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PubMed1995

Enzyme polymorphism in Drosophila melanogaster populations collected in two different habitats in Hungary.

The level of enzyme polymorphism was compared in ten Drosophila melanogaster populations collected in farmyards and distilleries in two regions of Hungary. The total genetic diversity was partitioned into between- and within-population components at each investigated locus using Wright's F-statistics. Population differentiation was studied in two different ways. Genetic distances between pairs of populations were calculated and a hierarchical analysis of gene diversity was performed. Based on the F values gene flow was estimated among the populations at different levels of the hierarchy. The results indicated that our 'farmyard populations' collected within a region could be considered as parallel samples from a panmictic population rather than samples of distinct populations. In distilleries, the flies might be influenced by two different evolutionary forces: (i) selection due to the extremely high concentration of ethanol in the fermenting mash and (ii) genetic drift due to the combination of repeated founder effects and fluctuating population size. Our results suggested that 'distillery populations' could not be regarded as real populations either. They could be considered as peculiar cases: founder individuals taken from the total population (region) established special populations which survived in the distilleries for many generations. Thus the dominating force acting on the 'distillery populations' was genetic drift.

Alcohol Dehydrogenase↗
PubMed2003

Missing, mediocre, or merely obsolete? An evaluation of UK data sources for coronary heart disease.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the commonest cause of death in the UK. However, there is no single comprehensive source of information to support CHD prevention and treatment strategies. Therefore this study evaluated the availability and quality of UK CHD data sources since 1981. DESIGN: Data sources for England and Wales were identified and appraised on: (1) CHD patient numbers (myocardial infarction, angina, hypertension, and heart failure); (2) uptake of medical and surgical CHD treatments, and (3) population trends in major cardiovascular risk factors. SETTING: England and Wales (population 53 million). MAIN RESULTS: Population and mortality data were easily accessible from Office for National Statistics and British Heart Foundation Annual CHD Statistics; population based risk factor data came principally from the British Regional Heart Study, the General Household Survey, and the Health Survey for England. They were limited for 1981, but more extensive by 2000. Hospital admissions information since 1998 was available online from HES; but trend data and details of interventions were scant. Limited primary care data on consultation rates, prescribing, and treatment uptake were available from published audits and studies. CONCLUSIONS: Information on CHD in the UK is fragmented, patchy, and mixed in quality. Data for women, the elderly populatiom, and ethnic minorities were particularly scarce, exacerbating inequalities. Future CHD disease monitoring and evaluation will require comprehensive and accurate population based information on trends in patient numbers, treatment uptake, and risk factors.

Blood Pressure↗
PubMed1978

[The aging changes of biological variability (author's transl)].

1. Examples are given to justify the concept that biological variability is dependent on age. 2. It appears possible that the variability of fundamental parameters of those with a strong genetic fixation increases toward the middle of the life span and decreases again in the senium. 3. The variability of most variables increases with age. The more complex the variables, the greater the increase. 4. Originally unitary statistical populations may split up into several populations in the course of life. These will then require separate statistical treatment. 5. Our considerations seem to have some significance for the economical planning of tests and the selection of test persons.

Adaptation, Biological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

D1S80 VNTR locus genotypes in a population of Southeastern Sicily: distribution and genetic disequilibrium.

Locus D1S80 is one of the best-known polymorphic loci, showing a variable number of tandem repeats. This article presents the results on D1S80 allele distributions in a sample of 324 unrelated Sicilian individuals, collected and analyzed in two distinct laboratory centers. Although, as expected, the two most frequent alleles were those with 18 and 24 repeat units, the population sample from southeastern Sicily showed a relatively low frequency of allele 29 (2.9%) and allele 31 (3.4%) and a relatively high frequency of allele 25 (6.0%), allele 30 (1.9%), and allele 32 (1.5%) in comparison with other populations. Statistical analysis performed by the five alleles model provided evidence that the population did not follow the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium expectations (observed heterozygosity 70.99% vs. expected heterozygosity 76.31%). The calculated F (fixation index), as a measure of heterozygote deficiency or excess, was positive for four allele groups and negative for one allele group. This finding was consistent with a substantial diversity of human ethnic groups when tested with VNTR systems and might represent a genuine inconsistency, not due to a methodological bias. This scenario deserves further investigation, i.e., by performing a short tandem repeat (STR) units analysis on a greater number of loci in the same population sample.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Clinical indicators associated with unintentional weight loss and pressure ulcers in elderly residents of nursing facilities.

