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At least 199 records · Page 11Linked to original sources
PubMed1988

Determining drug dispensing costs for use in cost-accounting systems.

Identification of pharmacy costs to be used in a university hospital's cost-accounting system (CAS) is described. At the University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics (UWHC), Madison, standard pharmacy labor times for seven categories of products were developed by determining the pharmacist and technician times for purchasing, ordering, transcribing orders, manufacturing, and distributing and administering medications; pharmacy technicians administer most of the medications to patients at UWHC. The labor cost per dose (standard time multiplied by average wage including fringe benefits) was added to drug acquisition cost, which was obtained from the hospital's computerized formulary. The direct costs associated with drug distribution were identified for use in the hospital CAS. These data can be used to compare the cost-effectiveness of various medication administration schedules; they may also be useful in productivity monitoring and flexible budgeting.

Accounting↗
PubMed2003

[The 90th anniversary of the founding of Vilnius City municipal pharmacy].

This publication deals with so far untreated topic in the historiography of Lithuanian medicine and pharmaceutics--the founding of Vilnius City municipal pharmacy and its activities in 1913-1915. The research is based on recently discovered archival documents and publications. In Tsarist Russia, the municipal or cities' medical organization was established in those parts of the Empire, which were not under the authority of "zemstvy". These also included the Lithuanian gubernijas. The history of municipal medicine in Vilnius dates back to 1876. This is one of the reasons why Vilnius had the most sophisticated infrastructure of municipal medicine. Since its very founding, the municipal pharmacy has become an integral part of city health care system. It sold medicines for a cheaper price; some medications were distributed as charity; the pharmacy served the local medical institutions.

History of Pharmacy↗
PubMed2002

Which sorts of pharmacies provide more patient counselling?

OBJECTIVE: This paper investigates the characteristics of pharmacies that are associated with the degree of counselling provided to customers purchasing medicines. METHODS: Twelve 'mystery shoppers' (research assistants posing as normal customers) purchased restricted medicines at 180 pharmacies around New Zealand. One drug (diclofenac) and one class of drugs (vaginal antifungals) were purchased. The amount of counselling provided was recorded, and linked to profile data on the pharmacies, obtained through a questionnaire, from Census data, and from direct observations of pharmacies. RESULTS: Location within a city, a large town, or strip shopping did not affect the level of counselling pharmacies provided. Pharmacies adjacent to medical centres gave significantly less counselling to diclofenac purchasers than other pharmacies. No consistent relationship was found between pharmacy size and the level of counselling provided. There were large differences between areas of the country. A strong negative relationship was found between the amount of counselling given about thrush, and the proportion of Pacific Island people in the population around the pharmacy. Although only some results reached statistical significance, there seems to have been a similar trend for pharmacies to provide less counselling in areas with more Maori people and with higher levels of social deprivation. CONCLUSIONS: Regional variation in the provision of pharmacy services, and in particular the tendency for pharmacies to provide less counselling in areas that are likely to have higher health care needs, must be addressed if pharmacies are to fulfil their potential as health care providers.

Chi-Square Distribution↗
PubMed2002

Changes in pharmacy practice faculty 1995-2001: implications for junior faculty development.

OBJECTIVE: To compare changes in United States pharmacy practice faculty demographics from 1995-2001 and to discuss the implications for junior faculty development. METHODS: Demographic data were extracted from the American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy institutional research system for academic years 1995-1996 and 2000-2001. RESULTS: In 2000-2001, pharmacy practice was the largest faculty discipline, 3.8 times larger than the next three disciplines. Junior pharmacy practice faculty occupied 65% of all junior full-time pharmacy faculty positions. Tenure track assistant professors decreased 4% from 283 to 271, and nontenure track assistant professors increased 58% from 427 to 677 (chi2 = 20.0, p<0.05). In 2000-2001, 72% of all pharmacy practice assistant professors were nontenure track, up from 59% in 1995-1996. Women assistant professors in pharmacy practice outnumbered men by 2:1. Challenges faced by new faculty include balancing teaching, practice, and research demands; selecting a nontenure or tenure track and understanding its expectations; limiting teaching preparation time; developing productive writing habits; setting performance goals; managing time; and handling the mental and physical stress of academic life. Senior faculty must actively help new members appreciate the many positive aspects of academic life by sharing their strategies and success stories. CONCLUSION: Schools and colleges of pharmacy relied heavily on increasing the number of nontenure track junior pharmacy practice faculty to meet increased clinical education demands.

Chi-Square Distribution↗
PubMed1994

Implementation of an automated medication/supply distribution system.

In the summer of 1992, Carraway Methodist Medical Center implemented a computerized medication and supply distribution system from the pharmacy and central supply to the patient care units. Improved efficiency was achieved in the form of automatic billing, inventory control, decreased worked hours per patient day, and improved documentation. Regulatory requirements relating to narcotic distribution were simplified through technology eliminating manual counting, handwritten signatures, and manual record keeping. The impact from this change was cost effective, allowed more time at the bedside, provided easier access to pharmacy and central supply items, facilitated inventory control, and increased nursing productivity as well as increasing nursing satisfaction.

