Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Parents”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 199 records · Page 11Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

Parent opinion of sexuality education in a state with mandated abstinence education: does policy match parental preference?

PURPOSE: Despite public debate about the content of sexuality education in schools, state and federal policy has increasingly financed and legislated abstinence-only education over the past decade. Although public schools strive to meet the needs of parents who, as taxpayers, fund the educational system, little is known about parental desires regarding sexuality education in states with mandated abstinence education. The objective of this study was to assess parental opinion about sexuality education in public schools in North Carolina, a state with mandated abstinence education. METHODS: Computer-assisted, anonymous, cross-sectional telephone surveys were conducted among 1306 parents of North Carolina public school students in grades K-12. Parental support for sexuality education in public schools and 20 sexuality education topics was measured. We defined comprehensive sexuality education as education that includes a discussion of how to use and talk about contraception with partners. RESULTS: Parents in North Carolina overwhelmingly support sexuality education in public schools (91%). Of these respondents, the majority (89%) support comprehensive sexuality education. Less than a quarter of parents oppose teaching any specific topic, including those typically viewed as more controversial, such as discussions about sexual orientation, oral sex, and anal sex. Parents' level of education was inversely related to support for specific sexuality education topics and comprehensive education, although these differences were small in magnitude. More than 90% of respondents felt that parents and public health professionals should determine sexuality education content and opposed the involvement of politicians. CONCLUSIONS: Current state-mandated abstinence sexuality education does not match parental preference for comprehensive sexuality education in North Carolina public schools.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Parental catastrophizing about their child's pain. The parent version of the Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS-P): a preliminary validation.

Numerous studies have found evidence for the role of catastrophizing about pain in adjustment to pain in both adults and children. However, the social context influencing pain and pain behaviour has been largely ignored. Especially in understanding the complexities of childhood pain, family processes may be of major importance. In line with the crucial role of pain catastrophizing in explaining adjustment and disability in adults and children, this study investigates the role of parental catastrophic thinking about their child's pain in explaining child disability and parental distress. To study parental catastrophizing, a parent version of the Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS-P) was developed. An oblique three-factor structure emerged to best fit the data in both a sample of parents of schoolchildren (N=205) and in a sample of parents of children with chronic pain (N=107). Moreover, this three-factor structure was found to be invariant across both parent samples. Further, in the clinical sample, parents' catastrophic thinking about their child's pain had a significant contribution in explaining (a) childhood illness-related parenting stress, parental depression and anxiety, and (b) the child's disability and school attendance, beyond the child's pain intensity.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2000

Parental adjustment and attitudes to parenting after in vitro fertilization.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the psychosocial and parenthood-specific adjustment and attitudes to parenting at 1 year postpartum of IVF parents. DESIGN: Prospective, controlled study. SETTING: Volunteers in a teaching hospital environment. PATIENT(S): Sixty-five primiparous women with singleton IVF pregnancies and their partners, and a control group of 61 similarly aged primiparous women with no history of infertility and their partners. INTERVENTION(S): Completion of questionnaires and interviews. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Parent reports of general and parenthood-specific adjustment and attitudes to parenting. RESULT(S): The IVF mothers tended to report lower self-esteem and less parenting competence than control mothers. Although there were no group differences on protectiveness, IVF mothers saw their children as significantly more vulnerable and "special" compared with controls. The IVF fathers reported significantly lower self-esteem and marital satisfaction, although not less competence in parenting. Both IVF mothers and fathers did not differ from control parents on other measures of general adjustment (mood) or those more specific to parenthood (e.g., attachment to the child and attitudes to child rearing). CONCLUSION(S): The IVF parents' adjustment to parenthood is similar to naturally conceiving comparison families. Nonetheless, there are minor IVF differences that reflect heightened child-focused concern and less confidence in parenting for mothers, less satisfaction with the marriage for the fathers, and vulnerable self-esteem for both parents.

