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PubMed1987

Kidney donation: reflections.

Living related kidney donors are still the donors of choice for renal transplantation at most US transplant centers. Nevertheless, many centers are strongly paternalistic and do not allow the potential donor at added risk to determine his own medical suitability. There are several reasons for this paternalism, yet all are flawed. Therefore, we suggest that it is generally ethically justified to allow the informed competent donor at small or unknown added risk to determine his own medical suitability. We offer guidelines to help determine how much added risk a potential donor should be allowed to accept.

Attitude↗
PubMed1980

On fathering (the nature and functions of the father role). Part II: Conceptualization of fathering.

The scientific study of fathering has been somewhat neglected, perhaps because the father role is hardly constant even within a particular culture and is subject to very great fluctuations indeed from culture to culture. In that respect the study of fathering is much more difficult than the study of mothering. Work often subsumed under the heading of "attachment theory" has shown that the mother-infant and mother-child relationships have some cross-cultural constancy and may even be described as a bio-social "given". Four methods of data collection are described and reviewed: studies of adults partially or fully deprived of adequate fathering during their childhoods; direct studies of father-infant and father-child interaction; "in-depth" psychoanalytic studies of individual psychopathology in relation to that individual's relationship to a father; and introspection and personal observation. Each of these four avenues of data collection offers certain advantages as well as certain disadvantages which are reviewed with examples from available literature. In studying the importance of the father role there is a tendency to study the importance of fathering to children, ignoring that fathering is clearly important to the psychological development and further growth of the father. That there is a psychopathology of the process of fatherhood seems obvious on reflection, and data bearing on that psychopathology are reviewed. The importance of fathering to infants and children can be reviewed according to the three areas of psychic activity: primary creativity, the basic fault, and the Oedipus conflict. In the area of primary creativity we can study the importance of fathering to infants in terms of fantasied fathers and part-time fathers, and the prenatal role of father as mother facilitator. In the area of the basic fault (two-person psychology) we can study the postnatal role of father as mother facilitator, the role of father as mother-surrogate, the pre-oedipal role of father in the determination of gender identity, the role of father in "healing by second intent", and the importance of father in separation-individuation. In the area of the Oedipus conflict (three-person psychology) we can study the role of father in the infant's resolution of the oedipus complex and the development of superego, the importance of father as a role model for post-oedipal identification, the relation of father-absence to anti-social behaviour, the role of father in fostering cognitive and general development and growth, and the role of father in the further formation of adult personality. This two-part concludes with a review of the importance of improved understanding of the father role in clinical work.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Parents' knowledge and behaviour concerning sunning their babies; a cross-sectional, descriptive study.

BACKGROUND: For centuries, sunlight has been used for therapeutic purposes. Parents still sun their infants to treat neonatal jaundice, nappy rash or mostly to supply vitamin D for bone development as a consequence of health beliefs. In this study we aimed to assess knowledge and behaviour of parents about benefits of sunlight and sun protection. METHODS: In this study, parents attending to governmental primary healthcare units for their children's routine vaccinations, upon their informed consent, were consecutively enrolled during one month. Data were collected by a semi-structured questionnaire. RESULTS: The mean age of 118 enrolled parents and their babies were 27.9 +/- 6.5 years and 8.3 +/- 5.8 months, respectively. Most of the participants were mothers (93.2%), housewives (81.4%) with an educational level of > or =6 years (71.2%). Sunlight was considered beneficial for bone development (86.4%), diaper rash (5.9%) and neonatal jaundice (12.7%). In case of neonatal jaundice 72.0% of the participants reported that they would consult a physician. Most of the participants (82.2%) were sunning their babies outdoors. Nearly half (49.7%) of them got this information from medical staff. Fifty two percent of the parents were sunning their babies before 10-11 a.m. and/or after 3 p.m. Only 13.6% of parents reported using sunscreen for their babies, and the majority of them were using sun protecting factor > or = 15. One forth of the sunscreen users was using sunscreen according to their physicians' advice. CONCLUSION: Most of the participants were aware of the benefits of sunlight; especially for bone development. However they were displaying inappropriate behaviour while sunning their babies for health reasons. More education should be given to parents about the danger of sunlight at primary health care units while advising to sun their babies, if any.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Plasma prolactin concentrations in parental male and female rats: effects of exposure to rat young.

