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At least 199 records · Page 11Linked to original sources
PubMed1987

Newly incriminated anopheline vectors of human malaria parasites in Junin Department, Peru.

Sporozoite data from salivary gland dissections are presented that clearly incriminate Anopheles trinkae, An. pseudopunctipennis, An. sp. near fluminensis, An. oswaldoi, An. nuneztovari and An. rangeli as vectors of malaria parasites in the Rio Ene Valley, a hyperendemic malarious area in Junin Department, eastern Peru. Anopheles trinkae is considered the most important vector based on dissections, abundance and man-vector contact. Other notes are presented on the relative abundance, bionomics and previous records of these species in Peru and in the study sites.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

[The concept of man and alcoholism in ancient Peru].

In the ancient Peru, particularly in the Inca Empire, the review of alcohol use and abuse must be made according to the ethnohistorical and cultural context with special emphasis on ideological and customary aspects. The outstanding research sources of alcohol consume types and characteristics are: a) The examination of chronicles of the Spanish Conquest and related papers on a textual criticism; b) The study of language from its semantic scope; and c) The archaeological and ethnological testimony. The only alcoholic beverage existing in the Inca's times was "chicha", mainly that of corn fermentation which was used under the ceremonial, ritual and convivial modalities. The pathological drinking types are clearly defined in the lexicon of the Pre-Columbian Peru prevailing languages, mainly Quechua. The social control of drinking overindulgence was evident and the repressive and punitive measures were similar to those of the great ancient civilizations. The image conveyed by most of the chroniclers as to alcohol excessive drinking among Inca people belongs to the trauma of Conquest which suppressed the psychopolitical and sociocultural control that supported their universe of values generating all sort of misbehaviors and selfdestructive types of toxic consume.

Alcoholism↗
PubMed1977

[Epidemiology of cysticercosis in Peru].

UNLABELLED: To determine the frequency and distribution of cysticercosis in Peru, we have reviewed the post mortem examinations of 12 years in the morgue in Lima (necropsies of persons apparently healthy, who died suddenly for different reasons) and in 11 hospitals: 6 in Lima (5 from adults and 1 from children) and from 5 hospitals from other cities located north and south of the capital. The material includes 50 000 necropsies and in those the frequency of cysticercosis was determined; its geographical distribution by states and regions and the frequency by age and sex. Comparison with other similar studies done in Latin America is made and prevalence determined. Frequency of porcine cysticercosis was determined in 82 452 animals killed in Lima in a 3 years period. CONCLUSIONS: frequency of cysticercosis in Peru's hospitals is 1.15%, while in the morgue, which represents approximately what happens in general population in 0.15%. Prevalence is 450 for 100 000 inhabitants.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Cholera. Lessons from the epidemic in Peru.

It is not known why the cholera epidemic, which affected all other continents, has not affected Latin America in the past 30 years. In addition, it is unclear why cholera appeared in Peru in 1991. Improvements in scientific knowledge and technology have occurred in Peru during the last 30 months. While it is impossible to summarize in only one article all these concepts, this article presents a few of the most important issues and recent developments in the treatment and prevention of cholera.

Cholera↗
PubMed1994

Leishmania (Viannia) lainsoni: first isolation in Peru.

Surveys were conducted from 1986 through 1992 to define the etiology and geographic distribution of human leishmaniasis in Peru. Lesion aspirates and skin biopsies were obtained from clinically diagnosed cases of leishmaniasis and tested for promastigotes by standard culture techniques. The isozyme profile of the isolates was determined by the cellulose acetate electrophoresis technique. Data indicated that the isozyme profiles for Leishmania isolates from six patients were similar to that of reference strains of L. lainsoni. These results are the first reported evidence of L. lainsoni and the first association of this parasite with human cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Peru.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The dynamics of contraceptive use in Peru.

In 1986, the Demographic and Health Surveys project administered the first six-year calendar history of events that included women's contraceptive use and their reasons for discontinuation in experimental surveys in Peru and the Dominican Republic. In this report the experimental survey from Peru is examined to demonstrate how the calendar data can be used to calculate multiple increment-decrement life table rates of contraceptive discontinuation--including contraceptive failure, method switching, and abandonment of use--and of resumption of method use following discontinuation. These analyses reveal that nearly half of all Peruvian women who begin to use a method will stop using it within one year; 29 percent of women discontinue method use for nonpregnancy-related reasons within one year of initiating use. Women who switch methods do so frequently, and many will return to a method used previously, or move on to a third method. Women who become pregnant after abandoning contraceptive use have similar contraceptive-use patterns to women who experience a contraceptive failure.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

[From Aboriginal psychological medicine to modern psychiatry in Peru].

