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PubMed1993

Assessing Photofrin uptake in atherosclerosis with a fluorescent probe: comparison with photography and tissue measurements.

The purpose of this study was to assess Photofrin porfimer sodium (P*) concentration in atherosclerotic plaque (ASP) using a fluorescence detector (Fluoroprobe) compared with fluorescent photography and chemical extraction of P*. ASP was created in the aortoiliac segments of Yucatan miniswine by a combination of balloon endothelial injury and 2% cholesterol and 15% lard diet for 7 weeks. At that time, swine were given P* I.V. in one of the following single dosages: Group I, 2.5; Group II, 1.0; or Group III, 0.5 mg/kg. Swine were sacrificed 24 hours later and aortoiliac and control carotid artery segments removed. Fluorescence was determined from these segments using photographic techniques, the Fluoroprobe, and a spectrofluorometer after chemical extraction. ASP were identified in all swine using photography and the Fluoroprobe. The intensity of fluorescence measured with the Fluoroprobe for Groups I to III was 1,098 +/- 524, 471 +/- 337, and 295 +/- 173 units, respectively (P < 0.01). The tissue concentration of P* in ASP from each group was 130.4 +/- 82.7, 10.0 +/- 1.2, and 9.1 +/- 0.6 ng/g, respectively (P < 0.01). There was a linear correlation between the fluorescence intensity measured with the Fluoroprobe and the extracted tissue concentration (r = 0.88, P < 0.0001). This study showed that a fluorescent detector such as the Fluoroprobe accurately detects the uptake of P* into atherosclerotic plaque.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Methodology for retinal photography and assessment of diabetic retinopathy: the EURODIAB IDDM complications study.

We present the methodology for 45 degrees retinal photography and detail the development, application and validation of a new system of 45 degrees field grading standards for the assessment of diabetic retinopathy. The systems were developed for the EURODIAB IDDM Complications Study, part of a European Community funded Concerted Action Programme into the epidemiology and prevention of diabetes (EURODIAB). Assessment of diabetic retinopathy was carried out centrally by a trained reader of colour retinal photographs using the newly-developed system. The system proved to be acceptably accurate, repeatable repeatable and relatively simple to apply. It compared well with the recognised 'gold standard' 7-field 30 degrees stereo photography (assessed using a modified Airlie House classification scheme), against which the new system was validated in a series of 48 eyes. Selection was as a stratified random sample based on clinical retinopathy status: 5, no retinopathy; 25, non-proliferative retinopathy; 16, proliferative or photocoagulated; plus 2, eyes with potentially confounding lesions (vein occlusion). Simple presence of retinal lesions was correctly detected by both systems in 43 of the 48 eyes, giving 100% agreement on detection. Both systems correctly identified the two known cases of confounding vein occlusion. In eyes with diabetic retinopathy (n = 41), when severity was expressed in three groups: mild background, moderate/severe background and proliferative/photocoagulated, at least one grader (out of five) using the new system matched the verified results in 38 out of 31 (93%) eyes and three or more graders matched in 31 (76%) eyes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Aneurysm↗
PubMed1986

Simplified endoscopic photography for anatomic correlation with CT and MR of the larynx and pharynx.

Improvements in photographic film and the availability of fluid light transmitters rather than fibro-optics permit endolaryngeal and nasopharyngeal photography to be conducted using the same light levels as simple diagnostic examinations of these areas. The added perspective of endoscopic examination can often clarify many confusing bulky lesions that distort CT and MR anatomy. Thus endoscopic photography is a tremendous teaching tool.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Assessing diabetic retinopathy using two-field digital photography and the influence of JPEG-compression.

