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PubMedDate not supplied

Personality factors and weight preoccupation: a continuum approach to the association between eating disorders and personality disorders.

OBJECTIVE: Evidence shows a high comorbidity of eating disorders and some forms of personality disorder. Adopting a dimensional approach to both, our study explored their connection among a non-clinical sample. METHOD: 191 young women completed personality scales of general neuroticism, and of borderline, schizotypal, obsessive-compulsive, and narcissistic (both adjustive and maladaptive) traits. Weight preoccupation (WP), as a normal analogue of eating disorders, was assessed with scales from the Eating Disorder Inventory, and height and weight measured. The data were analysed with multiple regression techniques, with WP as the dependent variable. RESULTS: In low to normal weight subjects, after controlling for the significant influence of body mass, the specific predictors of WP in the regression model were borderline personality and maladaptive narcissism, in the positive direction, and adjustive narcissism and obsessive-compulsiveness in the negative direction. In heavier women, narcissism made no contribution--nor, more significantly, did body mass. CONCLUSIONS: Patterns of association between eating pathology and personality disorder, especially borderline and narcissism, can be clearly mapped across to personality traits in the currently non-clinical population. This finding has important implications for understanding dynamics of, and identifying individuals at risk for, eating disorders.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Comparison of self-ratings with informant-ratings of pre-morbid personality on two personality rating scales.

In a study of pre-morbid personality in 56 head-injured subjects, subjects' self-ratings of pre-morbid personality were compared with informants' ratings of the subjects' pre-morbid personality on two personality questionnaires (the Eysenck Personality Inventory (EPI) and the Marke-Nyman Temperament Scale (MNTS]. Correlations between self-ratings and informant-ratings were positive and significant for all three MNTS and for EPI Extraversion and Lie scales, but not for EPI Neuroticism, where the lack of subject-informant correlation was attributed to contamination of the self-rating of the trait measure by current abnormalities of mental state. Further analyses supported previous evidence that the MNTS 'Validity' scale may predict the development of psychiatric symptoms.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Testing a model for the genetic structure of personality: a comparison of the personality systems of Cloninger and Eysenck.

Genetic analysis of data from 2,680 adult Australian twin pairs demonstrated significant genetic contributions to variation in scores on the Harm Avoidance, Novelty Seeking, and Reward Dependence scales of Cloninger's Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire (TPQ), accounting for between 54% and 61% of the stable variation in these traits. Multivariate genetic triangular decomposition models were fitted to determine the extent to which the TPQ assesses the same dimensions of heritable variation as the revised Eysenck Personality Questionnaire. These analyses demonstrated that the personality systems of Eysenck and Cloninger are not simply alternative descriptions of the same dimensions of personality, but rather each provide incomplete descriptions of the structure of heritable personality differences.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Phenotypic, genetic, and nonshared environmental parallels in the structure of personality: a view from the multidimensional personality questionnaire.

How closely do observed, phenotypic personality structures correspond with underlying, genetic, and environmental personality structures? This question was addressed using data from 2,490 pairs of twins from the Minnesota Twin Registry, who completed A. Tellegen's (1982) Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire (MPQ). Phenotypic, additive genetic, and nonshared environmental correlations were computed among the MPQ's eleven primary scales. Principal component analyses of all three matrices revealed three broad, higher-order components that were readily interpreted as negative emotionality, positive emotionality, and constraint. The components from all three matrices were highly comparable, suggesting that the observed, phenotypic structure of personality corresponds closely with the underlying, etiological structure of personality.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

The happy personality: a meta-analysis of 137 personality traits and subjective well-being.

This meta-analysis used 9 literature search strategies to examine 137 distinct personality constructs as correlates of subjective well-being (SWB). Personality was found to be equally predictive of life satisfaction, happiness, and positive affect, but significantly less predictive of negative affect. The traits most closely associated with SWB were repressive-defensiveness, trust, emotional stability, locus of control-chance, desire for control, hardiness, positive affectivity, private collective self-esteem, and tension. When personality traits were grouped according to the Big Five factors, Neuroticism was the strongest predictor of life satisfaction, happiness, and negative affect. Positive affect was predicted equally well by Extraversion and Agreeableness. The relative importance of personality for predicting SWB, how personality might influence SWB, and limitations of the present review are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Relationships between Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire Dimensions and DSM-III-R personality traits in Italian adolescents.

The predictions of Cloninger's neurobiologic learning model on the relationships between novelty seeking (NS), harm avoidance (HA), reward dependence (RD), and persistence (P) and the traditional DSM-III-R personality disorders (PDs) were tested on a sample of 2,889 (1,475 males and 1,414 females) Italian high school students aged 16 to 18 years, using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R Personality Disorders-self-report (SCID-II) and the Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire (TPQ). All relationships were in the predicted direction for antisocial, narcissistic, avoidant, and obsessive-compulsive PD alone, and at least two were in the predicted direction for schizoid, histrionic, borderline-explosive, dependent, and passive-aggressive PD. Eight of nine relationships were in the predicted direction for NS, but only seven of nine for HA and RD. This study provides substantial support for Cloninger's neurobiologic learning model as a useful tool to describe and classify personality variants and, because of the supposed neurochemical implications, to link personality traits to the underlying neurochemical and neuroanatomic substrate.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Reconceptualizing personality disorder categories using personality trait dimensions: introduction to special section.

