Origin, differentiation and renewal of the four main epithelial cell types in the mouse small intestine. IV. Paneth cells.
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Animals↗
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Selenium in the Paneth cells.
Two histochemical methods, Timm's sulphide silver method and the selenium method reveal the presence of two pools of metal ions in the Paneth cells. Ultrastructurally one pool is located in the secretion granules, the other in the cytoplasm.
Animals↗
Immature Paneth cells in intestinal metaplasia of gastric mucosa.
Various histochemical techniques were performed on paraffin sections of gastric mucosa with intestinal metaplasia to distinguish mature from immature Paneth cells (PC) and to correlate their relative incidence with the degree of differentiation of metaplastic epithelium. The results show a higher incidence of immature PC in the poorly differentiated type of intestinal metaplasia than in the well-differentiated type. The identification of immature PC may be proposed as a further criterion in the evaluation of gastric dysplasia.
Biopsy↗
Ultrastructural studies on Paneth cell apoptosis in zinc deficient rats.
An ultrastructural study into the origins of the increased number of apoptotic bodies in the small intestinal crypts of zinc deficient rats was carried out. Two strains of rat were used and each strain was sub-divided into three groups; zinc deficient, pair-fed controls and ad libitum controls. All three groups of one strain were heavily infested with intestinal parasites, both bacteria and flagellated protozoa. Increased numbers of apoptotic bodies were found in the upper crypt/villus region of zinc deficient rats in both the parasitized and parasite free strains. Some of these apoptotic bodies contained structures resembling the electron lucent intestinal epithelial cells found in zinc deficient rats, others contained unidentifiable cell remnants that had undergone advanced degenerative changes. In zinc deficient parasitized rats only, apoptotic bodies were found at the crypt base which contained identifiable remnants of Paneth cells. The majority of these had been ingested by intestinal epithelial cells but some had been ingested by macrophages. The effect of zinc deficiency and parasitic infestation on apoptosis is discussed.
Animals↗
Neoplastic Paneth cells in adenocarcinoma of the stomach: a case report.
A case of well-differentiated (intestinal type) adenocarcinoma of the stomach in a 73-year-old man is reported. The tumor contained Paneth-like cells as an integrated part, and their identity at the light microscopic level was confirmed by histochemical stains including an immunohistochemical stain for lysozyme. This case is unusual, since neoplastic Paneth cells occur only rarely in adenocarcinomas of the stomach.
Adenocarcinoma↗
Structural and functional characterization of the conserved salt bridge in mammalian paneth cell alpha-defensins: solution structures of mouse CRYPTDIN-4 and (E15D)-CRYPTDIN-4.
alpha-Defensins are mediators of mammalian innate immunity, and knowledge of their structure-function relationships is essential for understanding their mechanisms of action. We report here the NMR solution structures of the mouse Paneth cell alpha-defensin cryptdin-4 (Crp4) and a mutant (E15D)-Crp4 peptide, in which a conserved Glu(15) residue was replaced by Asp. Structural analysis of the two peptides confirms the involvement of this Glu in a conserved salt bridge that is removed in the mutant because of the shortened side chain. Despite disruption of this structural feature, the peptide variant retains a well defined native fold because of a rearrangement of side chains, which result in compensating favorable interactions. Furthermore, salt bridge-deficient Crp4 mutants were tested for bactericidal effects and resistance to proteolytic degradation, and all of the variants had similar bactericidal activities and stability to proteolysis. These findings support the conclusion that the function of the conserved salt bridge in Crp4 is not linked to bactericidal activity or proteolytic stability of the mature peptide.
Amino Acid Sequence↗
Acrodermatitis enteropathica, zinc, and the Paneth cell. A case report with family studies.
An infant with acrodermatitis enteropathica was studied before and after starting zinc therapy. Clinical recovery was rapid, and the plasma zinc, serum and mucosal alkaline phosphatase activities returned to normal. Light microscopy of small intestinal biopsies showed normal mucosa. Electron microscopy of the Paneth cells initially revealed abnormal inclusion bodies which disappeared during therapy, suggesting that the abnormality is secondary to zinc deficiency, and not a primary defect. These abnormal inclusions may represent altered secretory granules and a proliferation of lysosomes. We were unable to define the heterozygous state biochemically or histologically.
Acrodermatitis↗
Neoplastic Paneth cells. Occurrence in an Adenocarcinoma of a Meckel's diverticulum.
Neoplasia is the least common complication of Meckel's diverticulum. A case of partial obstruction of the small intestine due to adenocarcinoma arising in a Meckel's diverticulum is presented. The noteworthy feature of this case is the presence of neoplastic Paneth cells in the tumor.
Adenocarcinoma↗
[Immunohistochemical and ultrastructural study on neoplastic endocrine cells and Paneth's cells in gastric carcinoma].
One hundred and twenty-eight cases of gastric carcinoma were examined with immunohistochemical technic for carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), serotonin, gastrin and lysozyme. CEA were observed in 105 cases. Twenty-four cases were positive for HCG, 53 cases for serotonin, 31 cases for gastrin, 89 cases for lysozyme. Sixty-nine cases exhibited more than two hormones or one hormone and lysozyme simultaneously in different cells of the same tumor. Ultrastructurally, sometimes three types of secretory granules were noticed. The electron dense granules in the lysozyme-containing tumor cells were similar to those of Paneth's cells in intestinal metaplasia. The positive rates of the above three hormones, lysozyme and multi-marker expression in diffuse type carcinoma were higher than those in intestinal type, and 42/44 cases of the diffuse type carcinoma were histologically undifferentiated carcinomas or signet-ring cell carcinomas. Lymph node metastasis occurred more frequently in those carcinomas with hormone or lysozyme positivity. These findings suggest that these neoplastic endocrine cells and Paneth's cells have originated from multipotential differentiation of neoplastic stem cells in the stomach, reflecting the state of the gene activity in the tumor cells.