OBJECTIVE: To study the effectiveness of two digital 50 degree photographic fields per eye, stored compressed or integrally, in the grading of diabetic retinopathy, in comparison to 35-mm colour slides. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Two-field digital non-stereoscopic retinal photographs and two-field 35-mm retinal photographs were made at the same time from patients visiting a diabetic retinopathy outpatient clinic. The digital images were stored integrally (TIFF-file) and in a compressed way (JPEG-file). Two ophthalmologists assessed the photographs in a masked fashion. The results were compared. The sensitivity and specificity for the detection of vision-threatening diabetic retinopathy were calculated, using only the grading of the most affected eye. The differences between the retinopathy gradings of the two kinds of photographs were analysed. RESULTS: The agreement for the grading of DR compared to slides was good, both for the compressed and for the integrally stored images (kappa 0.63-0.68). The sensitivity for the detection of vision-threatening diabetic retinopathy using the JPEG-stored images was 0.72-0.74, specificity 0.93-0.98. The sensitivity for vision-threatening retinopathy detection using the integrally stored images was 0.86-0.92, specificity 0.93. CONCLUSIONS: Two-field digital retinal photography is effective in diabetic retinopathy grading and it can replace 35-mm retinal photography. Vision-threatening retinopathy can be detected on the images with reasonable to good sensitivity and specificity. An experienced grader should assess the images. The compression of the digital images seems to have some adverse effect on the detection of diabetic retinopathy.

Data Compression↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Nonmydriatic fundus photography in screening for treatable diabetic retinopathy.

Diabetic retinopathy is a complication of both insulin-dependent (type I) and non-insulin-dependent (type II) diabetes. The American Diabetes Association and others recommend screening for retinopathy, beginning 5 years after onset of symptoms for patients with type I diabetes and at the time of diagnosis for patients with type II diabetes. Ideally, diabetic patients are evaluated at recommended intervals by an ophthalmologist. Realistically, however, this is often not feasible, for reasons both of cost and availability. There is evidence that many diabetic patients are being referred too late for intervention, perhaps in part due to lax screening and detection, often the responsibility of internists and other primary care physicians. Data supports the need for a cheap, widely available, easy-to-use, effective screening tool for detecting treatable diabetic retinopathy. To this end, several studies have evaluated nonmydriatic fundus photography, and compared it with more-established methods of detecting diabetic retinal disease. The real question to be considered is whether nonmydriatic fundus photography will help to detect early treatable retinopathy better than the average physician using ophthalmoscopy. Several studies support its usefulness in this regard, and are discussed in this review. Questions remain, however, and further study is warranted in evaluating its potential role.

Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1↗
PubMed2006

Burst-shot infrared digital photography to determine scotopic pupil diameter.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the usefulness of infrared digital photography for determining scotopic pupil size by comparing infrared digital photography with a Colvard pupillometer (Oasis Medical). SETTING: Department of Ophthalmology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea. METHODS: Scotopic pupil size in 50 eyes of 25 healthy individuals was measured with a Colvard pupillometer and a digital camera (DSC-F828) using infrared burst shots after 5 minutes of dark adaptation. Measurements were performed by 2 independent examiners (E1 and E2). The digital photograph images were read using the ruler function of Adobe Photoshop 7.0 by 2 independent readers (R1 and R2). Agreement and repeatability were analyzed using the comparison method described by Bland and Altman. RESULTS: The mean scotopic pupil diameter measured using the Colvard pupillometer was 6.69 mm +/- 0.78 (SD) (E1) and 6.70 +/- 0.71 mm (E2). The mean scotopic pupil diameter measured from the digital photograph images was 6.67 +/- 0.75 mm (E1) and 6.66 +/- 0.78 mm (E2). The mean difference between E1 and E2 with both devices was small; however, the result with the infrared digital camera was marginally smaller than with the Colvard pupillometer. The limits of agreement were -0.01 +/- 0.70 mm with the Colvard pupillometer and 0.01 +/- 0.20 mm with the digital photograph image. The digital photograph image showed better agreement. The coefficient of interrater repeatability was smaller for the digital photograph image (0.39) than for the Colvard pupillometer (0.70). CONCLUSIONS: Scotopic pupil measurement using an infrared digital camera with a burst shot had good agreement with the Colvard pupillometer and better repeatability. The infrared digital camera is less expensive, and pupil unrest can be overcome by taking serial images.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Retinal nerve fiber layer assessment by scanning laser polarimetry and standardized photography.