The categorical model of personality disorders has been widely criticized, and many argue for it to be reconceptualized or replaced by a dimensional model rooted in personality trait research. Such criticisms have forged a much needed integration between the previously distinct research areas of normal and abnormal personality. The five articles in this special section provide compelling evidence for the usefulness of personality traits for describing and explaining the complexities of personality disorders among widely varying samples using very different assessment strategies.

Humans↗
PubMed2003

Childhood personality foreshadows adult personality and life outcomes two decades later.

In a normative sample of 205 children ages 8-12, tracked into adulthood, we examined the predictive links between four childhood personality traits--Mastery Motivation, Academic Conscientiousness, Surgency, and Agreeableness--and adult personality and adaptation 20 years later. Personality demonstrated modest to moderate continuity over those two decades and showed significant predictive validity for success in adult life, including academic attainment, work competence, rule-abiding versus antisocial conduct, and romantic and friend relationships. Results indicated that personality shows coherent patterns over time in terms of both stability and linkages to adaptive behavior. Explicating the processes underlying such patterns is the next frontier for a truly developmental science of personality.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Person-Environment Fit and its implications for personality development: a longitudinal study.

Continuity and change in Person-Environment Fit (PE Fit) and its relation to personality development was studied in a 4-year longitudinal study of college students (N=305). PE Fit demonstrated moderate rank-order stability and small increases in mean-levels over time. Antecedents to PE Fit included gender (being male), high academic ability, low agreeableness, and low neuroticism. Outcomes associated with PE Fit included greater personality consistency and changes in personality in the direction of higher self-esteem and lower agreeableness and neuroticism. The implications of the findings for personality development are discussed.

Achievement↗
PubMed1995

Relationship between the melancholic type of personality (Typus melancholicus) and DSM-III-R personality disorders in patients with major depression.

The relationship between the melancholic type of personality (TM) and DSM-III-R personality disorders (PD) in a sample of 96 outpatients with major depression was investigated using a series of multivariate analyses. The results showed that the personality features of TM were quite different from those of any DSM-III-R PD, including obsessive-compulsive PD, and gave only partial support to the DSM-III-R classification of PD into three clusters. It is suggested that if the personality description of TM be included in the Axis II of DSM-III-R, the description of the Axis could have a wider range of personality features and could be more useful for the clinical praxis and research of depressive patients.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Personality and personal projects: linking big five and PAC units of analysis.

This article examines the relationships between classical trait units as represented by the five-factor model (e.g., Digman, 1990) and personal action construct (PAC) units as measured by Personal Projects Analysis (Little, 1983). One hundred and forty-seven students were administered the NEO Personality Inventory (Costa & McCrae, 1985) and two components of Personal Projects methodology during their first term in university. Neuroticism and Conscientiousness were related to problematic and positive project systems, respectively, with these effects generalizing across the academic and interpersonal project domains. Extraversion and Agreeableness were also associated with positive evaluations of personal projects, particularly in the interpersonal domain. Openness was distinctively linked with project initiation and value congruency. We suggest theoretical and applied implications of using PAC methods to expand and refine the classical trait research agenda.

Achievement↗
PubMed1993

Unraveling the web of personality judgments: the influence of social networks on personality assessment.

Contemporary assessment models have focused on the degree to which self- and other reports of personality description agree in an effort to define consensus and agreement about personality attributes. In general, we believe that analyses of this type of data have been limited in that they tend to focus on both simple models (usually dyad-based) and simple aggregations of data (usually correlations between self- and other ratings). In addition, the behaviors used as stimuli in experimental settings lack the richness of behaviors in natural social settings. Here, we present some ideas from social network models in an effort to influence broader conceptualizations of agreement and consensus in assessment. Social network models provide a more complete description of interpersonal behavior beyond the dyadic level in both laboratory and natural settings. After defining some basic social network concepts, we go on to suggest the applicability of these concepts to personality assessment and, more specifically, to how these models might be used to study self-other agreement and consensus about personality judgments. Empirical data are used to illustrate social network concepts in the domain of personality assessment.

Female↗
PubMed1989

Personality and personality disorders among patients with major depression in combination with dysthymic or cyclothymic disorders.

Personality traits and personality disorders in 298 consecutive outpatients with pure major depression, major depression with dysthymic or cyclothymic disorder, pure dysthymic or cyclothymic disorder and other disorders were investigated. Patients with dysthymic or cyclothymic disorders alone or in combination with major depression showed more self-doubt, insecurity, sensitivity, compliance, rigidity and emotional instability. They were more schizoid, schizotypal, borderline and avoidant according to MCMI and had a higher prevalence of DSM-III Axis II diagnoses, and more borderline, avoidant, and passive-aggressive personality disorders, as measured by SIDP. All in all, dramatic and anxious clusters of personality disorders were more frequent among patients with dysthymic-cyclothymic disorders in addition to major depression than among patients with major depression only. The findings elucidated the close connection between the more chronic affective disorders and the personality disorders, irrespective of any concomitant diagnosis of major depression.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Personality and personality disorders predict development and relapses of major depression.