Attitude↗
PubMed2005

Pediatric head trauma: parent, parent-child, and family functioning 2 weeks after hospital discharge.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate effects of pediatric head trauma on parent mental health, parent-child relationship and family functioning 2 weeks after discharge. METHODS: Ninety-seven mothers and 37 fathers of 106 preschool children hospitalized with head injury completed Mental Health Inventory (MHI), Parenting Stress Index, Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scales II (FACES II) and Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS) 2 weeks after discharge, and perceived injury severity, Parental Concerns Scale (PCS), Parental Stressors Scale: Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PSS: PICU), and MHI 24-48 h after hospital admission. RESULTS: Mental health after discharge was related to social support and baseline mental health. Mothers' parental distress was related to perceived injury severity and social support. Greater family cohesion was related to baseline mental health, social support, and being in a two-parent family for mothers, and to social support for fathers. CONCLUSIONS: Parents' mental health and social support were important for parent mental health and family cohesion after discharge. Perceived injury severity and parent reactions to hospitalization also played a role.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Should parents accompany pediatric interfacility ground ambulance transports? The parent's perspective.

Parental accompaniment can be a positive experience for the parent and the patient, as perceived by the parent. It can also be accomplished effectively without hindering the delivery of intratransport medical care by a nurse/nurse or nurse/physician transport team. This survey, along with the responses from other parents, led our team to adopt the position that a parent is welcome and encouraged to accompany the transport team if he or she wishes to. The team has recognized the importance of the family unit during the stressful period surrounding an acute medical issue and interfacility transport. The transport team reserves the option to ask that a parent not ride along if they suspect the parent might not function as a supportive team member (ie, the parent is belligerent, inebriated, or hostile). The parent normally rides in the passenger seat of the ambulance, and we encourage him or her to interact with the patient as much as possible. Occasionally parents ride in the back of the ambulance if the patient's situation allows for that option (ie, no anticipated need for potential interventions, number of team personnel, etc.).

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Parents' beliefs and practices regarding childhood fever: a study of a multiethnic and socioeconomically diverse sample of parents.

OBJECTIVE: To examine childhood fever beliefs and practices in a multiethnic, multiracial, and socioeconomically diverse sample. DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey. PARTICIPANTS: Parents of children attending a hospital clinic, neighborhood health center, and a private practice. RESULTS: Two hundred seventy-four parents were interviewed; 45% were Latino; 15%, African-American; 25%, white; and 14%, other (excluded from further analysis, leaving a final sample size of 235). Latinos (11%) and African-Americans (7%) were more likely than whites (0%) to have no thermometers (P < 0.006). Only 42% of parents knew the correct temperature for fever. Greater proportions of Latinos (55%) and African-Americans (44%) take their child to the emergency department for fever than whites (21%; P < 0.001 and P = 0.02, respectively). Multivariate analyses revealed that parents who had not graduated from high school had 5 times the odds of not using a thermometer to check for fever and triple the odds of not asking a health care provider for fever advice, and parents of uninsured children were 5 times less likely to bring their febrile child to the emergency department. Low-income parents significantly more often used the emergency department and remedies other than antipyretics for their febrile children. Latino parents were more likely to believe that certain Latino folk illnesses cause fever, and African-American parents had triple the odds of not knowing the correct temperature for fever. CONCLUSIONS: Parents' beliefs and practices regarding childhood fever vary by race, ethnicity, sociodemographics, and the child's insurance coverage. Educating parents about fever, improving access to health insurance and primary care, and ensuring that families have thermometers may enhance appropriate use of health services and improve outcomes for febrile children.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Establishing a Parent to Parent service.

A Parent to Parent service has been established in Auckland to provide assistance to parents of children with disabilities. Parents who themselves have children with special needs undergo training to prepare them to support other parents. The Auckland scheme is a telephone counselling service which has been set up through cooperation between parents and professionals in the field of special education. Steps in the establishment of the scheme are described, the training course is outlined and various issues regarding the scheme are discussed. After 3 years of operation the Auckland Parent to Parent Service is well established and has developed a model of operation which has been used to set up similar schemes in various other centres around New Zealand. It is intended that this article be of assistance to other groups considering setting up Parent to Parent schemes.

Child↗
PubMed1991

Ways of telling new parents about their child and his or her mental handicap: a comparison of doctors' and parents' views.

