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At least 199 records · Page 11Linked to original sources
PubMed1979

Frequency of use or abuse of amphetamine-related drugs.

A survey was done on over 10,000 urine samples from the Los Angeles County Probation Department and methadone maintenance programs to determine the frequency of use of eight sympathomimetic amine drugs including amphetamine, methamphetamine, ephedrine, mephentermine, phendimetrazine, beta-phenethylamine, phenmetrazine, and phentermine. As expected, the frequency of use of amphetamine was relatively high followed by phentermine, ephedrine, and methamphetamine. The extensive use of ephedrine and phentermine may warrant testing for these drugs on a more routine basis in drug monitoring programs.

Amphetamines↗
PubMed1993

Effects of pharmacological manipulations on "demand" for food by baboons.

In a study examining the effects of pharmacological manipulations on "demand" for food, responding of six adult male baboons (Papio c. anubis) was maintained under a fixed-ratio schedule of food reinforcement during daily 22h experimental sessions. Increasing the response requirement decreased daily food intake. Administration of anorectic drugs (amphetamine, fenfluramine, diethylpropion, phenmetrazine, phenylpropanolamine and mazindol) produced parallel dose-dependent downward shifts in responding at all response costs. In contrast, administration of the anxiolytic, diazepam, produced parallel dose-dependent upward shifts in responding at all response costs. Oral phencyclidine decreased intake during the first 8h of the session, but compensatory feeding later in the day eliminated this effect. Changes in pellet intake were fitted to a theoretical equation derived by Hursh et al. (1988) to describe changes in demand for a commodity. When responding increases as a result of increasing cost, demand is said to be inelastic, but when responding decreases as a result of increasing cost, demand is said to be elastic. Administration of anorectic drugs, while decreasing maximal intake at minimal cost, had no effect on the elasticity of demand for food. Similarly, diazepam increased maximal intake at minimal cost without affecting the elasticity of demand for food. The effect of anorectic drugs differs from the previously reported effects of caloric substitutes which increase the elasticity of demand for food. Thus, anorectic drugs do not function as caloric substitutes, in an economic sense, for food.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1976

Analysis of results of toxicological examinations performed by coroners' or medical examiners' laboratories in 2000 drug-involved deaths in nine major U. S. cities.

Data were collected on 2000 deaths in which psychoactive drugs were involved. The data were submitted by medical examiners or coroners in nine U. S. cities from their case files. The 2000 cases comprise a representative sample from each of these cities of deaths from psychoactive drugs between 1972 through 1974. This report details inter-city differences in methods and practices of the toxicological examination as well as the type and numbers of drugs reported. Even when the same analytical method was used in various cities, there were differences in extraction solvent and extraction pH. Of the 3909 drugs detected, 2945 were quantitated; the number of drugs quantitatively measured per case studied ranged from a low of 0.82 for New York to a high of 2.20 for Washington, D.C. The number of different drugs quantitatively measured varied from 16 for New York to 30 for San Francisco; however, New York qualitatively assayed for the presence of a total of 25 drugs. The number and type of drugs found per case varied. Methadone, for example, was found in 60% of the cases reported by New York and in 49% of the cases from Washington, D.C., but in only about 10% of cases reported by Philadelphia, Dallas, Miami, and San Francisco, and in less than 1% of Los Angeles and Cleveland cases; it was not reported by Chicago. Phenmetrazine-caused deaths were reported only by Dallas (one case) and Washington, D.C. (29 cases). From the data as a whole, information is presented for 33 drugs as to the concentration in physiological tissues and fluids. Analysis of single psychoactive drug cases and single-drug-plus-ethanol cases shows that, in the presence of ethanol, the toxic blood concentration of imipramine, amytriptyline, meprobamate, thioridazine, morphine, propoxyphene, methaqualone, and all barbiturates was decreased by an average of 50%.

Forensic Medicine↗
PubMed1987

Amphetamine-like effects of anorectics and related compounds in pigeons.