The effects of pup presentation on the PRL responses in parental male rats were measured and compared with those in parental virgin and lactating female rats. Blood samples were collected from rats through indwelling intraatrial cannulas after a suckling challenge, i.e. presentation of rat young. Lactating rats showed full parental behavior and characteristic large surges in plasma PRL levels within the first 5-10 min on each day that rat young were presented (days 4, 8, and 12 of lactation). When pups were not presented, PRL rises did not occur. In contrast to the pattern of PRL responses shown by lactating mothers, parental ovariectomized nulliparous female and parental intact male rats failed to show specific increases in PRL in response to pup presentation. Plasma PRL levels in these groups, as in nonparental female and male rats, occasionally rose in response to blood collection rather than to pup presentation alone. Treatment of nulliparous female as well as male rats with estradiol and progesterone Silastic implants for 21 days before the initiation of behavioral testing significantly reduced the latencies of both nulliparous females and males to respond to foster young from about 5 to 2 days. The PRL responses of these steroid-primed groups were quite different. The steroid-primed females exhibited a pattern of PRL responses to pups identical to that found in lactating rats. The steroid-primed parental males, in contrast, failed to show specific increases in plasma PRL levels in response to young. These data demonstrate a sex difference in the hormonal, but not behavioral, responses of male and female rats to young and are suggestive of possible sex differences in the hypothalamic and/or peripheral regulation of pup-induced PRL secretion.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Husbandry and breeding of a newly-established colony of cotton-topped tamarins (Saguinus oedipus oedipus).

From November 1976 to February 1979 a total of 8 litters were born to 6 females. Of the 14 infants, 10 were successfully reared by their parents. Housing, nutrition, a balance between environmental stability and stimulation, and female multiparity are seen as factors contributing to the breeding success of this colony. A controlled male and female pairing programme provided information on mating behavior and gestation length. One gestation of at least 166 days was observed, longer than that of the common marmoset.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2006

Paternal, perceived maternal, and youth risk factors as predictors of youth stage of substance use a longitudinal study.

This longitudinal study examined paternal, perceived maternal, and youth risk factors at Time 1 (T1) (e.g., substance use, violent victimization, parental rules) as predictors of the stage of substance use in the adolescent child at Time 2 (T2). Participants (N = 296) consisted of drug-abusing fathers and one of their adolescent children, aged 12 to 20 years. Fathers and youths were each administered structured interviews separately and in private. Adolescents were re-interviewed approximately one year later. Pearson correlation analyses showed that the paternal, perceived maternal, and youth risk factors were significantly related to adolescent stage of substance use at T2. With an increase in risk factors, there was an increase in T2 stage of substance use in the child. Findings imply that father-oriented treatment programs should focus on how paternal behaviors, such as illegal drug use, inadequate parenting skills, and a poor father-child relationship contribute to youth problem behaviors, including alcohol, tobacco, and illicit drug use.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1999

Landmark United States biomedical ethics cases: a selected bibliography.

The past thirty years have demonstrated a dramatic shift in the traditional physician-patient relationship, from one that has traditionally been paternalistic, or physician-focused, to one that recognizes patient autonomy and is predominately patient-centered. This evolution of patient autonomy has revolutionized the field of medical-legal ethics, as evidenced by the numerous landmark court cases described in this paper. Patients have demanded, and received, the right to make their own decisions about a variety of issues, many of them end-of-life decisions, including withholding treatment, withdrawing treatment, refusing treatment, whether or not to be resuscitated, and their right to die with dignity. Technological advances in the areas of human experimentation, resuscitation, organ transplantation, and assisted reproduction have contributed to the ethical dilemmas faced by patients, physicians, ethicists, and the courts. Due in large part to this shift in attitude and behavior from paternalism to patient autonomy, and technological advances that allow people to live indefinitely, medical-ethical issues never before encountered are now in the forefront of many peoples' lives. The landmark United States ethical-legal cases cited here illustrate society's change in attitude which favors autonomous decision making by an increasingly consumer-oriented public.

Ethics, Medical↗
PubMed2000

Parental care in the buffy-tufted-ear marmoset (Callithrix aurita) in wild and captive groups.