OBJECTIVE: To monitor adults older than 65 years living in nursing facilities and who experience unintentional weight loss of more than 10% of actual body weight in 6 months or more than 5% in 1 month or who have stage II, III, or IV pressure ulcers. SUBJECTS: We reviewed 290 medical records for unintentional weight loss and 265 for pressure ulcers. DESIGN: Two data-collecting instruments were used: one for pressure ulcers and one for unintentional weight loss. Indicators for each instrument were selected to monitor clinical conditions that tend to be problem-prone areas for these two populations. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Descriptive statistics were used to calculate the frequency of each indicator for each population. RESULTS: Of the 24 indicators for unintentional weight loss, the 6 indicators present most often, in descending order, were reduced functional ability, intake of 50% or less of food served for the past 3 consecutive days, chewing problems, serum albumin level less than 35 g/l with normal hydration status, cholesterol level less than 4.1 mmol/L, and refusal of 50% or more of food replacement for the past 7 days. For the residents with pressure ulcers, the indicator present most often was serum albumin level less than 35 g/L with normal hydration status. The three highest intervention indicators were receives 1.2 g protein per kilogram of actual body weight, receives 120 mg or more of vitamin C daily, and receives 1 1/2 times the energy required based on goal body weight. When serum albumin level was documented in the medical record, it was a valid indicator for both diagnoses. CONCLUSIONS: Inappropriate dietary intake, disease, and disability place residents in nursing facilities at risk for malnutrition. Thus, it is important to obtain laboratory values when assessing elderly residents and determining their nutritional status.

Aged↗
PubMed2000

[Diagnosis of health needs of the elderly population of a community of Puerto Nuevo].

The purpose of this study was to identify the health needs of the non-institutionalized population, 65 years and over, residing in a sector of the community of Puerto Nuevo. This was the first urbanization established in Puerto Rico in the early 50's. The "snowball" technique was use to identify all the residents 65 year and over of the mentioned sector. Eighty five elderly persons were interviewed to gather data of the following variables: demographics, health conditions, preventive measures, activities of daily living (ADLs, IADLs), health services utilization, psychosocial aspects and use of programs and services available for the elderly population. Statistical analysis included descriptive measures and chi-square. Results revealed a population with a higher education and economic level than the average for this age group in Puerto Rico. People over 75 years over reported more functional limitations than the 65-74 years interviewees did. In comparison with men, women were less educated and presented a higher percent of widows, persons living alone and functional limitations. In almost all the interviewees, help was available in case of need. The majority expressed satisfaction with their family and social lives. Very few utilized programs and services available for elderly persons. It is concluded that in order to improve their quality of life, this population needs to be managed in an holistic mode to address their biopsychosocial needs and to be educated in health promotion issues to prevent further functional limitations. They also need education about the available services for elderly persons.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1995

Benefits and costs of screening and treatment for early breast cancer. Development of a basic benefit package.

OBJECTIVE: To develop a basic benefit package for detection and treatment of early breast cancer by evaluating the effectiveness and costs for screening mammography, primary surgery, adjuvant therapy, and follow-up care. DATA SOURCES: Published articles were retrieved through MEDLINE; additional articles were obtained through searches of their bibliographies. Cancer statistics were taken from Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program data, population statistics were taken from US Census data, and charges from 1993 Southern California Medicare fees were used to represent costs. STUDY SELECTION: Studies were selected on the basis of their design. Preference, in decreasing order, was given to meta-analyses of randomized trials, individual randomized clinical trials, prospective cohort studies, retrospective cohort studies, and case series. DATA EXTRACTION: Studies were examined for the effect of the intervention on overall survival, disease-free survival, and health-related quality of life. We evaluated effects on survival in terms of number of lives saved at 10 years and average years of life saved. Costs were related to the benefits observed and modeled onto a hypothetical health care organization of 500,000 lives. RESULTS: Based on this analysis, we recommend a basic benefit plan for the detection and treatment of early breast cancer that would include the following: (1) screening mammography only for women aged 50 to 69 years; (2) choice of mastectomy or breast-conserving surgery with radiation therapy for all women with early breast cancer; (3) adjuvant therapy for all women at risk of recurrence; and (4) only clinical follow-up without routine testing for metastatic disease. CONCLUSIONS: By choosing which services they provide to specific groups of patients, providers can substantially reduce their expenses and still provide quality health benefits.

Adult↗
PubMed1954

Needs in vital and health statistics in underdeveloped countries.