PURPOSE: To determine whether, in a clinical setting, scanning laser polarimetry and retinal nerve fiber layer photography provide equivalent information on the retinal nerve fiber layer. METHODS: We prospectively studied 60 patients with glaucoma or ocular hypertension and 24 healthy subjects. With scanning laser polarimetry, an estimate of the cross section of the retinal nerve fiber layer was obtained. By using a photographic reference set, we quantified photographs of the retinal nerve fiber layer. Visual fields were used to relate the results of both methods to functional damage. RESULTS: The scanning laser polarimetry measurements yielded reproducible cross-section values (coefficient of variation, 6.6%). Comparison of cross-section values and photograph scores gave Pearson correlation coefficients smaller than r = .4 (P < .01), improving to a maximum of r = .53 after compensation for offset. When cross-section values were compared to the mean deviation of the visual field, the Spearman correlation coefficients varied from an r of -.34 to -.53 (P < .01). Correction for offset resulted in an r of -.54 to -.65. When photograph scores and mean deviation of the visual field were compared, the Spearman correlation coefficients varied from an r of -.65 to -.71 (P < .01). CONCLUSIONS: Because r was maximal at .53, the information on the retinal nerve fiber layer obtained with scanning laser polarimetry and photography seems not equivalent. This result could not have been because of lack of reproducibility. Although the results suggested possible offset in scanning laser polarimetry, other methodologic differences must be considered to explain the differences between the two techniques.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Comparison of stereoscopic digital imaging and slide film photography in the identification of macular degeneration.

BACKGROUND: This study compared the sensitivity and specificity of stereoscopic digital photography of the retina through a dilated pupil with a 45 degrees nonmydriatic camera and Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG) compression of the images with the sensitivity and specificity of 35-mm slide film photography in the identification of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). METHODS: Consecutive patients with a diagnosis of AMD were enrolled. Stereoscopic retinal images of the disc, macula and temporal macula were captured with a digital 45 degrees nonmydriatic camera (then compressed into JPEG format) and with a standard fundus camera and slide film. A single retinal specialist graded both image formats in masked fashion, at least 1 month apart, using a modified Age-Related Eye Disease Study (AREDS) severity scale. The digital images were displayed on a monitor and viewed with the use of liquid crystal display shutter glasses and stereo imaging software. The film images were mounted on a light box and graded with the use of a stereoviewer. Primary outcome measures included the presence or absence of AMD pathological features. Positive and negative predictive values (PPVs and NPVs), sensitivity, specificity and weighted kappaw statistics were calculated. RESULTS: We photographed 203 eyes (of 103 patients) with both digital and slide film cameras. Correlation of the 2 image formats was substantial in identifying AREDS level 3a or greater (kappaw=0.64, standard error=0.08, PPV=0.95, NPV=0.66, sensitivity=0.93, specificity=0.74) and excellent in identifying level 4b or greater (kappaw=0.83, standard error=0.05, PPV=0.81, NPV=0.98, sensitivity=0.94, specificity=0.94). INTERPRETATION: High-resolution stereoscopic, mydriatic, 45 degrees digital images captured with a nonmydriatic camera and JPEG compressed correlate well with stereoscopic slide film photographs in the identification of moderate to advanced AMD (AREDS level 3a or greater).

Aged↗
PubMed1980

Use of a microcomputer in combination with the multiple exposure photography technique for human sperm motility determination.

An inexpensive microcomputer system that serves as an accessory part of the multiple exposure photography technique for determination of sperm motility is described. With this system the percentage of motile spermatozoa, the average velocity, the frequency distribution of the velocities and the sperm concentration can be computed easily from 200 to 400 images of photographed spermatozoa and within 5 to 8 minutes. In this way the multiple exposure photography technique can be used widely in those centers that are interested in an objective and accurate method for determination of sperm motility in routine semen analysis and for research purposes.