Studies on cooperative care of offspring in callitrichid primates are biased in favor of observations in captivity. In the wild, however, individuals have to deal with environmental pressures, which may influence their social behavior. We compared the individual effort attributed to parental care offered by members of a wild group (couple, plus a subadult helper) and two captive groups (A: couple, plus an subadult helper, B: couple, plus four adult helpers) of the buffy-tufted-ear marmoset, Callithrix aurita, from weeks 1-12 after the infants' birth. The carrier (breeding male and female or helper) and the infant's feeding (food sharing and foraging for food) were recorded. Up to week four, while the wild breeding pair shared infant carrying at similar proportions, the male from captive group A carried 100% of the time. Adult helpers from group B were the main carriers. Carrying behavior extended up to week 12 only in the wild group. Food provisioning to the infant was observed earlier in the groups wild and A, but general proportion of feeding records was lower in the wild than in captivity. Energetic cost of travelling and searching for food may be associated with equal division of carrying behavior by the wild breeding pair. Higher proportions of carrying in the groups wild and B may have delayed the development of the infants' motor skills required in foraging. Our data agree with previous studies: the father's lower investment in carrying when adult helpers are present and lower contribution of subadult non-reproductive members.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Plasma concentrations of prolactin during incubation and parental feeding throughout repeated breeding cycles in canaries (Serinus canarius).

Concentrations of prolactin were measured in the plasma of male and female canaries serially sampled during repeated breeding cycles. Concentrations in female canaries were low during nest building and increased significantly (P less than 0.05) during the first few days of incubation. Levels increased further (P less than 0.01) in the middle of the incubation period to reach concentrations which were ten times higher than before breeding. Levels remained high for several days after the eggs hatched, as the young were fed in the nest. Prolactin concentrations declined gradually as the young were reared, reaching basal levels by the time the young were fledged, but always increased again in the females as they began incubating eggs in subsequent breeding cycles. Male canaries, which do not incubate but do assist in feeding the young, showed only slight increases in prolactin during the parental period. Male and female canaries which did not breed had low levels of prolactin throughout the experiment. The results show that prolactin secretion is high not only during incubation but also during the parental feeding phase in an altricial passerine bird. These findings are discussed in relation to the different patterns of prolactin secretion which occur during breeding in other birds.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Conventional wisdom about familial contributions to substance abuse.

Conventional social-science wisdom about the family background of substance abusers breaks down into three hypotheses. The broken home causes substance abuse; overprotective mothers with or without neglectful fathers cause substance abuse; substance abuse is reinforced by the changes it brings about in family interaction. The broke-home hypothesis attributes substance abuse to sheer absence of a parent, usually the father. The overprotective-mother hypothesis emphasizes the effect of indulgent, dominant mother behavior sometimes combined with ineffectual father behavior. The increased-control hypothesis emphasizes the effects of substance abuser, parents, and siblings on one another. Because investigations of these hypotheses are necessarily correlational, existing research on the family backgrounds of substance abusers suffers from methodological flaws characteristic of weak correlational designs. These hypotheses are logical extensions of Freudian theory, early social-learning theory, and revised social-learning theory respectively. Assumptions that pertinent aspects of the more general theories have been upheld by empirical investigation are not justified.

Family↗
PubMed1996

Is there an increased lability in parents' smoking behaviour after a childbirth?

OBJECTIVE: To test our hypothesis that there is an increased lability in parents' smoking behaviour after a childbirth, and to search for demographic factors associated with lability in parents' smoking behaviour. DESIGN: A one month, prospective questionnaire study. SETTING: Maternal and child health centres in Oslo, Norway. SAMPLE: 222 families in which at least one adult was smoking were enrolled in the study. 37 families dropped out (16.7%) and 185 families completed both questionnaires. MEASUREMENTS: Changes in daily smoking, smoking quantity, and practical measures to prevent passive smoking by the children, as assessed by parental reports. RESULTS: Families with a child aged less than one year (infant) were more likely to make one or another positive change (quit, reduce, stop smoking indoors, stop smoking in living rooms) than families with only older children. There was a trend for families with an infant to make negative changes more often (start smoking, increase) as well. Older parents made positive changes more often than younger ones. Single parents were less likely to make positive changes. CONCLUSIONS: The study indicates that there is an increased lability in parents' smoking behaviour after a childbirth.

Adolescent↗