science is not important. Partially submerged by this, however, is a very important debate about method. The issues are clearly focused by what is here called "Hill's problem', that of finding a common framework in which the contributions of organic, psychodynamic and social psychiatry can be discusses and applied to clinical problem solving. Will's paper brings out many fundamental problems. This reply discussed misapprehended aspects of Popper's world view and introduces his plural interactionalist metaphysical research programme. It demonstrates the close similarity of Popper's view of science which Lorenz calls 'hypothetical realism' with Bhaskar's 'transcendental realism' which Will advocates for psychoanalysis. The differences hinge on concepts of explanation and the methods of theory testing. It is here argued that Popper's view is better fitted for the task Will proposes. The resemblance of 'hypothetical realism' to the clinical tradition further demonstrates its applicability to Hill's problem.

Humans↗
PubMed1997

Relational psychoanalysis: a historical background.

The author hopes Relational Psychoanalysis, as a broad emphasis on Self and Other, will not develop into another constraining and dogmatic school. In studying its sources I wish to maintain a dialectical view, and avoid ancestor worship. For me, its roots can be found both in the inner contradictions of theorists, such as Freud and Klein, and in the intense and generative dyads they created, particularly Freud-Ferenczi and Klein-Winnicott, where the defiance of the older colleague's authority led the younger one toward better understanding of relational dynamics. While both Fairbairn and Sullivan failed to draw full clinical conclusions from their innovative theoretical models, their work-as well as the contributions of Balint, Guntrip, Racker, Kohut and others, and the growing dissatisfaction with the traditional drive-defense model-helped Greenberg and Mitchell formulate in the 1980s their new relational integration. These ideas are most fully expressed in the Relational Track of NYU's postdoctoral psychoanalytic program, and in the journal Psychoanalytic Dialogues. Among major issues debated by relational theorists are motivation (wish/need/drive), knowledge and truth in relationships (social constructivism), relational developmental models, the nature of intersubjectivity, the significance of feminism and postmodernism for psychoanalysis, and the implications of a relational approach for technique and for training.

Europe↗
PubMed2000

Psychoanalysis at the millennium.

This article explains and discusses the immense complexity of the psychoanalytic process as it is becoming increasingly understood at the millennium, and offers the possibility that it can be viewed from at least five channels of psychoanalytic listening. The careful ongoing examination of the transference-countertransference interactions or enactments, and their "analytic third" (32) location in the transitional space is extremely important in psychoanalytic practice. We must be careful in our interpretations of the clinical data not to stray any farther from the fundamental concepts of Freud than is necessary, lest we end up with a set of conflicting speculative metaphysical systems and become a marginalized esoteric cult. Freud's work remains our basic paradigm, the core of psychoanalysis, even though his papers on technique and his emphasis on the curative power of interpretation are from a one-person psychology standpoint and his view of psychoanalysis as just another empirical 19th-century science requires proper understanding and emendation in the light of accumulated clinical experience since his time.

Humans↗