Computers↗
PubMed2002

High-resolution stereoscopic digital fundus photography versus contact lens biomicroscopy for the detection of clinically significant macular edema.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to compare high-resolution stereoscopic digital photography to contact lens biomicroscopy (CLBM) for the diagnosis of clinically significant macular edema. STUDY DESIGN: Comparative, prospective, observational case series. PARTICIPANTS: One hundred twenty diabetic patients. METHODS: Patients underwent clinical retinal examination with CLBM by a retinal specialist. On the same day as clinical grading, patients received high-resolution stereoscopic digital imaging of the macula. The stereoscopic digital images were viewed using liquid crystal shutter goggles at least 2 months after clinical examination by a single masked grader for the presence or absence of diabetic retinopathy. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Presence or absence of the Early Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy Study criteria for clinically significant macular edema (CSME) overall, CSME 1, CSME 2, CSME 3, macular edema, microaneurysms, intraretinal hemorrhage, and hard exudate. RESULTS: Two hundred seven eyes of 105 patients had complete data sets from both diagnostic modalities. Exact agreement was high for all identified pathologic conditions: CSME overall, 83.6%; CSME 1, 83.6%; CSME 2, 96.1%; CSME 3, 88.5%; macular edema, 75.0%; microaneurysms, 77.9%; intraretinal hemorrhage, 83.7%; and hard exudate, 73.1%. Sensitivity ranged from 50.0% (CSME 2) to 90.6% (CSME overall). Specificity ranged from 90.0% (macular edema) to 99.0% (CSME 2). CONCLUSIONS: High-resolution stereoscopic digital photography is both sensitive and specific when identifying CSME and correlates well with the accepted standard of CLBM for the diagnosis of CSME.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Digital red-free photography for the evaluation of retinal blood vessel displacement in epiretinal membrane.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the displacement of retinal blood vessels during the natural course of epiretinal membrane (ERM) formation. DESIGN: Consecutive observational case series. PARTICIPANTS: Thirteen patients (13 eyes) diagnosed with unilateral idiopathic ERM and 10 normal fellow eyes of the same patients served as a control group and constituted the study group. TESTING: All eyes underwent digital red-free filter photography of the fundus using the Topcon Imagenet-1024 System. Photographs were taken on entry to the study and again after 8 to 13 months. Distances were measured between the major and minor blood vessel junctions at the upper and lower temporal arcades and between the disc margin and vessel junctions temporal to the macula on follow-up examinations. To clearly visualize vessel shift, both photographs of each patient were overlaid using the peripheral landmarks of major blood vessel crossings as reference points. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The parameters measured were shifting of blood vessels caused by the ERM formation. The distances were measured in micrometers using the measurement feature of the Topcon Imagenet System. RESULTS: Blood vessel shift (range, 30 microm-434 microm) was noted in all 13 eyes, but in 15 measurements the shift was less than 30 microm and was considered as no shift. In four eyes (31%), the distances decreased in all directions, indicating contraction of the ERM. In four eyes (31%), the distances increased in all directions, indicating release of the ERMs. A mixed pattern of release and contraction of the ERM in the same eye was noted in five eyes (38%). No shift of blood vessels was noted in the control eyes. Findings on image overlay corresponded with the objective measurements. CONCLUSIONS: Noninvasive digital red-free photography is an informative tool for the objective measurement of the vessel displacement during ERM formation. Contraction and release of the ERM were noted.

Aged↗
PubMed2003

Modelling trends in woody vegetation structure in semi-arid Australia as determined from aerial photography.

Accounting of carbon stocks in woody vegetation for greenhouse purposes requires definition of medium term trends with accurate error assessment. Tree and shrub cover was sampled through time at randomly located sites over a large area of central Queensland, Australia using aerial photography from 1945 to 1999. Calibration models developed from field data for the same land types as those represented within the study area allowed for the extrapolation of overstorey and understorey cover, basal area and biomass values and these were modelled as trends over the latter half of the 20th century. These structural attributes have declined over the region because of land clearing with values for biomass changing from a mean of 58.0(+/-1.2)t/ha in 1953 to 41.1(+/-1.0)t/ha in 1991. The biomass of Acacia on clay and Eucalypt on texture contrast soils land types has declined most dramatically. Within uncleared vegetation there was an overall trend of increase from 56.1(+/-1.2)t/ha in 1951 to 67.6(+/-1.3)t/ha in 1995. The increase in structural attributes within uncleared vegetation was most pronounced for the Eucalypt on texture contrast soils and Eucalypt on clay land types. It was demonstrated that the sites sampled were representative of their land types and that spatial bias of the photography, undetected tree-killing, sampling error, inherent variability of structural attributes and measurement error should not have impacted greatly on bias or precision of trend estimates for well-sampled land types. Certainly the errors are not likely to be substantial for trends averaged over all land types and they provide an accurate assessment of the magnitude and direction of change. The technique presented here would appear to be a robust means of accounting for the above-ground woody component of woodlands and open forests and will also contribute to a broader understanding of savanna dynamics.

Australia↗
PubMed1996

Fluorescence photography as a diagnostic method for oral cancer.