Views about ways of telling parents their child has a mental handicap were collected from a group of parents of children with mental handicaps and a group of doctors with some involvement in this field, using postal questionnaires. Four Likert-type scales were refined covering views about the fullness of information, how early parents should be told, whether parents should be protected from shock and unpleasant information, and who should take a primary role in decision-making. Results indicated that parents were more in favour of being given information about their children's handicaps at an early stage than doctors were, and that they saw themselves as the primary decision-makers in matters to do with their children, whilst doctors were more neutral about this. There were no differences in how parents and doctors felt about the fullness of explanations or about the explicit 'protection' of parents from shock and unpleasant information. The results support the findings of other studies which have stressed parents' wishes to be given as much information as early as possible and to be treated as the people primarily responsible for their child. In addition, a difference between what doctors believe to be the best approach and what parents believe to be the best approach is suggested, and the importance of doctors being given opportunities to learn directly from parents and people with mental handicaps themselves is emphasized.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1992

Impact of parenting practices on adolescent achievement: authoritative parenting, school involvement, and encouragement to succeed.

This article examines the impact of authoritative parenting, parental involvement in schooling, and parental encouragement to succeed on adolescent school achievement in an ethnically and socio-economically heterogeneous sample of approximately 6,400 American 14-18-year-olds. Adolescents reported in 1987 on their parents' general child-rearing practices and on their parents' achievement-specific socialization behaviors. In 1987, and again in 1988, data were collected on several aspects of the adolescents' school performance and school engagement. Authoritative parenting (high acceptance, supervision, and psychological autonomy granting) leads to better adolescent school performance and stronger school engagement. The positive impact of authoritative parenting on adolescent achievement, however, is mediated by the positive effect of authoritativeness on parental involvement in schooling. In addition, nonauthoritativeness attenuates the beneficial impact of parental involvement in schooling on adolescents achievement. Parental involvement is much more likely to promote adolescent school success when it occurs in the context of an authoritative home environment.

Achievement↗
PubMed1994

Adolescents' and parents' conceptions of parental authority and personal autonomy.

Conceptions of parental authority and ratings of adolescent-parent conflict were assessed in 68 sixth, eighth, and tenth graders and their parents. Boundaries of adolescent personal jurisdiction and conflict over these boundaries were examined. Participants judged the legitimacy of parental authority and rated the frequency and intensity of conflict regarding 24 hypothetical moral, conventional, personal, multifaceted (e.g., containing conventional and personal components), prudential, and friendship issues. Adolescents and parents agreed that parents should retain authority regarding moral and conventional issues. Parents treated multifaceted, friendship, prudential, and personal issues as more contingent on parental authority than did adolescents, based on conventional, prudential, and psychological reasons, whereas adolescents treated these issues as under personal jurisdiction, based on personal concerns. Personal reasoning and judgments increased with age. Multifaceted issues were discussed more than all other issues, but moral and conventional conflicts were more intense than all other conflicts. The findings are discussed in terms of previous research on parental authority and adolescent-parent conflict during adolescence.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Hospital-treated psychiatric disorders in adults with a single-parent and two-parent family background: a 28-year follow-up of the 1966 Northern Finland Birth Cohort.

This study investigates the relationship between the family type (two-parent and 4 different single-parent types, mainly divorced) during childhood up to 14 years of age and adult hospital-treated psychiatric disorders in a sample from the unselected, general population Northern Finland 1966 Birth Cohort (N = 11,017). Up to the end of 1994, a total of 387 individuals (3.5%) had a hospital-treated psychiatric disorder, with 3.1% in two-parent families and 5.4% in single-parent families (p < .001). The single-parent family was not associated with the child's schizophrenia or other psychotic disorders. The adjusted odds ratios (OR) for personality disorders were highest among individuals without a father before the age of 14 years (OR 4.8), or at birth only (OR 4.0), or with a history of parental divorce (OR 2.8). Parental divorce was also associated with alcoholism (OR 3.7) and parental death with depressive disorders (OR 3.4). In conclusion, we found an elevated risk of hospital-treated nonpsychotic disorder among individuals from a single-parent family background. It is likely that a combination of the single-parent family and psychosocial and/or genetic risk may influence the development of these disorders.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

First information and support provided to parents of children with Down syndrome in Sweden: clinical goals and parental experiences.