It is traced a succinct development of the Peruvian Psychiatry beginning in the Ancient Peru (aborigen psychological medicine) with the pre-Inca and Inca periods. The most important sources of that epoch are the spanish chronicles and also the archeological and ethnological evidences. Then, it is presented the psychiatry evolution during the colonial and post-colonial time, and finally modern psychiatry in Peru.

History, 15th Century↗
PubMed1995

Review of studies of polymorphic blood systems in the Aymara indigenous population from Bolivia, Peru, and Chile.

A review was made of all studies available from the literature referring to polymorphic blood systems of South American Aymara Indians. 33 original papers published up to 1990 covering a period of 45 years were summarized. Aymara samples were considered from a total of 55 localities in Bolivia, Peru, and Chile. Gene frequencies were tabulated for 21 polymorphic genetic systems comprising blood groups (AB0, MNSs, P, Rh, Lu, K, Le, Fy, Jk, Di), erythrocyte enzyme groups (AcP, 6PGD, PGM1, AK, ADA, EsD), and plasma protein groups (Hp, Tf, Gc, Gm, Km). Weighted average and range over all Aymara samples were computed for each blood system and compared with corresponding mean value and range in South Amerindians in general. Gene frequency distribution in the Aymara population shows ranges of different orders of magnitude in the 21 blood systems, some of them varying widely. Nevertheless the average gene frequencies for the Aymara are well within the range of values reported for South American Indian populations. The assessment of blood systems in the Aymara revealed that information concerning the Lutheran and HLA systems is scarce or nil up to now. Further studies are needed, especially from Peru on erythrocyte enzyme systems, in order to obtain a more complete picture on the variation of blood system polymorphisms in the Aymara population.

Blood Group Antigens↗
PubMed1995

Inhalants in Peru.

In Peru, the prevalence and consequences of inhalant abuse appear to be low in the general population and high among marginalized children. Inhalant use ranks third in lifetime prevalence after alcohol and tobacco. Most of the use appears to be infrequent. Among marginalized children, that is, children working in the streets but living at home or children living in the street, the problem of inhalant abuse is a serious problem. Among children working in the streets but living at home, the lifetime prevalence rate for inhalant abuse is high, ranging from 15 to 45 percent depending on the study being cited. For children living in the streets, the use of inhalant is even more severe. As mentioned earlier in this chapter, most of these street children use inhalants on a daily basis. The lack of research on the problem of inhalant abuse is a serious impediment to development of intervention programs and strategies to address this problem in Peru. Epidemiologic and ethnographic research on the nature and extent of inhalant abuse are obvious prerequisites to targeted treatment and preventive intervention programs. The urgent need for current and valid data is underscored by the unique vulnerability of the youthful population at risk and the undisputed harm that results from chronic abuse of inhalants. Nonetheless, it is important to mention several programs that work with street children. Some, such as the Information and Education Center for the Prevention of Drug Abuse, Generation, and Centro Integracion de Menores en Abandono have shelters where street children are offered transition to a less marginal lifestyle. Teams of street educators provide the children with practical solutions and gain their confidence, as well as offer them alternative socialization experiences to help them survive the streets and avoid the often repressive and counterproductive environments typical of many institutions. Most of the children who go through these programs tend to abandon inhalant use as they mature out of street life.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Patients' associations and the control of leishmaniasis in Peru.

American mucocutaneous leishmaniasis is an important health problem in Peru, particularly in the mountainous Cuzco Region, where 25% of all new cases reported in 1989 were located. Cases have increased considerably since the beginning of the 1980s, when large-scale seasonal migration to endemic zones occurred, particularly the forest area of Madre de Dios, following the discovery of new gold deposits there, and the deterioration in the economic situation in Peru. Following the lack of official response from the Peruvian government, hundreds of people suffering from leishmaniasis in the Cuzco area formed self-help associations with the objective of obtaining the drugs needed to treat their disease. The major achievement of this spontaneous movement, which was supported by several public and private institutions, was to encourage sick people, particularly patients with mucosal lesions, to emerge from isolation. As a result, the prevalence and incidence of the disease have now considerably decreased in the region.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Community-based assessment of safety and immunogenicity of the whole cell plus recombinant B subunit (WC/rBS) oral cholera vaccine in Peru.