Adenocarcinoma↗
Histochemical blockade of the antigen-antibody reaction using immunoperoxidase demonstration of lysozyme in paneth cells and lamina propria mononucleocytes of human small intestine as a model system.
Nitrosation and acetylation, two histochemical blocking procedures for amino groups, were used to establish the extent to which these groups intervene in the antigen-antibody reaction in immunohistochemistry. We used the peroxidase-antiperoxidase method (PAP) to demonstrate lysozyme in Paneth cells and in lamina propria mononucleocytes of human small intestine as a model system. We studied the relationship of these groups to fixation, concentration of the primary antiserum, and length of blockade, as well as the possibility of reversing blockade as proof of specificity. Our findings support the contention that amino groups are also an important factor in antigen-antibody binding, even in fixed tissue. Fixatives influence the binding process in many ways, with acetylation producing a more successful result than nitrosation in tissue fixed in Bouin without acetic acid, whereas the reverse is true in formaldehyde-fixed tissue.
Acetates↗
Unusual urethral diverticulum lined by colonic epithelium with Paneth cell metaplasia.
Diverticulum of the female urethra has an incidence of 1.4% to 4.7%. It is generally agreed that the majority of these are acquired lesions. There is, however, evidence that some are of congenital origin. Documented cases of diverticula with colon-type tissue are rare. A case of urethral diverticulum with colonic epithelium and features of Paneth cell metaplasia is presented. Causes, symptoms, diagnostic methods, and treatment are discussed.
Adult↗
The quantitative distribution of certain enzymes along the small intestine of the rat and its correlation with the villous area and the Paneth cells.
The distribution of lysozyme, alkaline phosphatase, aminopeptidase, maltase and amylase was studied throughout the small intestine of the adult rat. Lysozyme activity increases along the length of the small intestine and the behaviour of this enzyme slightly differs from the mucosal enzymes reported in this investigation. A positive correlation is found between the percentage of crypts with granulated Paneth cells and the lysozyme activity. This corroborates with the secretory origin of this enzyme from these intestinal cells.
Alkaline Phosphatase↗
Cryptdins: endogenous antibiotic peptides of small intestinal Paneth cells.
We purified three peptides ("cryptdins") from the small intestines of mice, established their primary amino acid sequences and examined their antimicrobial activity. Their primary sequences revealed approximately 50% identity to a group of antimicrobial defensins that we had previously isolated from the granules of rat neutrophils. In addition to their ability to kill Gram-positive (L. monocytogenes) and Gram-negative bacteria (E. coli and S. typhimurium) in vitro, the peptides were much more active against an avirulent (phoP) S. typhimurium strain than against its isogenic, mouse-virulent progenitor. Overall, these data suggest that endogenous antimicrobial peptides produced by Paneth cells may protect small intestinal crypts, which are critical sites of epithelial cell renewal, from invasion by autochthonous flora or by perorally acquired potential pathogens, such as Listeria and Salmonella.
Amino Acid Sequence↗
Paneth cells of the human small intestine express an antimicrobial peptide gene.
Mucosal surfaces of several organ systems are important interfaces for host defense against microbes. Recent evidence suggests that antimicrobial peptides contribute to the defense of these surfaces. Defensins are one family of antimicrobial peptide, but their known distribution in humans has been limited to four members found in cells of myeloid origin. We sought to determine if the human defensin family was more complex. We found that the family of human defensins is diverse and is not restricted to expression in leukocytes. Southern blot and genomic clone analyses reveal that numerous defensin-related sequences are present in the human genome. A gene for a new human defensin family member was characterized. This gene, designated human defensin-5, is highly expressed in Paneth cells of the small intestine. This is the first example of an antimicrobial peptide gene expressed in an epithelial cell in humans. The data support the hypotheses that epithelial defensins equip the human small bowel with a previously unrecognized defensive capability which would augment other antimicrobial defenses.
Amino Acid Sequence↗
Cloning the human lysozyme cDNA: inverted Alu repeat in the mRNA and in situ hybridization for macrophages and Paneth cells.
Lysozyme is a major secretory product of human and rodent macrophages and a useful marker for myelomonocytic cells. Based on the known human lysozyme amino acid sequence, oligonucleotides were synthesized and used as probes to screen a phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate-treated U937 cDNA library. A full-length human lysozyme cDNA clone, pHL-2, was obtained and characterized. Sequence analysis shows that human lysozyme, like chicken lysozyme, has an 18-amino-acid-long signal peptide, but unlike the chicken lysozyme cDNA, the human lysozyme cDNA has a greater than 1-kilobase-long 3' nontranslated sequence. Interestingly, within this 3' region, an inverted repeat of the Alu family of repetitive sequences was discovered. In RNA blot analyses, DNA probes prepared from pHL-2 can be used to detect lysozyme mRNA not only from human but also from mouse and rat. Moreover, by in situ hybridization, complementary RNA transcripts have been used as probes to detect lysozyme mRNA in mouse macrophages and Paneth cells. This human lysozyme cDNA clone is therefore likely to be a useful molecular probe for studying macrophage distribution and gene expression.
Amino Acid Sequence↗
Predominant Paneth cell differentiation in a colonic adenocarcinoma.
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Adenocarcinoma↗
[Histochemical studies on the gland cells. V. The chemical colour reactions on the secretory granules in the PANETH cells].
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Animals↗
Paneth cells--guardians of the gut cell hatchery.
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Animals↗