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PubMed2002

Speciating Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli isolates from poultry and humans using six PCR-based assays.

Six previously published polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays each targeting different genes were used to speciate 116 isolates previously identified as Campylobacter jejuni using routine microbiological techniques. Of the 116 isolates, 84 were of poultry origin and 32 of human origin. The six PCR assays confirmed the species identities of 31 of 32 (97%) human isolates and 56 of 84 (67%) poultry isolates as C. jejuni. Twenty eight of 84 (33%) poultry isolates were identified as Campylobacter coli and the remaining human isolate was tentatively identified as Campylobacter upsaliensis based on the degree of similarity of 16S rRNA gene sequences. Four of six published PCR assays showed 100% concordance in their ability to speciate 113 of the 116 (97.4%) isolates; two assays failed to generate a PCR product with four to 10 isolates. A C. coli-specific PCR identified all 28 hippuricase gene (hipO)-negative poultry isolates as C. coli although three isolates confirmed to be C. jejuni by the remaining five assays were also positive in this assay. A PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism assay based on the 16S rRNA gene was developed, which contrary to the results of the six PCR-based assays, identified 28 of 29 hipO-negative isolates as C. jejuni. DNA sequence analysis of 16S rRNA genes from four hipO-negative poultry isolates showed they were almost identical to the C. jejuni type strain 16S rRNA sequences ATCC43431 and ATCC33560 indicating that assays reliant on 16S rRNA sequence may not be suitable for the differentiation of these two species.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Phenotypic and genetic characterization of vancomycin-resistant enterococci from hospitalized humans and from poultry in Korea.

Vancomycin resistant enterococci (VRE) isolates from humans (23 isolates) and poultry (20 isolates) were characterized by antibiotic susceptibility, vancomycin resistance transferability, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), and structural analysis of Tn1546-like elements. VRE isolates from humans and poultry showed different resistance patterns, transferability, and transfer rate. In addition to these phenotypic differences between humans and poultry VRE, PFGE and the structure of Tn1546-like elements were also distinct. Most poultry isolates (16/20) were identical to the prototype vanA transposon, Tn1546, while most human isolates (21/23) had multiple integrations of insertion sequence. The transmission of VRE and vancomycin resistance determinant between humans and poultry could not be demonstrated in this study.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Diversity of tn1546-like elements in vancomycin-resistant enterococci isolated from humans and poultry in Korea.

To investigate the possible spread of vancomycin resistance among enterococci through horizontal gene transfer between two sources of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) isolated from farm animals and humans in Korea, molecular characterization of VRE isolated from poultry (20 isolates) and humans (35 isolates) was performed by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism typing of the vanA gene cluster (Tn1546). PCR mapping of Tn1546 finally distinguished seven different transposon types (types A to G). Type A was observed only in the poultry isolates, while the other six types were present only in the human isolates. An insertion sequence and deleted sequence were detected in most of the human isolates in the orf2-vanR and vanX-vanY regions in the Tn1546-like element, but not in the poultry isolates. Tn1546-like elements were found in conjugal plasmids of most human VRE, whereas they were detected in the chromosomes of all poultry VRE. Accordingly, no evidence was found of any recent transmission of vancomycin resistance genes between poultry and humans in Korea.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Update on molecular epidemiology of H1, H5, and H7 influenza virus infections in poultry in North America.

Avian influenza is endemic in wild birds in North America, and the virus routinely has been transmitted from this reservoir to poultry. Influenza, once introduced into poultry, can become endemic within the poultry population. It may be successfully eradicated by human intervention, or the virus may fail to successfully spread on its own. In the last 5 yr, influenza virus has been isolated from poultry in the United States on numerous occasions, and, with the use of molecular epidemiology, the relationships of these different viruses can be determined. There are 15 different hemagglutinin subtypes of avian influenza viruses, but infections with virus of H5 and H7 subtypes are of the most concern because of the potential for these viruses to mutate to the highly pathogenic form of the virus. Most of the influenza isolations in the United States have been associated with the live-bird markets (LBMs) in the Northeast. This has included primarily H7N2 influenza viruses, but also H7N3, H5N2, and other subtypes. Most of the H7N2 viruses were part of a single lineage that was first observed in 1994, but new introductions of H7N2 and H7N3 were also observed. The predominant H7N2 LBM lineage of virus spread to large commercial poultry operations on at least three occasions since 1997, with the largest outbreak occurring in Virginia in 2002. The H5N2 viruses in the LBMs included viruses from domestic ducks, gamebirds, and environmental samples. Some H5N2 viruses isolated in different years and in different locations had a high degree of sequence relatedness, although the reservoir source, if it is endemic, has not been identified. Finally, an H1N2 virus, associated with a drop in egg production, was isolated from turkeys in Missouri in 1999. This virus was a complex reassortant with swine, human, and avian influenza genes that was similar to recent swine isolates from the Midwest. Additional serologic evidence suggests that flocks in other states were infected with a H1N2 virus.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Pathogen testing of ready-to-eat meat and poultry products collected at federally inspected establishments in the United States, 1990 to 1999.

The Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) conducted microbiological testing programs for ready-to-eat (RTE) meat and poultry products produced at approximately 1,800 federally inspected establishments. All samples were collected at production facilities and not at retail. We report results here for the years 1990 through 1999. Prevalence data for Salmonella, Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli O157:H7, or staphylococcal enterotoxins in nine different categories of RTE meat and poultry products are presented and discussed. The prevalence data have certain limitations that restrict statistical inferences, because these RTE product-testing programs are strictly regulatory in nature and not statistically designed. The cumulative 10-year Salmonella prevalences were as follows: jerky, 0.31%; cooked, uncured poultry products, 0.10%; large-diameter cooked sausages, 0.07%; small-diameter cooked sausages, 0.20%; cooked beef, roast beef, and cooked corned beef, 0.22%; salads, spreads, and pâtés, 0.05%; and sliced ham and luncheon meat, 0.22%. The cumulative 3-year Salmonella prevalence for dry and semidry fermented sausages was 1.43%. The cumulative 10-year L. monocytogenes prevalences were as follows: jerky, 0.52%; cooked, uncured poultry products, 2.12%; large-diameter cooked sausages, 1.31%; small-diameter cooked sausages, 3.56%; cooked beef, roast beef, and cooked corned beef, 3.09%; salads, spreads, and pâtés, 3.03%; and sliced ham and luncheon meat, 5.16%. The cumulative 3-year L. monocytogenes prevalence for dry and semidry fermented sausages was 3.25%. None of the RTE products tested for E. coli O157:H7 or staphylococcal enterotoxins was positive. Although FSIS and the industry have made progress in reducing pathogens in these products, additional efforts are ongoing to continually improve the safety of all RTE meat and poultry products manufactured in federally inspected establishments in the United States.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

[Mycobacterium avium infections in poultry--a risk for human health or not?].

Avian tuberculosis is an animal disease notifiable for statistical purposes in Germany. Cases notified (between 130 and 230 annually) were primarily related to private flocks of pedigree poultry and layers consisting of less than 20 animals and individual animals in game enclosures and zoological gardens. Mycobacterium (M.) avium infection does not play any role in modern intensive poultry husbandry. Human M. avium infections have considerably gained in importance in the last two decades, mainly in HIV-infected patients. Due to the ubiquitous character of MAIC (Mycobacterium avium intracellulare-Complex), it is difficult to establish confirmed epidemiological associations with infections in humans. Surface and drinking water, soil and also foods as well as direct contact with infected birds (pet birds) have been discussed as possible sources of infection. Recently, strains of the serovars 1, 2 and 3 which have often been isolated from birds (bird-type strains) could be defined as a taxon on its own right among MAIC by using molecular-biological methods for MAIC typing (RFLP--restriction fragment length polymorphism and PFGE-pulsed field gel elektrophoresis). In exceptional cases only, strains of this character have been isolated from humans. Consequently, poultry-to-man transmission of M. avium appears to be a very improbable event. In contrast, extensive conformity has been found to exist between M. avium isolates of human origin and isolates from pigs. This fact has rightly given rise to assumptions of either the presence of epidemiological links between pigs and humans or of infection from common sources. In a summarizing view, it can be stated that M. avium infection of farm poultry is hardly of any importance for poultry production as well as for human disease. The importance of MAIC for infections in other farm animals (cattle and swine) is outlined and discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Safe poultry meat production in the next century.

The revolutionary industrialisation of the poultry industry in the last 30 years has made the food poultry meat available for large groups of consumers. Due to its nutritional, sensory and economical characteristics, poultry meat is by far the most popular animal food product world-wide. Epidemiological reports, however, incriminate poultry meat as a source for outbreaks of human food poisoning. The organisms involved are Salmonella spp., Campylobacter spp. and, to a lesser extent, Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Yersinia enterocolitica, Clostridium perfringens and Aeromonas spp. Contamination of the end-product with pathogenic microorganisms is a reflection of the contamination of the live birds and, therefore, measures to be taken by industry to avoid contamination of the consumer-ready product should start at that level. In terms of the critical control point approach of the HACCP concept, the quantitative contribution of critical phases in the production chain towards end-product contamination should be estimated in order to take the necessary intervention or corrective steps. To guarantee the production of safe poultry meat, knowledge of the capability of microorganisms to colonise the gastrointestinal tract is needed and the use of vaccines, antimicrobials and competitive exclusion microfloras as well as the implementation of new processing technology should be encouraged.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

[Evaluation of the quality of poultry meat and its processing for vacuum packaging].

