Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Policy Development”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 199 records · Page 11Linked to original sources
PubMed1993

Public discourse on the benefits of moderation: implications for alcohol policy development.

There is increasingly widespread acceptance of a protective effect of alcohol against coronary heart disease and a consequent delay of mortality among the elderly. This information has been widely disseminated in the popular media and by industry related sectors. The policy arguments based on the epidemiological data are that moderate alcohol use is beneficial, therefore policy should not impact on moderate drinkers, only on heavy drinkers. This fits well with the arguments of those opposed to population public health measures such as taxation, controls on availability, and enforcement of drink-driving laws like random breath testing. However, there is a growing consensus among public health researchers that population measures are most effective at reducing alcohol-related harm. Concern has been expressed that the current public discourse on benefits of moderation will influence individuals to drink more. Of equal, or even greater, concern is the likelihood that this public discourse will decrease the chances that effective population focused policies will be implemented.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Developing policies and guidelines.

Practice guidelines are proliferating in the era of managed care. Hospital epidemiologists frequently are asked to author guidelines of infection control. The greatest challenge in the process is not writing the guidelines but implementing them. This article offers practical advice on which topic to select and on how to develop and implement guidelines.

Cost Control↗
PubMed2004

Policy development for the reduction of pollution caused by traffic experiences from The Netherlands.

Road traffic is a diffuse source of heavy metals and oil that leads to pollution of verges and surface water in areas immediately surrounding roads. The Commission for Integrated Water Management (CIW) has drawn up a policy document addressing methods for managing this type of pollution. The document is based on results from numerous studies in The Netherlands targeting pollution caused by traffic. The Commission concludes that measures at the source are the only way to realise sustainable solutions. For example, attention should be devoted to the issue of zinc emissions from car tyres and crash barriers. The concept of controlled infiltration is recommended for combating pollution caused by spray and runoff from roads. This includes periodic chemical inspection of verge pollution and, where necessary, replacement of the verge's top layer. The application of porous asphalt on highways in The Netherlands has also proven highly effective in limiting pollution caused by traffic, with far less pollution caused by spray from the highway and runoff as compared to traditional asphalt.

Environment↗
PubMed1987

Translating pilot project success into national policy development: two projects in Bangladesh.

"This article reviews the experience of two pilot projects in Bangladesh that have addressed the question of how [operations] research can be designed to foster its utilization. In a rural field experiment [begun in 1972] in Matlab subdistrict, research has demonstrated that contraceptive services, if carefully designed and properly implemented, can influence demographic dynamics even where social and economic circumstances are not conducive to fertility change. Despite the success that Matlab represents, the project was not systematically utilized for policy until a second study [begun in 1981] was launched to address government questions concerning its replicability in the public sector programme. Results suggest that pilot projects, if fielded in conjunction with research systems for testing their replicability, can foster organizational development in contexts that are not conducive to bureaucratic change."

Asia↗
PubMed2004

Healthy life expectancy--an important indicator for health policy development in Lithuania.

UNLABELLED: The aim of the study was to assess the changes in healthy life expectancy of the Lithuanian population between the years 1997 and 2001 and to explore the differentials of this combined mortality and subjective health measure in males and females. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The data about the Lithuanian population and the deceased were available from the Lithuanian Department of Statistics, life tables for 1997 and 2001 were created and life expectancy estimated. The method presented first by D. F. Sullivan was applied for the assessment of healthy life expectancy. The data on self-perceived health of the Lithuanian population were acquired from the surveys of the health behavior of a randomly selected sample of the adult population of Lithuania, carried out by the Lithuanian Center for Health Education. RESULTS: Healthy life expectancy at birth increased from 52.7 in males and 52.6 in females in 1997 up to 53.7 in males and 55.3 in females in 2001. The proportion of healthy life expectancy in the total life expectancy at birth increased both in males and in females. Though the total life expectancy of males is 10-11 years shorter, females are expected to spend considerably more years in poor health, even though some positive changes were observed. CONCLUSION: Increasing healthy life expectancy reflects improving health of Lithuanian population. This integrated health indicator should be periodically assessed and used for development health strategies to promote health in Lithuania.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Policy development from the industry perspective.