This study was carried out to evaluate the diagnostic utility of autofluorescence photography for oral mucosal lesions. The materials consisted of 15 chemically-induced lesions containing carcinomas in 15 hamsters, and 32 oral lesions in 30 patients. In the animal models, orange fluorescence was detected in all squamous cell carcinomas invading the muscle layer, and the intensity of the fluorescence increased with the progress of the lesions. In the clinical application, orange fluorescence was detected in 14 of 16 malignant tumors and in one of 16 benign lesions. These results suggest that fluorescence photography may be useful for the diagnosis of oral cancer, particularly for squamous cell carcinoma.

9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene↗
PubMed2005

Duchenne De Boulogne: a pioneer in neurology and medical photography.

Guillaume-Benjamin-Amand Duchenne was born 200 years ago in Boulogne-sur-Mer (Pas-de-Calais, France). He studied medicine in Paris and became a physician in 1831. He practiced general medicine in his native town for about 11 years and then returned to Paris to initiate pioneering studies on electrical stimulation of muscles. Duchenne used electricity not only as a therapeutic agent, as it was commonly the case earlier in the 19th century, but chiefly as a physiological investigation tool to study the anatomy of the living body. Without formal appointment he visited hospital wards across Paris searching for rare cases of neuromuscular disorders. He built a portable electrical device that he used to functionally map all bodily muscles and to study their coordinating action in health and disease. He gave accurate descriptions of many neuromuscular disorders, including pseudohypertrophic muscular dystrophy to which his name is still attached (Duchenne muscular dystrophy). He also invented a needle system (Duchenne's histological harpoon) for percutaneous sampling of muscular tissue without anesthesia, a forerunner of today's biopsy. Duchenne summarized his work in two major treatises entitled De l'électrisation localisée (1855) and Physiologie des mouvements (1867). Duchenne's iconographic work stands at the crossroads of three major discoveries of the 19th century: electricity, physiology and photography. This is best exemplified by his investigation of the mechanisms of human physiognomy in which he used localized faradic stimulation to reproduce various forms of human facial expression. The album that complements his book on this issue is considered a true incunabulum of photography. Duchenne de Boulogne, a shy but hard-working, acute and ingenious observer, became one of most original clinicians of the 19th century. He died in Paris in 1875.

Electrophysiology↗
PubMed2004

Estimation of diffusion coefficient of chromium in colloidal silica using digital photography.

In order to study the effectiveness of using colloidal silica, NYACOL DP5110, to stabilize chromium-contaminated soil, the diffusion of chromium in colloidal silica gel was estimated from laboratory experiments. To measure diffusion coefficients of chromium in the colloidal silica gel, a new measurement method based on digital photography was introduced. A series of experiments were designed and conducted to validate this new method and to estimate the diffusion coefficients of chromium in the colloidal silica gel. Accuracy of the proposed method was evaluated by several differentways. It was found that the apparent diffusion coefficient of chromium in colloidal silica gel ranged from 1.76 to 8.48 x 10(-10) m2/s depending mainly on the concentration of silica in the gel with chromium concentration less than 10(-2) M. Higher silica concentrations yielded lower diffusion coefficients due to the obstruction to the free movement of chromium. The adsorption isotherm of chromate to colloidal silica gel was found to be linear at pH 7; the partition coefficient was calculated to be 0.549 L/g. Mass balance calculations were performed to evaluate the accuracy of the proposed method and found that the measuring error was less than 6.5%. Based on the test data, the estimation of diffusion coefficients for chromium in colloidal silica gel using digital photography seems to be accurate and precise. This method is suitable for analyzing colored chemicals inside clear/white gels. From the results, it can be concluded that the gel behaves as a porous material with silica network forming continuous solid phase and its pore space saturated with water. The chromium ions diffuse in porous silica gel on a tortuous path. Therefore, the bulk diffusion dominates. Thus, the silica can be represented as a fix and impenetrable immersion in the solution. The presence of these motionless silica chains leads to an increase in the mean path of the diffusing molecules between two points in the system. On the basis of the test results, it can also be concluded that colloidal silica, NYACOL DP5110, for in-situ treatment of chromium-contaminated soils seems to be ineffective. Further research of more realistic simulation of diffusion and refined gel formulation with the capacity to convert the chromium to an immobile form is recommended.