The aim of study was to evaluate the quality of poultry meat, roasted and smoked chicken and poultry pie packing under low and high vacuum. All investigated products were stored at +4 degrees C and evaluated by microbiological analysis. It was showed that packing under low and high vacuum inhibited development of aerobic microorganisms, proteolytic bacteria, yeasts and moulds. Vacuum-packaged storage of poultry meat and its products stimulated activity of anaerobic, nonsporeforming bacteria. The fast spoilage of fresh poultry meat was observed both under vacuum and conventional storage. The microbiology quality of poultry products depended on technology of production and microbiological quality of raw material.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Sources of respiratory insult in the poultry processing industry.

Although the agricultural community has focused a great deal of attention on improving the overall health of poultry for production purposes, the health of poultry workers has, by comparison, received less direct attention. Recent studies suggest that poultry workers who come in direct contact with live birds may be at risk of pulmonary dysfunction, including the development of chronic respiratory diseases. Exposure of poultry workers to live birds results in potential pulmonary insult from a variety of allergenic and immunologic agents, as well as nuisance dust particles. In addition, marked levels of gram-negative bacterial endotoxins and antibiotic-resistant bacteria contaminate the occupational environment. Health care professionals should be aware of the potential sources of respiratory insult to workers in poultry processing and related industries.

Air Pollutants, Occupational↗
PubMed1994

Respiratory symptoms and immunological status in poultry food processing workers.

A group of 57 female workers employed in the processing of poultry food and 51 nonexposed control workers were studied to determine the possible relation between respiratory and immunological findings in poultry food workers. The prevalences of all chronic respiratory symptoms were significantly higher in exposed than in control workers (P < 0.01) except for occupational asthma. The highest prevalence of chronic respiratory symptoms in exposed workers was found for chronic cough (49.1%), followed by dyspnea (43.9%), rhinitis (38.6%), chronic phlegm (31.6%), and chronic bronchitis (26.3%). Occupational asthma was found in 5.3% of exposed workers. Exposed workers with a positive skin prick test to poultry food extract demonstrated higher prevalences of all chronic respiratory symptoms than those with negative skin tests, although the difference was statistically significant only for rhinitis (P < 0.05). The most frequent skin reactions were found for poultry food extract (exposed: 66.7%; control: 25.5%; P < 0.05). An increased IgE serum level was found in 19 (33.3%) of the exposed and in four (7.8%) of the control workers (P < 0.01). Three exposed workers with occupational asthma demonstrated an increased serum IgE level. Our data confirm previous results indicating that occupational exposure to poultry food dust may be associated with the development of chronic respiratory symptoms and immunological changes in exposed workers.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Cardiomyopathy in cattle induced by residues of the coccidiostat maduramicin in poultry litter given as a feedstuff.

An experimental feeding trial was conducted in order to substantiate an hypothesis on the aetiology of a previously unrecorded cardiomyopathic syndrome in beef cattle in Israel. It was believed that residues of the ionophore maduramicin (Cygro; American Cyanamid) in poultry litter fed to cattle, after the maduramicin had been incorporated into broiler feed as a coccidiostat, were the cause of the cardiomyopathy. Three groups of 5 heifers were fed for several weeks (1) poultry litter from a field case, containing 4.8 ppm maduramicin; (2) poultry litter to which maduramicin was added to give a concentration of 12 ppm; (3) poultry litter with no maduramicin (control). Clinical, biochemical, necropsy and histopathological findings showed that maduramicin residues are cardiotoxic, even at the lower level of maduramicin fed, which is commonly encountered in poultry litter in Israel.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2005

Compatibility of ammonia suppressants used in poultry litter with mushroom compost preparation and production.

