Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Polydipsia”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 199 records · Page 11Linked to original sources
PubMed1989

Neurotensin-induced polydipsia: a structure-activity study.

Neurotensin (NT) and equimolar concentrations of NT fragments were microinjected into the lateral cerebral ventricle of water-deprived rats. NT (10 micrograms) increased water intake 146% in the first 15 min following injection. While NT1-11 and NT10-13 had no effect on water intake, NT8-13 increased water intake 101%. The polydipsia produced by NT8-13 was statistically equivalent to that produced by NT. The results are discussed in relation to a proposed model of the NT receptor.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Gonadectomy and the development of age-dependent polydipsia and the intake of NaCl solutions in the SWR/J mouse.

Gonadectomies were performed at 25 days of life in SWR/J mice, a strain known to develop age-dependent nephrogenic diabetes insipidus with females drinking far more than males. Effect of gonadectomy was different for each of the 3 nonreproductive behaviors studied. (1) Ovariectomy reduced the age-dependent polydipsia seen in females, but castration was without effect in males. (2) Castration of males resulted in a lower intake of an isotonic NaCl solution, making the castrated males similar to the sham-operated and ovariectomized females which did not differ. (3) For the short-term activity measurement sham-operated males did not differ from sham-operated females and castrated males did not differ from ovariectomized females. In each sex, gonadectomy reduced activity.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Schedule-induced polydipsia and size of water dipper.

Schedule-induced polydipsia as a function of six water dipper sizes was examined in four food-deprived rats under Fixed Time 1- and 2-minute schedules. Increasing dipper size increased session water intake but did not affect the number of intervals containing at least one barpress (i.e., number of bouts), nor the number of barpresses per bout, nor the temporal distribution of barpressing within the interfood interval. Previous research showing polydipsic intake to be impervious to other types of restrictions on water availability have suggested the notion of a volume constancy mechanism. The present research raises questions about the operation of the volume constancy mechanism, questions about how to conceptualize the dipper size manipulation, and questions about variables which affect the temporal locus of drinking.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Histamine plays no part in schedule-induced polydipsia in the rat.

Twelve Sprague-Dawley male albino rats were tested with or without combined antagonism of peripheral H1 (using 2 mg/kg dexbrompheniramine IP) and H2 (using 32 mg/kg cimetidine IP) receptors for histamine prior to (a) drinking after 2.5 mg/kg histamine SC, (b) drinking after 24-hr water deprivation, and (c) drinking during the acquisition and maintenance of schedule-induced polydipsia (SIP) with a 45 mg Noyes pellet delivered every 90 sec. Such antagonism of histamine receptors abolished drinking elicited by exogenous histamine without inhibiting drinking after water deprivation. Moreover, histaminergic antagonism failed to prevent the acquisition and maintenance of SIP and failed to alter the distribution of contacts with the drinking spout during interpellet intervals. These findings demonstrate no role for endogenous systemic histamine in SIP.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Unilateral substantia nigra lesions and schedule-induced polydipsia.

The present experiment investigated the effects of unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesions of the substantia nigra (SN) on schedule-induced polydipsia (SIP). Lesions were made in either the "dominant" or "non-dominant" hemisphere as defined by an amphetamine rotation test. It was found that unilateral lesions of either the "dominant" or "non-dominant" SN significantly reduced SIP and also significantly impaired somatosensory responsiveness as indicated by the "tactile extinction test." Somatosensory neglect was significantly greater following a lesion in the "dominant" hemisphere than "non-dominant" hemisphere.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Clonidine suppression and its adrenoreceptor mediation in schedule-induced polydipsia.