UNLABELLED: When parents are informed that their newborn child has Down syndrome (DS), they often respond with a traumatic crisis reaction. The aims of this study were to assess the clinical goals regarding the first information and support provided to parents of newborn children with DS at the Swedish paediatric departments, and to analyse the parents' experiences of how they were first informed and treated. Data were collected during 1992-1993 from all of the 51 departments of paediatrics in Sweden. Information on the parents' experiences, collected retrospectively in 1996, was based on recollection by 165 parents of 86 children with DS born between 1989 and 1993 at 10 of the paediatric departments considered representative for Sweden. Seventy-five percent of the families were informed about the diagnosis within 24 h post partum. Some parents felt they were informed too late, and a few parents that they were told too soon. Half of the parents were satisfied with the timing. About 70% of the parents considered the information insufficient and 60% felt that they had been unsupported. Seventy percent would have liked more frequent information. Parental criticisms concerning the way in which the information was provided were that they received too much negative information about DS and that both the communication skills and the basic knowledge of DS on the part of the professionals could have been better. CONCLUSION: The Swedish paediatric departments fall short of their reported strong clinical goals regarding the initial information in Sweden, and improvements in this area are desirable.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1988

Parent and nurse perceptions of parent stressors in the pediatric intensive care unit.

This study examined parent and nurse perceptions of parent stressors in a pediatric intensive care unit using the Parental Stressor Scale: Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PSS:PICU) and standardized interviews of parents. A total of 41 parents and 34 nurses participated. Nurses expected parents to be more stressed by every dimension of the PSS:PICU than parents rated their own stress. Parents felt most stressed by the dimension relating to their child's behavioral and emotional responses, although nurses expected parents to be most concerned about staff communication and parental role alteration issues. Implications for clinical practice are discussed.

Child↗
PubMed2005

Coping with the stress of parental depression II: adolescent and parent reports of coping and adjustment.

This study examined associations between adolescents' self-reports and parents' reports of adolescents' exposure to family stress, coping, and symptoms of anxiety/depression and aggression in a sample of 78 adolescent offspring of depressed parents. Significant cross-informant correlations were found between adolescents' reports of family stress, their stress responses, and their coping and parents' reports of adolescents' symptoms of anxiety/depression and aggression, but not between parents' reports of adolescents' stress and coping and adolescents' self-reported symptoms. Adolescents' reports of secondary control engagement coping and involuntary engagement stress responses mediated the relation between adolescents' reports of parental stress and parents' reports of adolescents' anxiety/depression symptoms. Moderate levels of correspondence were found in the correlations between parent and adolescent reports of adolescents' exposure to stress, coping, stress responses, and symptoms even after controlling for parents' current depressive symptoms. However, depressed parents reported higher levels of symptoms of anxiety/depression and aggression and more family stress than did their adolescent offspring. Implications for future research on coping and adjustment in offspring of depressed parents are highlighted.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2006

Predicting which child-parent pair will benefit from parental presence during induction of anesthesia: a decision-making approach.

Using a multiply matched, concurrent cohort analysis, with 568 subjects matched from data obtained by our laboratory over the past 7 yr, we examined whether parental presence during induction of anesthesia (PPIA) reduces children's anxiety depending on the interaction between child and parent's baseline anxiety. Children's and parents' baseline anxiety was assessed preoperatively; children's anxiety was again assessed during induction of anesthesia. We found that anxious children who received PPIA from a calm parent were significantly less anxious during induction of anesthesia as compared with anxious children who did not receive PPIA (P = 0.03). In contrast, calm children who received PPIA from an overly anxious parent were significantly more anxious as compared with calm children who were not accompanied by a parent (P = 0.002). We found no effect of PPIA on children's anxiety during induction of anesthesia when calm parents accompanied calm children into the operating room (P = 0.15) or when overly anxious parents accompanied anxious children (P = 0.49). We conclude that the presence of a calm parent does benefit an anxious child during induction of anesthesia and the presence of an overly anxious parent has no benefit.

Anesthesia↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The parenting project for teen mothers: the impact of a nurturing curriculum on adolescent parenting skills and life hassles.