Ammonia suppressants are applied to chicken litter to decrease ammonia levels. And mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) producers use poultry litter to increase the nitrogen in the compost. To determine the influence of ammonia suppressants used in poultry litter on compost preparation and mushroom production, four mushroom crops were cultivated from compost prepared using litter treated with PLT, Barn Fresh and Impact-P at 25.22 kg/100 m2, 40 kg/100 m2, and 0.49 kg/100 m2, respectively, during the poultry production process. In general, no significant differences (P>0.05) were noted between treatments for total nitrogen, ammonia, pH, EC, ash, and moisture when compost or the headspace air was sampled during compost preparation throughout all stages. Nor were mushroom yields or counts significantly affected (P>0.05) by the presence of ammonia suppressants in the poultry litter. Thus, the mushroom industry can confidently use poultry litter amended with PLT, Impact-P, and Barn Fresh when used at the recommended rates.

Agaricales↗
PubMed2004

Have changes to meat and poultry food safety regulation in Australia affected the prevalence of Salmonella or of salmonellosis?

During the 1990s, there was radical change in regulation of meat and poultry hygiene in Australia, and Australian Standards were developed for each sector of the meat industry. Systems for industry/government co-regulation and company-employed meat inspection were introduced based on company HACCP programs approved and audited by the Controlling Authority. However, in the 5 years since regulatory changes took full effect, rates of salmonellosis have not decreased (surveillance and reporting systems have remained unchanged). Using statistics gathered by the National Enteric Pathogens Surveillance Scheme, an attempt was made to link Salmonella serovars isolated from meat and poultry with those causing salmonellosis. Two periods were studied, 1993/1994, before regulations were introduced, and 2000/2001, when regulations should be having an effect. For red meat, the same serovars were prominent among the top 10 isolates both before and after regulation, and there was little linkage with salmonelloses. For poultry, frequently isolated serovars differed pre- and post-regulation, however, in both periods there was some linkage between serovars isolated from poultry and those causing salmonelloses. Using published and unpublished survey data, it was concluded that there had been improvements in microbiological quality of red meat and poultry over the same timeframe as regulatory changes. That these improvements apparently have not carried through to reduced case-rates for salmonellosis may be due to numerous causes, including lack of control in the food processing, food service and home sectors. The present paper illustrates difficulties faced by governments in measuring public health outcomes of changes to food hygiene regulation.

Animals↗
PubMed2007

Limited survey for the occurrence of aflatoxins in cereals and poultry feeds from Rabat, Morocco.

Fifty eight (58) samples of cereals for human consumption (20 corn flour, 17 wheat flour) and poultry feeds (n=21) purchased from popular markets of Rabat in Morocco were analyzed for aflatoxins (AF) by HPLC with immunoaffinity column (IAC) clean-up and fluorimetric detection. The incidence of AF in corn, wheat flour and poultry feeds was about 80, 17.6 and 66.6% respectively. High contamination levels were found in corn and poultry feeds samples. Levels of contamination of analyzed samples with AFB1 ranged from 0.23 to 11.2, 0.03 to 0.15 and 0.05 to 5.38 ng/g for corn, wheat and poultry feeds respectively. Results showed also that the contamination of 10% of samples of corn was higher than the limit set by EU regulations for AFB1 and total AF. This is the first report on the determination of AF in corn, wheat and poultry feeds from Morocco by HPLC and IAC.

Aflatoxins↗
PubMed2005

Isolation of Salmonella from poultry droppings and other environmental sources in Awka, Nigeria.

OBJECTIVE: A survey of Salmonella contamination of poultry droppings used as manure, retail fresh beef, fresh beef retailers' aprons and fresh beef retail tables, was carried out. DESIGN: A total of 120 samples of poultry droppings collected from five poultry farms, 96 fresh beef samples, 96 beef retailers' aprons and 96 fresh beef retail tables were examined for the presence of Salmonella species. RESULTS: Different Salmonella serotypes were isolated from all the sources. Salmonella paratypi A had an isolation rate of 12.5% from poultry droppings, 4.2% from fresh beef, and 2.1% and 4.2% from meat retailers' aprons and tables respectively. Other serotypes isolated from the sources included S. typhimurium, S. enteritidis, S. gallinarum, S. pullorum, S. typhi and S. agama. Salmonella typhi was not isolated from poultry droppings throughout the survey. CONCLUSION: There is a need to create more environmental and personal hygiene awareness among the Nigerian populace, especially among food vendors.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Fecal bacteria and sex hormones in soil and runoff from cropped watersheds amended with poultry litter.