Alabama↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Managed care: impact on pharmacy personnel selection.

OBJECTIVE: To review how managed care is changing the traditional practice of pharmacy and the selection of pharmacy personnel. DATA SOURCES: Pharmacy practice journals and health care management journals were reviewed. Search terms included managed care, case management, pharmacists and Gallup Poll, drug use review, and patient compliance. STUDY SELECTION: References were used based on their relevance to describing managed care-driven changes in pharmacy and the potential threats and opportunities associated with these changes. DATA SYNTHESIS: The literature reviewed confirms that managed care is an increasing presence in the health care delivery system and that its influence is spreading to pharmacy. Health care practitioners, including pharmacists, are realigning and redefining their scope of practice to remain viable within the evolving system. CONCLUSION: As the drug delivery system changes, the expectations and roles of its practitioners are changing. The practice of pharmacy is changing from a distributive function to a cognitive one. This change will affect all pharmacy practice sites and will necessitate the hiring of pharmacists who are well qualified to deal with additional requirements. Failure to select qualified personnel may well exclude pharmacy from a major portion of the health care delivery system.

Humans↗
PubMed1996

A comparative profile of clinical pharmacy activities for pharmacotherapists and residents in a university hospital.

Due to increasing financial pressure on maintaining and improving pharmacy services, there is a need for productivity data and time distribution among different activities for pharmacy practice residents and their faculty preceptors (pharmacotherapists). This study measured the clinical productivity of 13 residents and 25 pharmacotherapists for a 14-day period. The study identified the average time (minutes) and frequency spent each day on categories of activities, which included direct patient care, chart use, rounds, professional encounter, teaching, research, and administration. Results showed that the productivity profiles for residents and pharmacotherapists were comparable. Findings were utilized to defend the educational programs for the department and as a baseline for periodic monitoring of the productivity of these programs.

Chicago↗
PubMed1987

Resolution, 1 June 1987.

This Resolution requires all pharmaceutical dispensaries to maintain a stock of condoms for supply to the public. The condoms are to be furnished to clients on request, without any formality.

Condoms↗
PubMed1999

Transitions in pharmacy practice, part 2: who does what and why.

The competencies required by the five practice models that constitute the total pharmacy care (TPC) model are discussed. Understanding the differences among the competencies required by the five practice models can help pharmacy's leaders estimate the extent of change that may be necessary whenever a change in practice is contemplated. Professional competence in any of the practice models is defined as the sum of skills, professional socialization, and judgment rooted in experience pertinent to the model. Possibilities for practice change are ideational and do not necessarily follow a straight line from other practice models to pharmaceutical care. The key competencies for each of the five practice models--drug information, self-care, clinical pharmacy, pharmaceutical care, and distribution--demonstrate a clear distinction among the five models. The models draw on different knowledge and skills, are characterized by different attitudes and values about the work of pharmacy, and are grounded in different practice experience. While sharing a common underpinning of theory and practice, professional competence within each of the five models that make up TPC requires distinctly different knowledge and skills, professional attitudes, and values, as well as judgment that is developed through experience.

Humans↗
PubMed1975

Pharmaceutical services for skilled nursing facilities in compliance with federal regulations.

A program of providing dispensing, clinical and administrative pharmaceutical services to three skilled nursing facilities is described. Medications are provided to patients from a community pharmacy through a centralized unit dose drug distribution system. Features of the system include pharmacy review of the physician's original order, medication histories obtained by a pharmacist, patient medication profiles, and a 24-hour exchange of drug cabinets containing individual patient drawers. The time requirements for administrative and clinical functions, and the calculation of a fee for these services, are described. Over a four-year period, the average number of medications per patient was reduced from 7.7 to 6.1. Two factors believed to be related to this reduction are an effective automatic stop order policy and careful review of patient medication profiles by the pharmacist.

Drug Therapy↗
PubMed1992

Pharmacy promotion of tobacco use among children in Massachusetts.

The role played by pharmacies in the promotion and distribution of tobacco to children was assessed in a survey of 100 pharmacies. Of the 100 surveyed, 95 sold tobacco products, 50 advertised tobacco, 42 advertised the cigarette brands that are most appealing to children, and 23 displayed the Camel cartoon advertisements that have been identified as being targeted specifically at children. Candy tobacco products were sold in 22% of the pharmacies. Of the pharmacies selling tobacco, 81% were willing to sell it to minors illegally. The five pharmacies that did not carry tobacco products were independent stores. When compared to chain pharmacies, independent pharmacies more frequently advertised tobacco (p less than 0.05) but were not more likely to sell it to children. The authors contend that pharmacists who sell tobacco violate the profession's Code of Ethics and play an important role in the promotion of tobacco use among children.

Adolescent↗