The author discusses the types of health and vital statistics that would be of the greatest practical value to countries with only slightly developed public-health and vital registration systems and the ways by which these statistics may be obtained.While a regular census is necessary for proper mortality and natality statistics, population estimates may be successfully used until a census can be taken. Natality statistics should include live-births, stillbirths, legitimacy, and age of mother. For morbidity measurement, four sources of information or types of inquiry can be used before complete registration systems are available: sickness surveys by home visits of families; records of notifiable communicable diseases; medical records of sickness in schools; and records of health welfare centres and health visitors, when these exist. The use of infant mortality figures in underdeveloped countries is subject to considerable error, and great effort will be needed to get every living child in the birth register. A useful local index of health is the recording in selected areas of deaths during the first three years of life. Death-rates at higher ages can only be assessed where death registration is fairly complete.It is suggested that reliable information on population changes, child mortality and sickness, and the incidence of disease can be obtained by a continuous study programme in carefully selected model survey and registration districts. Apart from the immediate results from such a programme, it would prepare the ground for the subsequent establishment of a full vital registration system.

Censuses↗
PubMed2005

Clinical database development: characterization of EEG phenotypes.

We propose development of evidence-based methods to guide clinical intervention in neurobehavioral syndromes based on categorization of individuals using both behavioral measures and quantification of the EEG (qEEG). Review of a large number of clinical EEG and qEEG studies suggests that it is plausible to identify a limited set of individual profiles that characterize the majority of the population. Statistical analysis has already been used to document "clusters" of qEEG features seen in populations of psychiatric patients. These clusters are considered here as intermediate phenotypes, based on genetics, and are reliable indices of brain function, not isomorphic with DSM categories, and carry implications for therapeutic intervention. We call for statistical analysis methods to be applied to a broad clinical database of individuals diagnosed with neurobehavioral disorders in order to empirically define clusters of individuals who may be responsive to specific neurophysiologically based treatment interventions, namely administration of psychoactive medication and/or EEG neurofeedback. A tentative set of qEEG profiles is proposed based on clinical observation and experience. Implication for intervention with medication and neurofeedback for individuals with these neurophysiological profiles and specific qEEG patterns is presented.

Databases, Factual↗
PubMed1982

Study of persistence of maternal antibodies to varicella-zoster virus by indirect haemagglutination, with result control by radioimmunoassay.

The persistence of maternal antibody against varicella-zoster virus was studied by the method of indirect haemagglutination (IH) and a control of the results was performed by radioimmunoassay (RIA). The findings were analysed with reference to the constant half-life of passively acquired IgG and the titre range and frequency of antibodies in 220 persons of fertile age representative of the normal population. Statistical analysis of expected and the experimentally obtained data was performed. Among the normal population, the expectancy is a gradual decrease in maternal IH antibody titres to negativity during the first 10 months of life and 100% sero-negativity by the 11th and 12th month. The experimental data showed a decrease in IH seropositivity from the initial 100% in 1-month infants to 27% in 6-month and 7% in 12-month infants. Nine out of twelve of the experimentally found positive titres in infants during the second half of their first year of life deviated from the normal population sample. The results obtained by both of the methods used were in good agreement.

Antibodies, Viral↗
PubMed1978

Lifestyle, health and disease: a comparison between Papua New Guinea and Australia.

The proposition that lifestyle is a major determinant of community health is explored by contrasting the features of a rural subsistence community in the highlands of Papua New Guinea and the features of the community in urbanized, industrialized Australia. Reference is made to differences in physical environment, housing, work, social situation, human relationships, patterns of disease, population statistics, diet, growth, obesity, physical fitness, blood lipid concentrations, blood pressure, salt intake and the occurrence of hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease and signs of degenerative changes in various tissues. The Papua New Guinea community is seen as a self-reliant, self-contained, socially cohesive subsistence society whose members are well adapted to their physical and social environment, free from major degenerative cardiovascular diseases, with little overt psychiatric illness, but with a heavy burden of infectious disease, with marginal nutritional levels of degenerative disease and disease from psychological stress. It is clear that health, in its fullest sense, is not the prerogative of any one type of society.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Relative fitness of carriers of the mitochondrial DNA mutation 3243A > G.

Deleterious point mutations in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) have been found in many human populations and always at a low frequency suggesting that they are under strong negative selection. It is assumed that this selection is caused by reduced genetic fitness of mutation carriers, but the fitness of carriers of any mtDNA mutation has not been determined. We estimated the reproductive disadvantage caused by the mitochondrial DNA mutation 3243A > G in a population-based group of female carriers (n = 32). The person-years method, Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and population statistics were used to estimate net reproduction rates of the mutation carriers and the general population. We found that women with 3243A > G reproduced at the same rate as women in the general population, suggesting that on average host-level selection against women harbouring the 3243A > G mutation is not strong.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Analysis of benefit:risk ratio and mortality reduction for the UK Breast Screening Programme.

