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At least 199 records · Page 11Linked to original sources
PubMed1990

The problems of a social survey in epidemiology: an experience from a Zambian rural community.

A socio-economic study of 1097 people was carried out between November and December 1979. Demographic data and other health characteristics were obtained by census of the entire study population. Interviews covered disease awareness, perceived morbidity, health-care utilization, knowledge, attitudes and practices; all adults aged 15 years and above were interviewed 2 weeks before physical examinations were made. Age and literacy level were found to have no effect on the people's health-seeking behaviour in Kabinga. The results of this social survey failed to reveal the real practices of the community's use of both ethno-medicine and biomedicine.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

A report on voluntary sterilisation with special reference to minors and women who are intellectually disabled.

There are no specific legislative provisions regulating sterilisation in any State or Territory in Australia and there is a dearth of general case law on the subject. To determine the law relating to sterilisation, we need to consider both criminal and civil liability. In the absence of specific statutory provisions, it is necessary to examine the common law and the possible application of non-specific statutory provisions in both areas.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Communication between identical twins: health behavior and social factors are associated with longevity that is greater among identical than fraternal U.S. World War II veteran twins.

BACKGROUND: Longevity is greater for identical twins than for fraternal twins from the same population. Factors that are explanatory for this difference are not known. METHODS: Multivariate survival analysis is applied to current mortality data for 26,974 male twins with known zygosities of the National Academy of Science-National Research Council World War II Veteran Twins Registry, and this analysis is applied to their health and social behavior and personal histories, as collected from two survey questionnaires distributed in 1967 and 1983 (with 14,300 and 9475 responses received, respectively). To explain this difference in longevity, social, health, and personal history factors are evaluated for associations with longevity. RESULTS: Survival functions of identical and fraternal twins differed significantly (p<.0001). Median lifetimes were 82 years for identical and 80.5 years for fraternal twins. The correlation between lifetimes of identical twin partners was greater than that of fraternal twins. For identical but not for fraternal twins, the risk of mortality was significantly lower for twin partners who communicated 1 or more times per month, compared with those who communicated less frequently (relative risk.80, 95% confidence interval 0.68-0.94, p=.008, with control for other factors associated with longevity: smoking, exercise, a current marriage, living with both parents until age 15 or older, and having a live co-twin). Distributions of communication, exercise level, and smoking prevalence were more beneficial with regard to longevity for identical than for fraternal twins as a group. CONCLUSIONS: Frequent communication between identical but not fraternal twin partners, and both level of exercise and prevalence of smoking, distributed more beneficially in terms of longevity for identical compared with fraternal twins, are explanatory for the greater longevity of identical than fraternal twins.

Aged↗
PubMed1993

Risks of human immunodeficiency virus infection among adolescents attending three diverse clinics.

This study was performed to identify specific high-risk behaviors, such as unprotected oral, anal, and vaginal intercourse and substance abuse, associated with human immunodeficiency virus infection among adolescents attending three diverse clinics located in a localized geographic area: a university-based clinic, a Planned Parenthood clinic, and an inner-city public health clinic (PHC). Six hundred seventy-one female and 207 male adolescents attending one of the three clinics completed a structured questionnaire. Similarities among patients at the clinic sites included high rates of anal intercourse (21%), unprotected vaginal sex (95%), oral sex (73%), and poor communication skills (42%). Some differences appeared as well, including higher rates of homosexual experiences, no birth control use, and having multiple partners among adolescents attending the PHC (p < 0.001). In contrast, adolescents attending either the university-based clinic or the Planned Parenthood Clinic had higher rates of substance abuse around sexual activity than those who attended the PHC (p < 0.001). We conclude that adolescents attending general medical clinics in the San Francisco Bay area engage in high-risk behaviors that place them at risk for transmission of human immunodeficiency virus even though many have had previous education about acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and sexually transmitted disease. Specific risk factors include unprotected receptive anal intercourse, unprotected vaginal intercourse with new and unknown partners, experience in homosexual behavior, high rates of oral sex, multiple partners, poor communication skills, and frequent use of illicit substances in conjunction with sex. The differences found among sites indicate the need for health care providers and prevention programs to provide emphasis on practices specific to the adolescents in their service area.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed2000

Determinants of condom-use behaviour among STD clinic attenders in South Africa.