Rats were trained in a fixed-interval, one-minute (FI 1 min) food reinforcement schedule for 1 hour daily at reduced body weight until their lever presses, licks and water intake all became stabilized for 6 days. Two experiments were performed to examine the function of sympathetic activity in schedule-induced polydipsia. In experiment 1, intracerebroventricular injection of clonidine (0.75-37.5 nmol) produced a dose-related suppression of schedule-induced drinking and licking and schedule-dependent lever pressing; these effects were later attenuated by yohimbine (5 nmol) pretreatment. Prazosin (10 nmol) also decreased clonidine-induced suppression of lever pressing, whereas neither prazosin (10 nmol) nor naloxone (10 nmol) caused any alteration in the suppression effects of clonidine on drinking and licking. None of these antagonists alone changed an individual rat's preestablished behavioral baselines. In experiment 2, the endogenous catecholamine levels, were determined in frontal cortex, hypothalamus, brainstem, dorsal obex area and adrenal glands. During the SIP situation, both the epinephrine level in adrenal glands and the norepinephrine level in hypothalamus were elevated.

Adrenal Medulla↗
PubMed1988

Prior schedule exposure reduces the acquisition of schedule-induced polydipsia.

Two groups of rats were given different initial histories before exposing them to daily, 2-hr fixed-interval 1-min (FI 1-min) food-pellet sessions with water freely available. For the initial-history phase (approximately 17 weeks), a Schedule-History Group had no water available during FI 1-min sessions, while a Home-Cage-History Group was maintained at the same body weight (80% of free feeding) in home cages. When water then became available for both groups during FI 1-min sessions, the Schedule-History Group was retarded in their rate of acquisition and final level of schedule-induced polydipsia relative to the Home-Cage-History Group. Substitution of 5% ethanol solution for session water in the final phase produced a like intake level for both groups typical for these inducing conditions. It was concluded that the probability of drinking water in a session situation is reduced by a lengthy history of water unavailability, thereby attenuating the acquisition rate and final level of schedule-induced water overdrinking.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed1988

Schedule-induced polydipsia experience decreases plasma corticosterone levels but increases plasma prolactin levels.

To determine the neuroendocrine pattern of response to excessive drinking induced by exposure of rats to an intermittent distribution of food (schedule-induced polydipsia, SIP), the present experiment investigated changes in plasma corticosterone, prolactin and catecholamines in chronically catheterized rats that had developed or not this form of adjunctive behaviour. It was found that rats that engage in excessive drinking displayed decreased plasma levels of corticosterone and increased levels of prolactin during the course of a SIP session. There was, however, no differences between groups in plasma catecholamine levels. The difference observed between SIP-pos and SIP-neg rats were entirely condition-specific, since they disappeared in the absence of access to water.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Isolation-rearing retards the acquisition of schedule-induced polydipsia in rats.

Rats were reared from weaning either in isolation or in social groups for 10 weeks and were then tested for the acquisition of schedule-induced polydipsia (SIP). Isolation-reared rats were impaired in the development of this behaviour when compared to socially-reared controls. This reduction in drinking was specific to this test situation. Home cage water consumption and drinking in the SIP test chamber without a schedule of food delivery were unaltered and home cage drinking following water deprivation was significantly higher in the isolates. Housing adult rats in isolation did not impair SIP. The locomotor hyperactivity induced by isolation was also specific to rearing conditions. The inverse relationship between water consumption on the last day of testing and plasma corticosterone levels observed in both the socially-reared and socially-housed rats was absent in both the isolation-reared and isolation-housed rats.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

NMDA lesions of lateral hypothalamus enhance the acquisition of schedule-induced polydipsia.

Schedule-induced polydipsia (SIP) is affected by damage to various limbic structures that have connections with the lateral hypothalamus. The present experiment sought to determine whether or not SIP could be induced in rats bearing NMDA-induced lesions of the lateral hypothalamus. Following surgery, lesioned rats lost weight and were hypophagic and hypodipsic. Drinking, in response to systemic injection of hypertonic saline, was impaired in lesioned rats. Prior to testing for SIP, all rats were placed on a food-restriction regime to maintain body weight at 85% of normal. There was no statistically significant difference in mean body weight between lesioned and control groups before deprivation began, though lesioned rats were hypodipsic in their home cages. The lateral hypothalamic-lesioned rats acquired SIP significantly more rapidly than controls over the first six sessions, but over four following sessions no differences were present. The enhanced acquisition of SIP by lateral hypothalamic-lesioned rats cannot be accounted for by postoperative recovery of body weight or by hypodipsia in the home cage, neither of which correlated with SIP. It is suggested that the lateral hypothalamus has a role in cueing appropriate and inhibiting inappropriate behavior in conditions of motivational excitement. SIP is suggested to have two CNS components--one excitatory and one inhibitory.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

