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PubMed1992

[The analects of Hajime Hoshi (No. 3) - philosophy of Hoshi].

Hajime Hoshi was the founder of Hoshi Pharmaceutical Company and Hoshi University. He made one of the biggest pharmaceutical companies in Japan in the early 20th century, and furthermore was a journalist, member of the Diet, educator, and also a writer. With such a checkered career, he had an attractive and invincible philosophy. As well as his most import philosophy "kindness first" described in the previous paper, "cooperation first" also had weight in his thought. In the Creed of the Hoshi Pharmaceutical Company, he said "self-reliance should go hand-in-hand with cooperation. Cooperation is an essential requisite in all successful enterprises." "Cooperation is an order of the god, and leads directly to progress." "Cooperation is construction, but noncooperation is destruction." Besides the thought "cooperation first," a part of his profound aphorism is described below. "Patience produces everything and conquers everything." "Success is proportioned to the degree of patience." "Success or failure is determined not at the end, but at the start of an enterprise. A well-conceived plan is the mother of success." "Train your mind. Man's brains become the more fertile and keen, the more they are used." "The is no limit to improvement and invention. We should never relax our endeavor to improve and invent." "Smile! Smile! Do your work with a smile on your face. Conquer difficulty and discontent with smiles." "Yesterday's impossibility is today's possibility. Today's impossibility is tomorrow's possibility."

Commerce↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Challenging the precepts of family-centered care: testing a philosophy.

Family-centered care (FCC) is a model of patient care delivery that encourages the inclusion of the family in the planning and provision of care. Although this model has been discussed extensively in the literature and adopted by some institutions, it is one that many have difficulty implementing. The purpose of this study was to test the elements of a FCC philosophy developed for maternal/child units at a major medical center. Questionnaires developed for this study and translated into four languages were completed by 193 parent/patient participants. The questionnaire asked participants to rate the importance of FCC interventions and report which interventions had been provided. Most of the participants were Caucasian, married, female, had an annual income of $20,000 or less, had 12 or fewer years of education, and were younger than 40 years of age. Overall, "feeling welcome when I come to the hospital" was the highest rated item by parents of hospitalized neonates and children and perinatal patients. Findings from this study will be used to implement a FCC care philosophy.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Towards an inclusive philosophy for phylogenetic inference.

We defend and expand on our earlier proposal for an inclusive philosophical framework for phylogenetics, based on an interpretation of Popperian corroboration that is decoupled from the popular falsificationist interpretation of Popperian philosophy. Any phylogenetic inference method can provide Popperian "evidence" or "test statements" based on the method's goodness-of-fit values for different tree hypotheses. Corroboration, or the severity of that test, requires that the evidence is improbable without the hypothesis, given only background knowledge that includes elements of chance. This framework contrasts with attempted Popperian justifications for cladistic parsimony--in which evidence is the data, background knowledge is restricted to descent with modification, and "corroboration," as a by-product of nonfalsification, is to be measured by cladistic parsimony. Recognition that cladistic "corroboration" reflects only goodness-of-fit, not corroboration/severity, makes it clear that standard cladistic prohibitions, such as restrictions on the evolutionary models to be included in "background knowledge," have no philosophical status. The capacity to assess Popperian corroboration neither justifies nor excludes any phylogenetic method, but it does provide a framework in phylogenetics for learning from errors--cases where apparent good evidence is probable even without the hypothesis. We explore these issues in the context of corroboration assessments applied to likelihood methods and to a new form of parsimony. These different forms of evidence and corroboration assessment point also to a new way to combine evidence--not at the level of overall fit, but at the level of overall corroboration/severity. We conclude that progress in an inclusive phylogenetics will be well served by the rejection of cladistic philosophy.

Likelihood Functions↗
PubMed2001

[Definition of the real domain of the history of sciences and exploring the relationship with the philosophy of science].

The specific field of the history of science is the study and explanation of the origin and transformation of the structures of scientific knowledge. The historian of science should render understandable the reality of scientific research. The relationships between the history of science and the philosophy of science are examined stating that (1) the philosophical theories on the development of science have a scientific content only as much as they may be compared with the results of the history of science, and (2) the philosophy of science does not refer to an immediate historical reality but to an intellectual reconstruction of the past.