This cross-sectional study analyses determinants of condom-use behaviour among patients attending dedicated STD clinics in South Africa. A structured interviewer-administered survey was conducted among 1473 patients. Patients' beliefs and attitudes towards condom use in general, as well as their personal condom-use behaviour were measured. Their perceptions, regarding the social influence of their partners and friends on their condom use, and of their self-efficacy in using condoms, while infected with an STD were also measured. Condom use, as a dependent variable, was examined and patients were placed in a pre-contemplation stage if they had never used a condom, contemplation if they had seriously thought of using a condom, some action stage if they sometimes used a condom and regular action stage if they used a condom every time. The relationships between the stages of change, as dependent variables, and the independent variables were investigated for both those patients with steady partners and those with outside partners. This was performed by stepwise multiple regression analyses. The variables that significantly explained stages of change were similar for patients with steady partners and those with outside partners. In both partner groups communication was the variable most strongly associated with the use of condoms. General self-efficacy in condom use, self-efficacy in condom use with a partner and attitudes towards the use of condoms played a role in determining patients' different stages of change.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Tubal sterilization or vasectomy: how do married couples make the choice?

OBJECTIVE: To examine the relative importance of husband, wife, and couple factors as determinants of sterilization method choice. DESIGN: Married couples seeking sterilization interviewed before surgery and again 1 year later. SETTING: Kaiser Permanente Medical Care Program subscribers seeking care at the Kaiser Foundation Hospital, Santa Clara, California. PARTICIPANTS: Two hundred married women seeking a tubal sterilization and their husbands and 200 married men seeking a vasectomy and their wives. INTERVENTIONS: None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Sterilization method chosen. RESULTS: In a logistic regression model, nine predictor variables correctly classified 94.9% of 395 couples (P less than 0.000). CONCLUSIONS: The choice of a sterilization method is achieved primarily through processes that involve both spouses. The motivations of both husband and wife, their mutual influence and communication, their present pattern of contraceptive use, and what they know about the satisfactions or dissatisfactions of other people who have had sterilizations are all factors that should be taken into account when the clinician helps a patient make the method-choice decision.

Choice Behavior↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Family planning knowledge, attitudes, and practices of men in Zimbabwe.

The purpose of this report is to describe knowledge, attitudes, and practices in family planning among male Zimbabweans. Understanding the role of men in inhibiting or promoting contraceptive adoption could affect the design of family planning promotion programs and program success in Zimbabwe and other African countries. Data from the 1988 Male Fertility Survey, a representative sample of 711 currently married men aged 20 and over, showed that men have a major role in the decision to use family planning methods and in determining the number of children a couple should have. Male knowledge of various family planning methods was high, as was approval and ever-use of family planning. Attitudes toward family planning information, obtaining methods, couple communication, and family size were also investigated. It was concluded that men should be included in information, education, and communication programs, without delay. Program efforts should move beyond emphasis on child spacing to stress family size limitation in order to increase contraceptive prevalence, resulting in a commensurate decline in the level of fertility.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Self-esteem, spiritual well-being, and intimacy: a comparison among couples using NFP and oral contraceptives.

The purpose of this study was to compare the intimacy, spiritual well being (SWB), and self-esteem of couples using natural family planning (NFP) with those couples using oral contraceptives (OCs). 22 couples who were using the Creighton Model Ovulation Method of NFP for 1 year to avoid pregnancy were matched with 22 couples who were using OCs for a least a 1-year period and administered a SWB, self-esteem, and intimacy inventory. Student t-tests were calculated to determine differences in the mean scores of the 3 inventories between the 2 groups. The results showed that the NFP couples had statistically higher self-esteem (T=3.15, p0.01), SWB (T=4.25. p0.001), and intellectual intimacy (T=2.53, p0.05) than the OC couples. There were no differences in emotional, social, recreational, and sexual intimacy between the groups. Although the results provide some evidence that NFP can enhance a couple's relationship, other factors such as a sampling bias and educational levels could explain the difference.

Americas↗
PubMed1998

Gender-related correlates and predictors of consistent condom use among young adult African-American women: a prospective analysis.

The present study examined the correlates of consistent condom use among African-American women and prospectively evaluated the stability of these significant variables to predict consistent condom use at 3-month follow-up. A sample of 128 African-American women, 18-29 years of age completed a baseline interview and 3 months later completed a similar follow-up interview (n = 100). Compared to women who were inconsistent condom users, women who were consistent condom users were more likely to: have high assertive communication skills (OR=13), desire not becoming pregnant (OR=8.6), have high sexual self-control over condom use (OR=7.6), perceive having control over their partners' use of condoms (OR=6.6), be younger (OR=5.8), and report having a partner that was not committed to the relationship (OR=3.3). Prospective analyses identified baseline level of condom use as the best predictor of condom use at 3-month follow-up. Women who were consistent condom users at baseline were 6.3 times as likely to be consistent condom users at 3-month follow-up. In conclusion, HIV prevention programmes for women need to be gender specific and need to be implemented before high-risk behaviours are established and may be more difficult to modify.

Adolescent↗