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PubMedDate not supplied

[Epicutaneous testing with plant protective and pest control agents (pesticides)].

A catalogue concerning adequate concentrations of pesticides for use in patch testing is presented. These recommendations are based on author's experiences also utilizing case reports both of the GDR and of the international literature. In particular case reports are mentioned on contact dermatitis due to Metham-sodium, Dazomet, Zineb and Maneb, Benomyl, Captan, Propachlor, Phenmedipham, 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T, Dichlorvos, Parathionmethyl, Trichlorfon. The recommended patch test concentrations should be made a subject for discussion and further investigations.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2004

[Occurrence and control of pests about Cistanche deserticola and its hosts].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the kinds and occurrence of pests of Cistanche deserticola and its hosts so as to find ways of pest control. METHOD: Pests of C. deserticola and its hosts were investigated in Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia and Ningxia where C. deserticola grows, the occurrence of Anomala titanis Reitter was investigated in the field, and phoxim was used for field control. RESULT: There are 17 kinds of pests which harm C. deserticola and its hosts. Phoxim 40% EC 1000 times, 2000 times and Phoxim 3% GR [8 kg x (667 m2)(-1)] had 100% controlling effect, and 3% GR [4 kg x (667 m)(-2-1)] had 88.23% controlling effect. CONCLUSION: Many kinds of pests can harm the C. deserticola and its hosts. Phoxim is good for killing A. titanis Reitter.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Animal welfare and ethical issues relevant to the humane control of vertebrate pests.

Vertebrate pests and pest control impact on people, animals and the environment, so any ethical consideration of vertebrate pest control must incorporate the interests of all three. The necessity of intervention, whether it involves killing animals or not, must be properly evaluated. Justification for pest control is only tenable if all of the negative impacts (harms) on people, animals and the environment are minimised and all of the positive impacts (benefits) are maximised as far as can be feasibly achieved. In all cases, the most humane control methods possible must be used; we must actively seek ways to improve the humaneness of existing methods and to find new methods that are more humane. There are six major principles that guide the design and execution of ethically sound vertebrate pest control programmes. (1) The aims or benefits and the harms of each control programme must be clear. (2) Control must only be undertaken if the aims can be achieved. (3) The methods that most effectively achieve the aims of the control programme must be used. (4) The methods must be applied in the best possible way. (5) Whether or not each control programme actually achieved its precise aim must be assessed. (6) Once the desired aims or benefits have been achieved, steps must be taken to maintain the beneficial state. An ideal pest control method would be effective and easy to use, affordable, safe for human users and for people exposed to it, humane, specific to the target species or individuals, and safe for the environment. Although such a gold standard is difficult to achieve, we can only retain ethical credibility if we conscientiously strive to make incremental improvements towards that gold standard.

Journal Article↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Chlorpyrifos: an unwelcome pesticide in our homes.

Chlorpyrifos is an extensively used organophosphate insecticide having many urban and agricultural crop pest control uses. Studies conducted in indoor environments after termiticide, crack-and-crevice, broadcast, or fogger applications have shown that chlorpyrifos exposure can occur via inhalation of residual air concentrations, dermal or oral exposure from residues on floors and carpets, children toys, food, and dust. Not long ago the weight of scientific evidence supported safe indoor use, but recent studies support the possibility that when pregnant female rats are given the pesticide, chlorpyrifos causes brain damage in fetal rats. Moreover, the exposure of young rats to chlorpyrifos impairs early nervous system development. After finding that chlorpyrifos is an exposure risk especially to children, in June 2000 the United States Environmental Protection Agency and manufacturers agreed to voluntary measures that will reduce the exposure of children to chlorpyrifos-containing products. This action implies a search for less harmful new products to replace it and/or safer ways to control pests through basic hygiene. Whichever pest control method is selected, one should keep in mind that preventing environmental pesticide exposure in children is always better than treating the resulting disease.

Air Pollution, Indoor↗
PubMed1991

Pesticides and the Third World.