Biological Science Disciplines↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Biodiversity, biotechnologies and the philosophy of biology.

The thesis of this paper is that in front of the development of biotechnology and of the capacity of techniques of altering the living, there is still a very old philosophy of biology. A rapid historical view is given where the rise and diffusion of the reductionistic paradigm is presented and the connections between this paradigm and biotechnologies are traced. Curiously biotechnologies are still based on the philosophy of F. Bacon. Then the necessity of a new paradigm in biology based on the recent discoveries of complexity is underlined. It is reminded that the main discovery of science of the XX century is that we are living in a small planet of limited resources and frail equilibriums. This discovery asks for a different view of the scientific progress, more linked to the conservation of the Biosphere than to its alteration. Stability is the task for the future interactions of human-kind with nature. For this reason the relationships between stability and diversity are summarised. Finally, as the species is the main step of Biodiversity, a brief discussion of the problems posed by the altering of species barriers is presented.

Biodiversity↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Neurosciences and philosophy of mind].

In this paper we argue that the interaction between neurosciences and philosophy of the mind is on the way to understand consciousness, and to solve the mind-body or mind-brain problem. Naturalism is the view that mental processes are just brain processes and that consciousness is a natural phenomenon. It is possible to construct a theory about its nature by blending insights from neuroscience, philosophy of the mind, phenomenology, psychology and evolutionary biology.

Consciousness↗
PubMed2005

[A discussion of nursing management philosophy in the light of Mo-tzu's concept of love without distinction].

When one mentions the word, "management," people all too easily conclude that one is referring to the question of how to create profit for a business enterprise. This is because, in business, that is indeed the precise purpose of management. So what should the aim of management be in nursing? That is to say, how does the function of management apply to the nursing profession? It is not difficult to understand that behind the implementation of any practice is a key thought or guiding principle. To investigate the central idea or key thought about nursing management requires research into the philosophy of nursing management. The writer believes that the teaching of Mo-tzu, who advocated love without distinction, in ancient (pre-Chin) China, is the fundamental idea of nursing management, because that philosophy emphasizes impartial love of every person. It does not stress investigations of different levels of abstract theories; but simply calls for the practical application of the idea. The goal of nursing management is to care about patients impartially and strengthen nursing care. The aim of nursing care is completely different from that of business enterprises. We can also say that it is precisely because nursing means taking care of sick people, that the goal of nursing management is to care about achieving the recovery of body, mind, and spirit of a patient. The management of nursing, therefore, and the goal of nursing are united harmoniously into one in nursing care.

Humans↗
PubMed2006

Moral agency in pain medicine: philosophy, practice and virtue.

Although established as a field of specialization, pain medicine remains somewhat fractionated. Such lack of cohesion creates dissonance on multiple levels, and thus, impedes the provision of effective pain care. This paper asserts that there is a core philosophy of medicine that reflects the intellectual and moral quality of the healing relationship. I argue that pain medicine, in all its constituent disciplines, is bound to this philosophy. The intricate relationship between pain, the pain patient, and the pain physician creates pragmatic and moral dilemmas that may not be well served by the use of prima facie principles. It is argued that an agent-based, virtue ethics best enable the clinician to both apprehend the complexity of this relationship and appreciate other ethical approaches in the discourse arising from issues of care.

Ethics, Medical↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Neurosciences and philosophy].

The goal of this paper is to show the paralelism between the objectives of both, neurosciences and philosophy. First, a historical review of the common works on both fields of study is made; next, the implications of the brain-mind relationship and how the use of a cerebral function theory that help us to solve the problem are discussed. Finally, the social implications of cooperation between neurosciences and philosophy are analyzed.

Brain↗
PubMed1990

Nursing practice. Developing a philosophy.

Christopher Johns, in Part 2 of this article, illustrates the process of defining a nursing philosophy. A case study is used to illustrate how clinical nurses can set about defining a philosophy of nursing for themselves.

Humans↗
PubMed1989

Bioethics: secular philosophy, Jewish law and modern medicine.