The application of poultry litter to agricultural fields can provide plant nutrients for crops and forage production, but fecal bacteria and the sex hormones estradiol and testosterone are components of litter that can be detrimental to the environment. Our objective was to determine if applications of poultry litter to small watersheds would contribute to the load of fecal bacteria and sex hormones to soil and runoff. We, therefore, investigated the fate and transport of fecal bacteria, estradiol and testosterone from surface applied poultry litter to four small watersheds. Poultry litter was applied to meet the nitrogen requirements of pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.) in 2000 and grain sorghum [Sorgham bicolor (L.) Moench] in 2001. Neither Salmonella nor Campylobacter were detected in the litter but the fecal indicator bacteria were. The average load of total coliforms,Escherichia coli, and fecal enterococci applied with the litter was 12.2, 11.9, and 12.7 log10 cells ha(−1), respectively. The average load of estradiol and testosterone was 3.1 and 0.09 mg ha(-1), respectively.Runoff events first occurred seven months after the first litter application in 2000, and three weeks after the second application in 2001.Only for the 25 July 2001 runoff event three weeks after the second litter application, were the concentrations of total coliforms, E. coli,and fecal enterococci in runoff greater than background concentrations which were on average 5.2, 1.1, and 2.9 log10 MPN 100 ml(−1),respectively [corrected]. Average background levels of total coliforms, fecal enterococci,and E. coli in surface soil were 8.2, 7.9, and 3.5 log (10) cells kg(−1) soil. At the rate of litter application the concentrations of estradiol and testosterone in the litter did not appear to impact the background levels in the soil and runoff. Because concentrations of sex hormones in litter from other broiler operations are known to be greater than in the litter we applied, further study on the connection between concentrations of sex hormones in poultry litter and operational practices is recommended.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2005

Co-combustion performance of poultry wastes and natural gas in the advanced Swirling Fluidized Bed Combustor (SFBC).

Co-combustion of poultry wastes with natural gas in an advanced Swirling Fluidized Bed Combustor (SFBC) has been carried out to investigate the performance of poultry wastes combustion. Wastes burnt were poultry litter, poultry manure and sawdust. This paper presents the effect of three different wastes, excess air ratio, and secondary/total air ratio on the combustion characteristics. These characteristics include temperature distributions, carbon combustion efficiency, major gaseous pollutants emissions and heat recovery efficiency. The results indicate that, with the given moisture and ash contents in wastes, the excess air and the secondary air play important roles in achieving stable combustion. The carbon combustion efficiency could increase by 8-10% when the excess air is increased to 25% with the secondary air being at 20% and having a low injection height. However, the carbon combustion efficiency for the sawdust, which is 92% on average, is much higher than that of the poultry litter and manure, which is 81% and 76% on average, respectively. Differences regarding temperature distribution and pollutants emission were also observed with different combinations of the excess air, the secondary air and the secondary air injection height. The NO(x) emission was very low even though the materials contain high levels of nitrogen. In addition, the heat recovery efficiency aiming at the commercial use of the SFBC system for the farm industries was also evaluated.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2004

Transmission of H7N7 avian influenza A virus to human beings during a large outbreak in commercial poultry farms in the Netherlands.

BACKGROUND: An outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza A virus subtype H7N7 started at the end of February, 2003, in commercial poultry farms in the Netherlands. Although the risk of transmission of these viruses to humans was initially thought to be low, an outbreak investigation was launched to assess the extent of transmission of influenza A virus subtype H7N7 from chickens to humans. METHODS: All workers in poultry farms, poultry farmers, and their families were asked to report signs of conjunctivitis or influenza-like illness. People with complaints were tested for influenza virus type A subtype H7 (A/H7) infection and completed a health questionnaire about type of symptoms, duration of illness, and possible exposures to infected poultry. FINDINGS: 453 people had health complaints--349 reported conjunctivitis, 90 had influenza-like illness, and 67 had other complaints. We detected A/H7 in conjunctival samples from 78 (26.4%) people with conjunctivitis only, in five (9.4%) with influenza-like illness and conjunctivitis, in two (5.4%) with influenza-like illness only, and in four (6%) who reported other symptoms. Most positive samples had been collected within 5 days of symptom onset. A/H7 infection was confirmed in three contacts (of 83 tested), one of whom developed influenza-like illness. Six people had influenza A/H3N2 infection. After 19 people had been diagnosed with the infection, all workers received mandatory influenza virus vaccination and prophylactic treatment with oseltamivir. More than half (56%) of A/H7 infections reported here arose before the vaccination and treatment programme. INTERPRETATION: We noted an unexpectedly high number of transmissions of avian influenza A virus subtype H7N7 to people directly involved in handling infected poultry, and we noted evidence for person-to-person transmission. Our data emphasise the importance of adequate surveillance, outbreak preparedness, and pandemic planning.

Adolescent↗