Many developing countries are importing industrial processes that make use of toxic chemicals. By the same token, pesticides, which are toxic by design, are also used increasingly in agriculture and in public health programs to control pests and vector-borne diseases. Recent estimates suggest that pesticides account for more than 20,000 fatalities yearly, and that most of these will have occurred in developing countries. This may actually be a gross underreporting. Although organophosphate and carbamate insecticides are still responsible for many of those poisoning cases, herbicides such as paraquat are also increasingly being implicated in fatal poisoning cases. Newer pesticides such as the synthetic derivatives of pyrethrin, which were believed to be relatively safe to humans, now appear to be implicated in some serious cases of intoxication. Community-based pest control using locally available botanical pesticides could have severe consequences unless the toxicity of these compounds is carefully assessed relative to nontarget organisms. A high proportion of pesticide intoxications appear to be due to lack of knowledge, unsafe attitudes, and dangerous practices. The technology available to small farmers for pesticide application is often inappropriate: faulty sprayers, lack of protective equipment adapted to tropical conditions, nonexistent first-aid provisions. Agricultural extension is often not oriented to the transfer of information relative to the dangers inherent in the use of pesticides. The lack of information at all levels may be one of the most important causative factors of chemical intoxication in developing countries. Research should at this time concentrate on behaviors leading to chemical intoxication. This should be done concurrently with proper prospective and retrospective surveys of poisonings in developing country communities. More information should be sought relative to the decision processes of import, legislation, and licensing. Research and development efforts in appropriate technology and safety devices are also critically needed.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The food quality protection act: a public health perspective.

The Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA) includes provisions to consider the combined risks of chemicals that have similar toxicological effects from all sources of exposure. The organophosphate (OP) insecticides are drawing a great deal of attention under this provision. Significant challenges for the regulatory activities at the EPA may develop. Environmentalists will apply political pressure to ban most of these products. Farmers may fear they will be unable to control pests and may exercise their own political muscle. The regulatory decisions in the dilemma may prove to be complex and difficult. Three areas of concern about potential adverse impacts of FQPA on public health are discussed; these include: diseases caused or carried by pests, increased natural toxins because of poor pest control, and increases in food costs because of regulatory action. It is important that the EPA consider not only the risks arising from the use of chemicals, but also the risks of not having those same chemicals.

Humans↗
PubMed1984

Pesticide use, alternatives and workers' health in Cuba.

Cuba provides a unique example of a country that is actively implementing a program to reduce its dependence on pesticides. This paper addresses Cuba's current efforts to develop and implement alternatives to pesticides and legislation to limit exposure and protect workers in the interim. In 1980 Cuba embarked on a national program to utilize alternatives to chemical pest control. This three-part program includes expansion of knowledge of Cuban agro-ecology in order to implement cultural control practices; research and implementation on biological control of pests; and research on plant resistance and development of resistant crop varieties. To date, the program has enabled Cuba to reduce pesticide usage in sugar cane, citrus, tobacco, corn, and vegetable crops, among others. While alternatives to chemical pest control are being developed, the Cubans are paying special attention to regulating pesticide use and the safety of workers and members of the public exposed to toxic chemicals. In addition to the Resolution on Health and Safety (1967) and the Safety and Health Law (1978) which cover all workers, including Cuba's 250,000 agricultural workers, the Ministry of Public Health promulgated Resolution 335 in 1967. This resolution addresses requirements and administration of structural pest control, production, importation, transport and storage of pesticides, as well as requirements for worker contact with pesticides, pesticides for domestic use, aerial application of pesticides, and violations of the regulations. The paper concludes with a description of how the system works on the provincial level, as exemplified by Villa Clara, and the steps that have been taken to eliminate worker exposure to pesticides, to utilize pesticides which pose less of a hazard to workers, and to assure early detection of ill effects.

Agricultural Workers' Diseases↗
PubMed2006

Exploiting scents of distress: the prospect of manipulating herbivore-induced plant odours to enhance the control of agricultural pests.

In response to feeding by arthropods, plants actively and systemically emit various volatile substances. It has been proposed that these herbivore-induced volatiles (HIPVs) can be exploited in agricultural pest control because they might repel herbivores and because they serve as attractants for the enemies of the herbivores. Indeed, recent studies with transgenic plants confirm that odour emissions can be manipulated in order to enhance the plants' attractiveness to beneficial arthropods. An additional advantage of manipulating HIPV emissions could be their effects on neighbouring plants, as a rapidly increasing number of studies show that exposure to HIPVs primes plants for augmented defence expression. Targeting the right volatiles for enhanced emission should lead to ecologically and economically sound ways of combating important pests.

Animals↗