The aim of this study was to investigate the role of personality deviations in the development and relapses of major depression. The study is based on an investigation of an initial sample of 298 psychiatric out-patients, who were re-evaluated after 6 years when the sample included 253 patients. SCID-R was used for assessment of possible relapses and new cases, and a logistic regression analysis was used to determine the best prediction of the recurrence of depression. Borderline personality disorders and dependency predicted relapses. In addition, borderline personality disorders, together with avoidant personality disorders, predicted the development of new cases. Comorbid clinical syndromes appear to be of no importance. These findings suggest that the comorbidity with personality deviations accounts for the chronicity and poor prognosis in major depression.

Bipolar Disorder↗
PubMed1998

Personality disorders and relationship to personality dimensions measured by the Temperament and Character Inventory in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder.

The occurrence of personality disorders was investigated in 36 patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder by means of the SCID Screen questionnaire. In addition, the personality dimensions were explored by means of the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI). In total, 75% of the patients fulfilled the criteria for a personality disorder according to the SCID Screen questionnaire, mostly (55%) within cluster C. Several significant correlations were found between the separate personality disorders (PD) and subscales of the TCI, the most pronounced being between avoidant and obsessive-compulsive PD and novelty-seeking and self-directedness. Strong correlations were also found between self-directedness and paranoid and borderline PD. In multiple regressions where the presence of PD in clusters A, B and C, respectively, were used as dependent variables and where the separate subscales of the TCI were used as independent variables, the multiple R reached 0.68, 0.76 and 0.80 in clusters A, B and C, respectively. Thus 46-64% of the variance in the personality disorder clusters could be explained by the TCI subscales.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Standardised Assessment of Personality - Abbreviated Scale (SAPAS): preliminary validation of a brief screen for personality disorder.

BACKGROUND: There is a need for a brief and simple screen for personality disorders that can be used in routine psychiatric assessments. AIMS: To test the concurrent validity and test-retest reliability of a brief screen for personality disorder. METHOD: Sixty psychiatric patients were administered a brief screening interview for personality disorder. On the same day, they were interviewed with an established assessment for DSM-IV personality disorder. Three weeks later, the brief screening interview was repeated in order to examine test-retest reliability. RESULTS: A score of 3 on the screening interview correctly identified the presence of DSM-IV personality disorder in 90% of participants. The sensitivity and specificity were were 0.94 and and 0.85 respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The study provides preliminary evidence of the usefulness of the screen in routine clinical settings.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Depressive personality styles and the five-factor model of personality.

The depressive personality constructs described by Blatt (1990; Dependency and Self-Criticism) and Beck (1983; Sociotropy and Autonomy) were examined in relation to the five-factor model of personality. Male (N = 91) and female (N = 81) undergraduates completed the Depressive Experiences Questionnaire (Blatt, D'Afflitti, & Quinlan, 1976), the Personal Style Inventory (Robins et al., 1993), and the NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI; Costa & McCrae, 1985). Friends of the subjects completed a peer-report version of the NEO-PI. Dependency and Sociotropy were positively correlated with Neuroticism and with Agreeableness in both men and women. In women, Self-Criticism and Autonomy were positively correlated with Neuroticism and negatively correlated with Agreeableness. In men, Self-Criticism was positively correlated with Neuroticism, but Autonomy was negatively correlated with Agreeableness and Openness. Similarities and differences between Blatt and Beck's constructs were discussed. Research addressing vulnerability to depression may be able to profit from work on the five-factor model of personality.

Depressive Disorder↗
PubMed1999

Development and first results of the Borderline Personality Inventory: a self-report instrument for assessing borderline personality organization.

This article reports the development of a short 53-item true-false self-report instrument, the Borderline Personality Inventory (BPI). The BPI is based on Kernberg's (1984) concept of borderline personality organization. However, the diagnostic criteria are compatible with both the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.; American Psychiatric Association, 1994) and Gunderson's (Gunderson & Kolb, 1978) concept of borderline personality disorder (BPD). The BPI contains scales for assessing identity diffusion, primitive defense mechanisms, and reality testing. Another scale refers to the fear of closeness. The construction of the scales is based on the results of a factor analysis. As a result of several studies, a cutoff score is proposed to make the diagnosis of a BPD. Thus, the BPI combines dimensional and categorical models of BPD. The BPI was tested in several studies. According to the results, internal consistency and retest reliability are satisfactory (Cronbach's alpha = .68-.91, rtt = .73-.89). Results for sensitivity are .85 to .89, and results for specificity .78 to .89. The BPI identifies borderline patients in high agreement with Kernberg's criteria of borderline personality organization, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (3rd ed., rev.; American Psychiatric Association, 1987) criteria of BPD and Gunderson's criteria of BPD. The BPI is recommended as a screening instrument for borderline personality organization and BPD and for dimensional research of borderline features in Axis I and Axis II disorders.

Adult↗