The recent unprecedented expansion of scientific knowledge and the greater awareness and involvement of the public in medical matters, as well as additional causes described here, have impelled the development of a new form of bioethics over the past three decades. Jewish law and philosophy have always dealt with medical issues. In recent years, however, a voluminous body of literature devoted to Jewish medical ethics has developed. It covers all relevant issues and offers Jewish solutions to many complex problems arising from the recent scientific breakthroughs. This article analyzes the differences between Jewish and secular philosophies regarding fundamental moral theories relevant to modern medical ethics.

Beneficence↗
PubMed1987

Writing a statement of philosophy of management.

A statement of philosophy of management is a powerful declaration and one that must be continually reviewed. If it is to be accepted and recognized, the statement must reflect the true beliefs of management. The actions taken by management must also mirror those beliefs. We say "we believe"; the staff say "show us." Once your philosophy of management has been set down in writing and clearly defined, there is a grave responsibility to always act in accordance with the beliefs you have formally and openly acknowledged.

Aged↗
PubMed1995

Developing a philosophy for nursing practice.

Establishing a nursing philosophy is the first step in achieving an integrated approach to nursing care provision. A nursing philosophy should reflect the beliefs and values of the whole nursing team. It should be realistic and manifested through nursing action. Implementing change in professional practice requires thorough planning. This encompasses identifying and involving the target group and selecting the most appropriate strategy.

Humans↗
PubMed1995

Applying just-in-time philosophy to healthcare.

Nurse executives need to review what is working in other industries to see if similar techniques and philosophies can help the healthcare industry. The authors review the manufacturing philosophy supporting the just-in-time method and apply some of its principles to healthcare to improve operations and operating margins.

Efficiency, Organizational↗
PubMed1993

[The therapeutics of Paracelsus with reference to natural philosophy, alchemy and psychology].

The controversial reception of Paracelsus is still going on. The crucial question is whether he is a man of the Middle Ages or of modern times. It is not possible to give a simple answer. We have to study the writings of Paracelsus within the scientific and cultural context of the Renaissance. This period is characterized by a new concept of natural philosophy. The theory of signature tries to read or translate certain constellations within the natural environment as a secret code. The idea of a sympathetic correspondence between natural bodies or substances implies the possibility of magical healing. A wellknown example is the preparation of the 'weapon salve'. There are two realities of spiritual powers at the same time: demons from the outside of the human body and powers of the mind from its inside which influence the body functions. The natural philosophy of the Renaissance tries to 'naturalize' the demons as a complement of matter. Paracelsus reflects the ideas of his time. The human being has got two bodies: a visible one which belongs to earth and an invisible one which belongs to heaven. The 'philosopher' as a pharmacist and a doctor has to detect the invisible body corresponding with the celestial world (stars, planets) by analysing the manifest astrological signs. The alchemical preparation of remedies has to purify the specific healing substances ('arcana') from the crude material. The pharmacist and doctor just imitates artificially the quasi alchemical metabolic process of nature itself continuing and finishing it. Paracelsus' concept of imagination ('imaginatio') implies a psychosomatic model how far spiritual powers can influence the body functions. Paracelsus stresses radically the importance of suggestions as a source of illness. The synchronical concepts are confusing today. Knowledge and superstition, scientific rationality and irrational speculations come together and can hardly be separated. Nevertheless, at the end of the 20th century we may have more mental relations to this scenario than we are able to realize it at the moment.

Alchemy↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Why bioethics needs the philosophy of medicine: some implications of reflection on concepts of health and disease.

Germund Hesslow has argued that concepts of health and disease serve no important scientific, clinical, or ethical function. However, this conclusion depends upon the particular concept of disease he espouses; namely, on Boorse's functional notion. The fact/value split embodied in the functional notion of disease leads to a sharp split between the "science" of medicine and bioethics, making the philosophy of medicine irrelevant for both. By placing this disease concept in the broader context of medical history, I shall show that it does capture an essential part of modern medical ideology. However, it is also a self-contradictory notion. By making explicit the value desiderate of medical nosologies, a reconfiguration of the relation between medicine, bioethics, and the philosophy of medicine is initiated. This, in turn, will involve a recovery of the caring dimensions of medicine, and thus a more humane practice.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed1997

[The Islamic philosophy of life and human health].

Islamic philosophy of life requires full manifestation of personality, as man is a polivalent being. This philosophy prefers harmony of spirit and body, physical and spiritual hygiene. They also consist of spiritual and body balance.

Attitude to Health↗