Every year since its introduction in 1991, there have been epidemics of cholera in Lima, Peru. Vaccination is one approach to the control of cholera. A pilot study was conducted to assess the safety and immunogenicity of a whole cell plus recombinant B subunit (WC/rBS) cholrea vaccine in Lima, Peru. Five hundred and forty-one volunteers aged 2-65 years received two doses two weeks apart of WC/rBS vaccine or Escherichia coli K12 placebo administered in bicarbonate buffered water. Symptoms were monitored on all subjects and blood was collected from 102 persons before the first dose and two weeks after the second dose. Mild post-vaccination gastrointestinal symptoms were reported with equal frequency for both the vaccine and placebo recipients. Among 51 vaccines, 49% had a twofold or greater increase in serum vibriocidal titers (GMT = 78; range < 1:10 to 1:5120); and 92% and 82% developed a twofold or greater serum anti-cholera toxin IgG and IgA response, respectively. Persons with elevated prevaccination vibriocidal titers had a decreased response to the WC/rBS. Age and blood group did not affect the immune response. The WC/rBS vaccine was safe and immunogenic in a group of native Peruvians.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2006

Peru-15, a live attenuated oral cholera vaccine, is safe and immunogenic in Bangladeshi toddlers and infants.

A live oral Vibrio cholerae O1 El Tor vaccine, Peru-15 was tested in a double-blind, randomized placebo controlled study for safety and immunogenicity in Phase I and Phase II studies in 240 Bangladeshi children aged 9 months-5 years of age. Two different doses (2x10(7) and 2x10(8)cfu) were tested. Vaccination did not elicit adverse events and the strain was genetically stable. Vibriocidal antibody responses developed in 42/50 (84%) toddlers (2-5 years) and 35/50 (70%) of younger children (9-23 months) and overall 77/100 (77%) who received the high dose. LPS-IgA-antibody responses were seen in 60% of toddlers and 34% of infants; 40% responded with IgA antibodies to cholera toxin. The responses to the reduced dose was lower. These studies demonstrate that Peru-15 at a dose of 2x10(8)cfu is safe and immunogenic in children in Bangladesh.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2000

Effect of dark test-substance pigmentation on skin perfusion assessments and effect of test technique on balsam of Peru patch-test results.

13 balsam of Peru (Myroxylon Pereirae) patch-test-positive subjects are re-tested with 25% balsam of Peru in petrolatum and with serial doses printed on polyester squares. All substances are applied with tape strips for 3, 6, 24 (1 day [D]), 48 (2D), 72 (3D) and 96 h (4D) on each subject and for 96 h (4D) with plastic foils. Tests are followed visually and with perfusion assessments from 3 h to 9 days. Results show that pigment remnants following detachment of patches affect perfusion assessments. Such effect due to pigment is supported by readings of patch tests through the petrolatum test substance while applied with transparent foils. For most reactions, good agreement is observed between the assessment techniques when peak assessment values of reactions are compared. There is inter-individual variation in perfusion with identical tests. With the petrolatum test substance, increased visible reactivity was observed when the application time was extended up to 24 h (1D), while extension of application time increased perfusion in most cases except for an extension from 24 (2D) to 48 h (4D) where decreased perfusion resulted in most cases. Dose and application time did not affect the timing of highest reactivity of reactions in most cases.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Evaluation of Peru-15, a new live oral vaccine for cholera, in volunteers.

A new live oral cholera vaccine, Peru-15, was studied for safety, immunogenicity, and excretion in 2 groups of healthy volunteers. Twelve inpatient volunteers received freshly harvested vaccine in doses of either 10(7) or 10(9) cfu. Subsequently 50 outpatient volunteers received freeze-dried vaccine in doses of 10(8) or 10(9) cfu or placebo in a three-cell, double-masked, placebo-controlled trial. The strain was well tolerated at all dose levels, and it stimulated high levels of vibriocidal antibodies in most inpatient volunteers and in all outpatient volunteers. Although antitoxin responses were less frequent and of lower magnitude than the vibriocidal responses, antitoxin responses were seen in >60% of the outpatient volunteers. About 60% of the volunteers excreted the vaccine in their feces; however, fecal excretion did not correlate with serologic responses. It is concluded that Peru-15 is a safe and immunogenic oral vaccine for cholera.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1983

Standard photopatch testing with Waxtar, para-aminobenzoic acid, potassium dichromate and balsam of Peru.