A quantitative analysis has been performed to predict the benefit:risk ratio and associated mortality reduction for the UK National Health Service Breast Screening Programme. The analysis is based on the results of an established biological simulation method coupled with dosimetric information and population statistics applicable to the UK breast screening programme. As well as the general breast screening population, the benefit:risk ratios for specific subgroups of women thought to be at higher risk are estimated. The effects of alterations in screening strategy are also investigated. The results indicate favourable benefit:risk ratios and mortality reductions for all women in the programme, with a breast cancer mortality reduction of approximately 9% over the whole UK female population, equivalent to a breast cancer mortality reduction in the region of 25% for the age range 55-69 years.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1978

[Consideration of modern demographic questions (author's transl)].

It is assumed that the decrease in the birth rate can be checked or that an increase in births can be stimulated by models or value judgements. On the basis of articles reflecting the official demographic opinion published by the Federal Office for Statistics, an attempt was made to reflect the intellectual foundation for such views. With the help of population statistics and model computations as well as vaguely intimated ideologies, changes in procreative activity considered necessary could be induced. The investigation concluded with the question of whether the detachment of procreative activity in highly industrialized, capitalistic countries with their specialized instruments, technologies, and institutions can be attributed to economic factors.

Birth Rate↗
PubMed1977

Eskimo craniofacial morphology, cold stress and the maxillary sinus.

A determination of the capacity of the maxillary sinus was made for eight Eskimo populations, one Mongolian population and one American white population. Statistical analyses reveal strong and significant correlations of the mean temperature of the coldest month where these populations live with differences in mean maxillary sinus volume (MSV) values. Results indicate that maxillary sinus volume in Eskimo populations decreases in colder areas. These changes may be due to commensurate structural ramifications of internal nasal anatomy variation, specifically of the inferior concha (maxilloturbinal) and inferior meatus. A review of the physiological, morphological and cultural responses of the Eskimo to cold suggests that only the facial area as a whole, and the internal nasal apparatus in particular, sustain significant cold exposure. The "cold-engineered" hypothesis of Mongoloid craniofacial form (Coon et al., '50) finds little support in the anthropological research and literature.

Adaptation, Biological↗
PubMed2002

Heterozygote deficiencies in small lacustrine populations of brook charr Salvelinus Fontinalis Mitchill (Pisces, Salmonidae): a test of alternative hypotheses.

Empirical studies of natural populations have commonly reported departures from Hardy-Weinberg expected proportions of heterozygote individuals. Recent advances in statistical population genetics now offer the potential to exploit individual multilocus genotypic information to test more rigorously for possible sources of heterozygote deficiencies. In a previous study in lacustrine brook charr (Salvelinus fontinalis), we reported stronger deficits in small than in large lakes. In the present paper, we propose a methodology for empirically testing alternative hypotheses to identify the cause of the deficits observed in three of the smallest lakes (85, 109 and 182 ha) analysed. First, as in several salmonid species, brook charr may exhibit a trophic polymorphism in north temperate lakes. If morphs are genetically divergent, indiscriminate sampling of both forms would result in less heterozygote individuals than expected in a randomly mating population (Wahlund effect). Using an individual-based method aiming at detecting cryptic population structure, we can reject this explanation as the sole source of deficits for all three lakes. Secondly, mating among relatives could also be frequent in small lakes and lead to heterozygote deficiencies. Significantly more fish than expected at random had low individual multilocus heterozygosity in two of the lakes, suggesting that inbred fish may have been present. Thirdly, sampling of genetically related fish would also lead to departures from Hardy-Weinberg proportions. In the same two lakes, the distribution of pairwise relatedness coefficients departed from its random expectation, suggesting that non-random sampling of kin may have occurred.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Cortical projection of peripheral vestibular signaling.

The cerebral projection of vestibular signaling was studied by using PET with a special differential experimental protocol. Caloric vestibular stimulation (CVS)-induced regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) changes were investigated in two populations. Butanol perfusion scans were carried out on six healthy volunteers and on six patients following the removal of tumors from the right cerebello pontine angle. The complete loss of the vestibular function postoperatively allowed a comparison of the rCBF changes in the populations with or without this input and offered a promising functional approach whereby to delineate the cortical region most responsive to pure vestibular input. The activations by left-sided and right-sided CVS were determined for both the healthy volunteers and the patient population. Statistical analysis of the data obtained following left-sided CVS did not reveal any cerebral region for which there was a significant difference in CVS-induced response by these two populations. In the case of right-sided CVS, however, the statistical comparison of the CVS-related responses demonstrated a single contralateral area characterized by a significantly different degree of response. This cortical area corresponds to part of the cortical region described recently which can be activated by both CVS and neck vibration. It appears to be anatomically identical to the aggregate of the somatosensory area SII and the retroinsular cortex described in primates, a region identified by other investigators as an analog of the parietoinsular vestibular cortex.

Brain Mapping↗