EGb 761 inhibits stress-induced polydipsia in rats.

The effect of daily treatments with Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761, IPSEN, France) on body weight and water intake of rats was followed for 15 days. During this period, two groups of rats, under slight ether anesthesia, were intubated and fed either EGb 761 (100 mg/kg b.wt. in 5% ethanol) or, for sham controls, 5% ethanol alone (6.6 ml/kg b.wt.). The increase in body weight was similar for the control and experimental groups. However, during the same period of time, the water intake, ml water/g b.wt./24 h, increased 37% in the controls. In EGb 761-treated rats, water intake remained unchanged. This suggests that EGb 761 treatment inhibits the development of polydipsia due to the stress of daily handling and intubation.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Dilutional hyponatremia due to diazoxide-produced polydipsia.

Subcutaneous injection of diazoxide every 3 hr for a total of 5 doses in 15 hr produced a state of elevated drinking and antidiuresis in rats resulting in a massive, positive, self-imposed water load. Dilutional hyponatremia was present, but not serum hyposmolality, owing to the increased serum glucose and BUN. The mechanism by which diazoxide produces a polydipsia even in the presence of an accumulating water load may illuminate the genesis of other pathophysiological dilutional states.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Interactions between naloxone and narcotic analgesics under three schedules that induce polydipsia.

A pattern of schedule-induced polydipsia was maintained in rats by a fixed-time schedule where food pellets were presented every 90 sec, a fixed-interval schedule where licking the drinking tube produced pellets every 90 sec, or a fixed-interval schedule where lever presses produced pellets every 90 sec. Under all 3 schedules, injections of morphine, methadone, etonitazene and meperidine generally decreased licking rates and amounts of water consumed, as well as rates of lever-pressing under the schedules where lever presses were required. Naloxone (1 mg/kg) almost completely blocked the effects of morphine and etonitazene, but the effects of methadone sometimes were blocked to a lesser degree. Small increases in the rate of licking and amount of water consumed after the lowest dose of meperidine under the schedule requiring lever-presses were blocked by naloxone, but the higher doses of meperidine that decreased licking, lever-pressing and amount of water consumed under the three schedules were not blocked by naloxone. These data suggest that there are important differences in the ability of naloxone to antagonize the behavioral effects of different narcotic analgesics.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Schedule-induced ethanol polydipsia: function of ethanol concentration.

Rats were maintained in cages with automatic food dispensers that provided a 24 hr feeding regimen known to produce schedule-induced ethanol polydipsia. For ten days water was the only available fluid; then for 17 days either 5% or 10% ethanol replaced water. The ethanol concentrations were then switched between groups for a final 13 days. Ethanol intake increased for both groups over the first seven days and then reached asymptote. The daily intake (ml) of 5% ethanol was two times that of 10%, resulting in no difference between groups in g/kg ethanol consumed. When the concentrations were switched, g/kg/day dropped, but returned to previous levels within seven days. Again intake (ml) of 5% was two times that of 10% but groups did not differ in g/kg/day. Mean blood ethanol concentration at 9:30 hr was 75.0 mg/100 ml with 5% ethanol and 127.8% mg/100 ml with 10% ethanol.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed1988

The effects of apomorphine on the acquisition of schedule-induced polydipsia in rats.