OBJECTIVE: Many teen parents and their babies are at a significant disadvantage because of poverty and inadequate parenting skills. We undertook a study aimed at increasing parenting skills and improving attitudes of teen mothers through a structured psychoeducational group model based on the Nurturing Curriculum. METHODS: All adolescent mothers in the Young Parents' Program were offered enrollment in a 12-week group parenting curriculum (intervention group) and were compared with those who declined the intervention but agreed to participate as comparison subjects (comparison group). This study had an intervention-comparison group design with pretest and posttest measures, including the Adult-Adolescent Parenting Inventory (AAPI), the Maternal Self-Report Inventory (MSRI), and the Parenting Daily Hassles Scale (Hassles Scale). RESULTS: There were 91 young mothers in the intervention group compared with 54 in the comparison group. While controlling for mother's age, baby's age, and race, the repeated-measures analyses showed that mothers who participated in the intervention group or attended more group sessions experienced improvements in their mothering role (MSRI) (trend), perception of childbearing experience (MSRI), appropriate developmental expectations of their child (AAPI), empathy for the baby (AAPI), and a reduction in the frequency of hassles in child and family events (Hassles Scale). CONCLUSION: The intervention group showed improvement in parenting skills and life hassles after participation in the intervention curriculum. More interventions are needed to confirm the positive effect of the group-based interventions on parenting and life skills of young mothers that may improve the social, emotional, and cognitive outcomes for the children born to teen parents.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Addressing parental smoking in pediatrics and family practice: a national survey of parents.

BACKGROUND: Parental smoking has been associated with increased rates of sudden infant death syndrome, low birth weight, otitis media, asthma, and decreased lung growth. No prior parent surveys have assessed national rates of screening and counseling for parental tobacco use in the context of their child's visit to primary care. OBJECTIVE: To assess and compare rates of pediatrician and family practitioner screening and counseling for parental smoking. Design/Methods. Data were collected by telephone survey of households from July to September 2001. The sample is weighted by race and gender based on 1999 US Census estimates to be representative of the US population. RESULTS: Of 3566 eligible respondents contacted, 3002 (84%) completed surveys; 902 of those were parents who had a child seen by a pediatrician (62%) or family practitioner (38%) in the past year. About half of all parents who visited a pediatrician or family practitioner reported that they had been asked about household member smoking status (52% vs 48%). More parents who visited pediatricians had been asked if they had rules prohibiting smoking in the home than those who visited family practitioners (38% vs 29%). Of 190 (21%) parents who were smokers, fewer than half reported being counseled by either specialty about dangers of second-hand smoke (41% vs 33%) or risks of modeling smoking behavior (31% vs 28%). Similarly, fewer than half of parental smokers received advice to quit (36% vs 45%). CONCLUSION: Overall rates of screening and counseling for parental smoking in pediatric and family practice are low. Despite some differences between specialties, significant opportunities exist to improve tobacco control activities in primary care settings that serve children.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

[The parental maturity of elderly dependent parents. Contributions to a contextual definition].

This paper focuses on the conceptual exploration of the concept of parental maturity which has been introduced along with the concept of filial maturity to describe the dynamic optimal states of caring and being cared for in adult children and their dependent elderly parents. A review of the literature shows that the development of the concept, contrary to the concept of filial maturity, has hardly started. The concept refers to attitudes and conducts through which adults produce and educate their children in an optimal way, and continually support them in the accomplishment of their developmental tasks and roles when they are adults themselves. From this broad perspective parental maturity, or maturity in the parental role, is the dynamic capacity of an adult individual to engage oneself in an enduring way in the relationship with one's children and to accomplish the corresponding developmental tasks in an adequate and successful way. With a view to the improvement of the theoretical and clinical usefulness of the construct we introduce an elaborated conceptualization which is specific for elderly parents confronted with their impairment. The following is considered to be the core of the contextual definition: an enduring engagement in the intergenerational relationship with one's adult children in an empathetic and responsive way, with respect for the children's needs, limitations, abilities and autonomy, without degenerating into submission and loss of autonomy, which would be a (pathological) state of role reversal; the elderly guards his or her own continuing contribution to the intergenerational relationship. Based on these (general) mature parental attitudes a frail elderly parent would be able to endorse the filial responsibility of his or her middle-aged children. He or she is willing and able to ask for the help needed, in an uncompelling way. Furthermore, the frail elderly parent will receive the filial caregiving with some proper sensitive responsivity as well as accept what the children cannot give or do. Then, we shortly discuss how we want to operationalize parental maturity, with a view to empirical research, by means of the measurement of a complex of parental attitudes. Finally, we give some considerations regarding the historical-sociological context in which the phenomenon occurs.

Adaptation, Psychological↗