Four pigeons were trained to discriminate injections of d-amphetamine (AMPH; 2.0 mg/kg i.m.) from saline with responding maintained under a fixed-ratio 30 schedule of food delivery. When drugs used therapeutically as anorectics were tested, they consistently produced greater than 80% of AMPH-appropriate responding. The order of potency for substituting for AMPH was: mazindol greater than AMPH = phenmetrazine = phentermine greater than chlorphentermine = phendimetrazine = diethylpropion greater than clortermine = mefenorex. Other anorectics such as phenylpropanolamine (0.3-30.0 mg/kg) and fenfluramine (1.0-17.0 mg/kg) only substituted partially for AMPH whereas benzphetamine (1.0-100.0 mg/kg) resulted primarily in saline-appropriate responding. Compounds related to AMPH in biochemical mechanism of action or psychomotor stimulant activity also were tested. Methylphenidate (0.1-3.0 mg/kg), piribedil (0.3-17.0 mg/kg) and nisoxetine (0.03-1.0 mg/kg) shared discriminative stimulus properties with AMPH whereas bupropion (1.0-30.0 mg/kg) and propylhexedrine (10.0-100.0 mg/kg) substituted for AMPH in two of three pigeons tested. In contrast, caffeine and fenetylline resulted principally in saline-appropriate responding. Compounds from pharmacological classes not related to AMPH, such as morphine, diazepam and phencyclidine, failed to substitute for AMPH. In general, compounds with anorectic and/or stimulant properties shared discriminative stimulus properties with AMPH.

Amphetamines↗
PubMed1987

Discriminative stimulus properties of intragastrically administered d-amphetamine and pentobarbital in rhesus monkeys.

Rhesus monkeys were trained to discriminate intragastrically administered d-amphetamine (AMPH) or pentobarbital (PENTO) from saline using a signaled shock-avoidance trail procedure. All monkeys maintained criterion levels (greater than 90% drug-appropriate responding) throughout the duration of the study during training sessions. In the AMPH experiment, the anorectics diethylpropion, mazindol, phendimetrazine, phenmetrazine and phentermine completely substituted for the training dose of AMPH. The atypical antidepressant bupropion and the psychomotor stimulant methylphenidate also completely substituted for AMPH. Other anorectics including benzphetamine, clortermine, fenetylline, mefenorex and the psychomotor stimulant pemoline that share some pharmacological properties with AMPH substituted for AMPH in some, but not all, of the monkeys tested. The anorectics fenfluramine and chlorphentermine failed to substitute for AMPH. Drugs from other pharmacological classes such as morphine, diazepam, nortripyline and PENTO also failed to substitute for AMPH, indicating pharmacological specificity. In the PENTO experiment, the benzodiazepines alprazolam, bromazepam, diazepam, flurazepam, halazepam, lorazepam, midazolam, oxazepam, temazepam and triazolam and the sedatives methaqualone and phenobarbital completely substituted for the training dose of PENTO. The nonbenzodiazepine anxiolytic CL 218,872 only partially substituted for PENTO. In addition, morphine and AMPH failed to substitute for PENTO, indicating pharmacological specificity. In summary, drugs delivered intragastrically functioned as discriminative stimuli in a drug-class specific manner. The ability to use drugs delivered by this route as discriminative stimuli provides a way to compare anorectic drugs to AMPH or sedative drugs to PENTO under conditions that resemble the mode of human consumption to determine whether these drugs are likely to be associated with AMPH-like or PENTO-like drug dependence.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Pharmacological properties of a potent neuroleptic drug octoclothepin.

Octoclothepin, 8-chloro-1-(4-methylpiperazino)-10,11-dihydrodibenzo (b,f) thiepin, is a very potent neuroleptic drug with pronounced central antidopaminergic and antiserotonin actions. In most animal experiments, its plharmacological profile resembles that of perphenazine. Octoclothepin reveals an intensive central depressant action in a series of observational and instrumental procedures in rodents. Its active oral doses are within the range of 0.54 to 2.2 mg kg-1 in mice and of 0.1 to 4.8 mg kg-1 in rats. Octoclothepin possesses high cataleptogenic and anti-apomorphine activities in rats; it is able to exert full protection against apomorphine-induced emesis in dogs after the dose of 0.1 mg kg-1 s.c. Octoclothepin reduces some actions and toxicity of d,l-amphetamine and phenmetrazine in rodents. In the rat corpus striatum, octoclothepin in doses of 0.5 and d1.5 mg kg-1 s.c. reduces the DA level and raises the HVA and DOPAC levels significantly. Octoclothepin has antihistamine, antiserotonin and antianaphylactoid actions, it exhibits a high protection against the lethal action of adrenaline and noradrenaline in mice and rats, respectively. Acute toxicological data in mice, rats, rabbits and dogs are given. Clinical antipsychotic effectiveness of octoclothepin has been verified in a large population of psychiatric patients.

Amphetamines↗