The responsibility and burden for implementation of any option for the disposition of low-activity radioactive waste will primarily reside with the industries that generate the waste and those that provide the necessary waste management and disposal services. Unfortunately, there is no general consensus among these industries on the multiple policy issues that are critical to the application of an effective management and disposal program. This paper discusses the various policy issues that affect these industries and the problems that will likely occur during the course of their activities. These policy issues include public and political concern, opposition, and reaction; multiple and sometimes conflicting government agency jurisdiction, regulation, and policy; issues relating to the transition to a new comprehensive system; conflicts between the interests of the various industry groups; and operational, radiation safety, and regulatory implementation issues. For these reasons, the acceptable options may be limited. Case studies of various waste streams are included to show the specific impact and problems that these issues can create.

Decision Making↗
PubMed1992

[Migration, urbanization, and development policy in Senegal].

"The various studies focussing on human settlements in Senegal show that the share of population living in cities is ever increasing because of the massive and continuous flow from rural areas. The persistance of such migration trends from the country to cities deepens regional disparities, compounds the difficulties and cost of city management and development, specially in the case of Dakar, and runs counter to the goals of social and economic development plans.... The growing importance of such phenomena calls for the designing of corrective measures in favour of rural areas and small towns in order to settle rural populations and halt the inordinate and chaotic geographical growth of large cities. Failing this, development efforts may well be compromised." (SUMMARY IN ENG)

Africa↗
PubMed2002

Policy developments in regulatory approval.

Although radical changes in drug regulation are rare (e.g., the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act of 1938 and the 1962 amendment to the Act creating an effectiveness requirement), regulations and guidance do evolve significantly in the face of new problems and accumulating experience. Recent changes have been driven by the Food and Drug Administration Modernization Act (FDAMA), user fee legislation, the International Conference on Harmonization, recent safety related drug withdrawals, and concerns about trial ethics and investigator conflict of interest. FDAMA and guidance developed in response to it has helped circumstances in which FDA would rely on a single study to support effectiveness and the circumstances in which surrogate endpoints could support approval. An ICH Document 'Choice of control group and related design issues in clinical trials' focussed attention on the ethics of placebo controls (acceptable, even if there is existing therapy, when the placebo-treated patient will suffer no irreversible injury) and the design of 'equivalence' or 'non-inferiority' trials. There has been greatly increased attention to obtaining good dose-response information and to assessing need for modifying treatment in demographic (age, gender, race) and concomitant disease (renal or hepatic function abnormalities) subgroups, and in assessing drug-drug interactions. Other important trends are increasing reliance on non-U.S. data, increasing numbers of FDA-industry meetings during drug development, and new focus on risk assessment and risk management.

Dose-Response Relationship, Drug↗
PubMed1997

From states of confusion to a national action plan for dementia care: the development of policies for dementia care in Australia.

The release of Australia's National Action Plan for Dementia Care in 1992 was the culmination of more than a decade of policy development over which the federal government assumed an increasing role, and the participatory approach fostered under its Social Justice Strategy promoted collectivist and political attempts to address the issues of dementia care. This article begins with an account of four phases of policy development, with the transition from one to the next marked by changes in thinking about dementia care being incorporated into policy and then expressed in programmes and in care practices. In the second part of the article, the goals and structure of the National Action Plan are outlined and its implementation and outcomes discussed. Continuation of the policy climate in which the National Action Plan was formulated is a crucial, but uncertain, factor for future development.

Aged↗
PubMed2003

Defining recovery: an interactionist analysis of mental health policy development, Wisconsin 1996-1999.

The author examines how, as part of a reform of Wisconsin's public mental health system, a workgroup of system stakeholders defined and operationalized the concept of recovery. Based on participant observation, document analysis, and interviews, with an analytic framework drawn from symbolic interactionism, the author finds that although individual members held a range of definitions of recovery, the workgroup was able to reach consensus in its policy recommendations through processual means and by tacitly agreeing on a set of overarching values that were flexible enough to accommodate many definitions.

Data Collection↗
PubMed2006

The worldwide burden of postpartum haemorrhage: Policy development where inaction is lethal.

Most maternal deaths occur to women who are not attended by trained health professionals. Postpartum hemorrhage is the single most common cause of maternal death. The delivery of large haemochorial placenta in our species predisposes to heavy bleeding and can be dealt with only by using effective uterotonics. The 1987 Safe Motherhood Initiative has failed to reduce maternal mortality significantly, and shortages of trained personnel will not be remedied in the foreseeable future. Bold new policies are imperative and need to be derived from an appropriate evidence base. It is suggested that these should include the low-cost shock garments in primary health facilities and making misoprostol easily accessible in both the public and private sector.

Cost of Illness↗