Chromium↗
PubMed1999

Assessment of diabetic retinopathy using two-field 60 degrees fundus photography. A comparison between red-free, black-and-white prints and colour transparencies.

PURPOSE: To assess the severity of diabetic retinopathy and maculopathy by comparing two different photographic methods; two-field 60 degrees photography using red-free, black-and-white prints and colour transparencies. METHODS: Two ophthalmologists independently graded the photographs of 74 patients using grading scales for retinopathy and maculopathy designed for 60 degrees photography. A set of nine 60 degrees red-free, black-and-white standard photographs were chosen to represent the severity of principal diabetic retinopathy and maculopathy abnormalities. RESULTS: The inter-observer agreement for five pooled retinopathy severity levels was 88% (kappa 0.83, weighted kappa 0.96) and 81% (kappa 0.73, weighted kappa 0.89) using red-free, black-and-white prints and colour transparencies respectively. The corresponding figures for six pooled maculopathy levels were 96% (kappa 0.84, weighted kappa 0.97) and 93% (kappa 0.67, weighted kappa 0.86). The analyses revealed that red-free, black-and-white prints disclosed a higher severity level of retinopathy in 83% (Grader 1) and 76% (Grader 2) in those eyes for which the grading was discordant. CONCLUSION: High-quality monochrome, red-free, wide-angle fundus photographs may be useful for the detection of early and advanced diabetic retinopathy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Colour slides or digital photography in diabetes screening--a comparison.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to compare digital images with slides in detecting and grading diabetic retinopathy, and to assess the retinopathy screening performed by ophthalmic nurses. METHOD: 283 consecutive patients were examined using digital colour and redfree photography (Topcon Imagenet System 1.53) and 35 mm slides (Topcon TRC-50 VT fundus camera, Kodachrome 64 colour film). The images were graded by the worst eye according to the Wisconsin classification by an ophthalmologist and ophthalmic nurse independently. RESULTS: There was exact agreement between grades obtained from the colour slides and the digital colour images in 82% (weighted kappa 0.88; 95% CI 0.80-0.96), and in 85% when redfree images were used as an adjunct to the digital colour images There was a tendency towards undergrading of the digital colour images and overgrading of the digital redfree images, compared with the colour slides. Inter- and intragrader agreement (weighted kappa) varied between 0.77 and 0.84 for digital photography and between 0.88 and 0.90 for colour slides CONCLUSION: Good to excellent agreement was found between the grading of colour slides and digital colour images, the latter, however, associated with a slightly lower reliability. The adjunct of redfree images seemed to facilitate the detection of retinopathic lesions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Wound healing assessment using 20 MHz ultrasound and photography.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: To compare two non-invasive techniques of assessing wound healing, photography and high resolution ultrasound (HRUS) scanning, in experimentally induced full-thickness human skin wounds. METHODS: Punch biopsy wounds, 4 mm in diameter, were made aseptically through locally anaesthetised skin on the anterior (volar) surface of the non-dominant forearm, 3 cm below the base of the cubital fossa, of 20 human participants. The wounds were treated with a topical antibiotic and covered for 3 days with Mepore sterile dressings. Wound healing was assessed on post-operative days 3, 7, 14 and 21 from photographs and HRUS B-scans. All photographs were taken of the wound site and adjacent intact skin under standardised conditions. The prints obtained were examined visually and digitised. Digital HRUS B-scans were taken through the centre of the wound bed and the adjacent intact skin parallel to the epidermis. Using the scanner's calibrated linear measurement capability, the wound width was measured adjacent to the deep surface of the scab, at the base of the wound, and midway between these two levels. RESULTS: The wound margins were more clearly defined in the HRUS scans than in the photographs of the wounds; in some of the latter the scab masked the wound margins. Changes in the surface width of the wound were affected by the time of scab dehiscence, which varied between volunteers. There was less individual variation in the width of the base of the wound, as measured from the HRUS scans. CONCLUSIONS: In contrast to photography, which allows recording of changes in the superficial aspect of the wound only, HRUS scanning permits the quantitative assessment of structural changes deep within the wound. Temporal changes in the width of the base of the wound can be used as an indication of the progress of repair.

Adult↗