194 patients were standard photopatch tested with Waxtar as is (coal tar 5%) and 161 patients were photopatch tested with para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) 5% in alcohol, potassium dichromate 0.5% in petrolatum, and a mixture of balsams of Peru as is. The photopatches were irradiated with UVA. 40 patients (25%) had phototoxic reactions to Waxtar and 4 of them showed pigmentation after 7 days. Only a few patients had photocontact urticaria. 1 patient had a late-reaction to PABA and showed a cross-reaction to glyceryl PABA but a negative reaction to paraphenylenediamine (PPD) and benzocaine 5% in the standard test. No patients had positive photopatch reactions to potassium dichromate when irradiated with UVA. 2 patients had phototoxic reactions to balsam of Peru. None had photoallergic reactions. Standard photopatch testing is a time consuming procedure which creates problems both for the staff and for the patients. The yield of unexpected, relevant positive reactions is insignificant. From a cost-benefit view, photopatch testing is only warranted in cases giving rise to a clinical suspicion of photodermatitis.

4-Aminobenzoic Acid↗
PubMed1985

Reduction of intake of balsams in patients sensitive to balsam of Peru.

64 patients participated in this study. 24 were patients who had positive patch tests to balsam of Peru. The dermatitis of 9 of the patients had flared after open oral challenge with balsam of Peru, and the dermatitis of 31 patients had flared after double-blind oral challenge. All 64 patients were asked to avoid food items suspected of containing balsams for 1 to 2 months. At the end of that time, an evaluation of the diet trial was made; the dermatitis of 37 had cleared or improved markedly. If an improvement had taken place, the patient was asked to continue to diet moderately. 6 months to 3 years after the diet was initiated, a questionnaire was mailed to those patients whose dermatitis had improved after the first trial. The patients were asked to evaluate the long-term benefit of following the diet. 30 felt there was a long-term effect, and 27 still followed the diet instructions to some degree.

Balsams↗
PubMed2002

Antimicrobial susceptibilities and serotype distribution of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates from a Low socioeconomic area in Lima, Peru.

Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates were obtained from nasopharyngeal swabs taken from children living in a low socioeconomic area of Lima, Peru, to determine the rates of antimicrobial resistance and serotype distribution. A total of 146 nasopharyngeal isolates were collected from children from 3 to 38 months of age. Twenty-one clinical laboratory isolates from both sterile and nonsterile sites were obtained from a local hospital. Isolates with reduced susceptibilities to penicillin represented 15.1 and 42.9% of the nasopharyngeal and clinical isolates, respectively. For neither group of isolates did penicillin MICs exceed 1.5 micro g/ml, indicating only intermediate resistance. Thirty-two different serotypes were identified from the 146 nasopharyngeal isolates. The serotypes of the clinical isolates were represented among those 32 types. Isolates with reduced susceptibility to multiple antimicrobial agents were present in both settings. These findings indicate some of the highest rates of antimicrobial resistance in the region as well as a slightly different serotype distribution pattern from those of other South American countries. The 7-valent conjugate pneumococcal vaccines would only have a limited effect, providing coverage for about half of all isolates. Increasing rates of resistance in Peru necessitate an awareness of antimicrobial treatment practices and vaccination strategies.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed2006

Dialkyl phosphate metabolites of organophosphorus in applicators of agricultural pesticides in Majes - Arequipa (Peru).

BACKGROUND: Organophosphorus (OPs) pesticides are the most commonly used pesticides in Peruvian agriculture. The population at risk for OPs exposure includes formulators, applicators and farmers. Majes Valley is the most important agricultural center of the Southern region of Peru. The present study was aimed to determine the knowledge about using OPs, safety practice and urinary dialkylphosphate metabolites on OP applicators in the Majes Valley, Peru. METHODS: This study was based on a questionnaire which included socio-demographic characteristics, knowledge of safety practices to handling OPs, characteristics of pesticide application and use of protective measures to avoid pesticide contamination. Exposure was assessed by measuring six urinary OP metabolites (DMP, DMTP, DMDTP, DEP, DETP, and DEDTP) by gas chromatography using a single flame photometric detector. The sample consisted of 31 men and 2 women aged 20 - 65 years old. RESULTS: 76% of applicators had at least one urinary dialkylphosphate metabolite above the limit of detection. The geometric mean (GM) and the geometric standard deviation (GSD) of DMP and DEP were 5.73 microg/g cr. (GSD 2.51), and 6.08 microg/g cr. (GSD 3.63), respectively. The percentage of applicators with detectable DMP, DMDTP, and DMTP in urine was 72.72%, 3.03%, and 15.15%, respectively, while the corresponding figures for DEP, DETP, and DEDTP were 48.48%, 36.36% and 15.15%, respectively. There was no significant association between the use of protection practices and the absence of urine OPs metabolites suggesting inadequate protection practices. CONCLUSION: The pesticide applicators in Majes Valley have significant exposure to OP pesticides, probably due to inappropriate protective practices. Future work should evaluate possible health effects.

Journal Article↗