Injections of the dopamine agent, apomorphine, at the doses of 0.05, 0.50 and 1.0 mg/kg were given to three different groups of rats while a fourth group received an injection of the drug vehicle. The injections preceded each of 15 schedule-induced polydipsia (SIP) acquisition sessions in which the subjects bar-pressed for food pellets on a fixed interval 60-sec schedule of reinforcement. The vehicle-injected group developed SIP over sessions while each dose of apomorphine suppressed the acquisition of SIP. Bar-press rates were also depressed at the higher doses, while response patterning was affected at the lower dose. The results support the contention that a normally functioning dopamine system is necessary for the acquisition of SIP, but they do not support the view that this neurotransmitter system is specifically involved in the generation of SIP.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

The effects of food schedule adaptation on the ability of naloxone to suppress the acquisition of schedule-induced polydipsia.

Naloxone suppressed the acquisition of schedule-induced polydipsia (SIP) in rats given no previous exposure to the feeding schedule. Adaptation to the feeding schedule prior to SIP acquisition attenuated this suppression. Specifically, water consumption, bout probability, licks/bout and maximum lick rates during the interpellet interval (IPI) were significantly increased by adaptation. Although adaptation attenuated the suppressive effects of naloxone on SIP, this attenuation was not complete. Adapted, naloxone-treated subjects displayed both decreased water consumption and bout probability as compared to distilled water-treated controls. Unlike the effects of adaptation on naloxone's suppression of SIP, adaptation completely eliminated naloxone's suppression of feeding. That adapted subjects ate at control levels while still displaying a lower level of SIP suggests that the suppressive effect of naloxone on the acquisition of SIP is not an indirect effect of naloxone on feeding, but rather a direct effect of naloxone on developing SIP. Given that naloxone has a general suppressive effect on drinking (including SIP), what remains to be determined is why naloxone has no effect on established SIP. Possible explanations for this are discussed.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1992

Role of locus coeruleus and serotonergic drug actions on schedule-induced polydipsia.

Schedule-induced polydipsia (SIP) poses a general buffering property to reduce the heightened arousal produced by a schedule of intermittent feeding. It thus provides a unique opportunity to study CNS integration in stress-coping reactions. In the present study, we examined the role of the locus coeruleus (LC) and the pharmacological actions of serotonergic (5-HT2) analogs on SIP. Water intake, licking, and bar presses per minute in rats were recorded as indices of SIP activity after they had been subjected to 1-h performance of a fixed-interval 1-min operant pellet conditioning. Our results showed that SIP was progressively decreased after lesions were placed bilaterally in the LC areas and then followed by further lesioning in the bilateral ventral tegmental area. Neurotoxin DSP-4 also had an inhibitory action on the SIP potency. In addition, SIP was attenuated by 2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine (0.1, 0.5, or 1.0 mg/kg, IP), a 5-HT2 agonist, and activated by ritanserin (2.5 mg/kg, IP), a 5-HT2 agonist. After bilateral LC lesions, SIP was attenuated and the activating effect of RIT was abolished. Our data suggest that the LC is involved in the central integration of SIP and that the modulating effects of 5-HT2 receptors on SIP depend upon the integrity of LC function.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Adjunctive polydipsia as a model of alcoholism.

Schedule-induced polydipsia or adjunctive drinking as been proposed as an animal model of alcoholism. Procedures employed to modify adjunctive drinking are reviewed here in order to evaluate their usefulness in the control of schedule-induced alcohol consumption. The major procedures employed to alter adjunctive drinking are: (1) physiological, such as pre-loading the animal with water, desalivating the animal, or adding a sweet solution to the water; (2) pharmacological, such as evaluating the effects of amphetamines or other drugs on adjunctive drinking; and (3) behavioral, such as changing the inter-reinforcement interval length, making an alternative response available, or giving the animal the option to terminate an extinction period. Altering the palatability of alcohol and utilizing behavioral methods to control drinking appear to be the most promising lines of investigation employing this animal model of alcoholism.

Alcoholism↗