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PubMed1980

Pet ownership, distemper antibodies and multiple sclerosis.

The incidence of cat or dog ownership was similar in 64 multiple sclerosis (MS) patients in south-east England and age- and sex-matched controls. 86% of both groups had owned a cat or dog before the date of onset of MS in the index case so that it would be difficult to detect an association between pet ownership and MS. The titres of neutralising antibody to canine distemper virus were higher in the MS patients (mean 48 +/- 68) than the controls (32 +/- 35), a significant difference (P < 0.05). This difference is not necessarily explained by a cross-reaction with measles antibody of which the titre was much higher in MS (610 +/- 560) than in the controls (320 +/- 330, P < 0.001).

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Presence and timing of cat ownership by age 18 and the effect on atopy and asthma at age 28.

BACKGROUND: Asthma and allergic sensitization to cats frequently coexist, although recent studies show less atopic disease among people who had pets in infancy. However, no longterm evaluations have been performed thus far. OBJECTIVE: We sought to evaluate the relationship between cat ownership at different age periods (< 18, > 18, and both periods and atopic disease at age 28. METHODS: Australian school children aged 8 to 10 years were recruited in 1982 and participated in follow-up surveys until 2002. Cat ownership was defined by surveys in 1992 and 2002 as having a cat before age 18 only, after age 18 only, or in both periods of life. Health outcomes were defined at a mean age of 28.5 years. RESULTS: Complete data were available for 224 subjects, 50 of whom had a cat before 18 years of age only, 14 after age 18 only, and 70 in both periods. Compared with 90 subjects that never had a cat, having a cat before age 18 protected against atopy to outdoor allergens, airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) to histamine, current wheeze, and current asthma (P < .05). In contrast, subjects who acquired their first cat after age 18 showed a trend toward higher prevalence rates for asthma symptoms and AHR (P > .10). CONCLUSIONS: Having had a cat before 18 years of age protects against adult asthma and atopy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Airborne cat allergen reduction in classrooms that use special school clothing or ban pet ownership.

BACKGROUND: Allergens from furred animals are brought to school mainly via clothing of pet owners. Asthmatic children allergic to cat have more symptoms when attending a class with many cat owners, and some schools allocate specific resources to allergen avoidance measures. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the current study was to evaluate the effect of school clothing or pet owner-free classes compared with control classes on airborne cat allergen levels and to investigate attitudes and allergic symptoms among the children. METHODS: Allergen measurements were performed prospectively in 2 classes with school clothing, 1 class of children who were not pet owners, and 3 control classes during a 6-week period in 2 consecutive years. Portable pumps and petri dishes were used for collection of airborne cat allergen, and a roller was used for sampling on children's clothes. Cat allergen (Fel d 1) was analyzed with enzyme-linked immunoassay and immunostaining. Both years, questionnaires were administered to the children. RESULTS: We found 4-fold to 6-fold lower airborne cat allergen levels in intervention classes compared with control classes. Levels of cat allergen were 3-fold higher on clothing of cat owners than of children without cats in control classes. Pet ownership ban seemed less accepted than school clothing as an intervention measure. CONCLUSION: For the first time, it has been shown that levels of airborne cat allergen can be reduced by allergen avoidance measures at school by using school clothing or pet ownership ban, and that both measures are equally efficient. The clinical effect of these interventions remains to be evaluated.

Air↗
PubMed1989

Ownership, availability, and use of portable syringe drivers among hospices and home-care services.

We ascertained the ownership, availability and extent of use of portable syringe drivers among 236 hospice in-patient units and home-care services for the terminally ill in the United Kingdom by means of a postal questionnaire (97% response rate). Only 11 hospices and home-care services did not use them. The rest owned a median number of 4 but had only 1 in use. However, the combined hospice with home-care services owned relatively more than either hospices or home-care teams (median number 6 compared to 3.5 and 4 respectively) and used relatively more than the others (estimated median 2 [95% CI: 1-2] compared to 1 [95% CI: 0-1] and 1 [95% CI: 1-2] respectively). The major determinants of ownership and use among units with an in-patient facility were supply factors such as the numbers of trained nurses in palliative care and doctor half-day sessions, whereas for home-care units the number of patients cared for daily was the most important determinant. There does not seem to be any unmet demand for portable syringe drivers among hospices and home-care services.

Home Care Services↗
PubMed2000

Private and public ownership in outpatient substance abuse treatment: do we have a two-tiered system?

As investor-owned organizations increase their presence in the mental health care sector, questions emerge regarding the effects of ownership type on service delivery. One important question is whether ownership is related to patient access to care for persons requiring treatment for substance abuse problems. Using data from a 1995 national survey of outpatient substance abuse treatment units, the authors investigate whether there are differences in measures of patient access to care among investor-owned, not-for-profit, and public provider organizations. Results indicate investor-owned units cater to and serve a clientele that differs from that of not-for-profit and public units, suggesting the presence of a two-tiered system of substance abuse treatment.

Ambulatory Care↗
PubMed2001

Atopy among schoolchildren in northern and southern Sweden in relation to pet ownership and early life events.

Studies have suggested a higher prevalence of asthma and allergies in northern, as compared to southern, Scandinavia. The aim of this study was to evaluate regional differences in atopy in relation to pet ownership and certain early life events among schoolchildren (n=2108) aged 10-11 years from Linköping in southern Sweden and Ostersund in northern Sweden. The parents completed a questionnaire, comprising questions on home environment, heredity, socio-economic conditions, and the core questions on symptoms from the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood. The children were skin-prick tested to eight common inhalant allergens. Information on maternal smoking habits, gestational age, and anthropometric measures were obtained from the Swedish Medical Birth Registry. The prevalence of atopic symptoms and sensitization to pollen were similar in Ostersund and in Linköping. A higher prevalence of sensitization to animal dander among children in Ostersund could be linked to a higher occurrence of pets in the community. Current cat ownership was related to less sensitivity to cat allergen but only in children with an atopic heredity. Ponderal index >30 kg/m3 was related to an increased risk of atopic sensitization, both in Linköping (adjusted odds ratio 2.1; 95% confidence interval 1.1-4.0) and in Ostersund (adjusted odds ratio 2.0; 95% confidence interval 1.1-3.5). Maternal smoking during pregnancy was related to an increased risk of atopic sensitization among children in Linköping, whereas current smoking was associated with a decreased risk of sensitization in Ostersund. In conclusion, we demonstrated that a high occurrence of pets in the community was associated with sensitization, whereas atopic symptoms were essentially unaffected. This study has also suggested an association between body size at birth and atopic sensitization at 10-11 years of age.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Dog ownership and human health-related physical activity: an epidemiological study.

ISSUES ADDRESSED: The presence of a household dog may be of benefit to the health of the owners. One reason may be because of increased physical activity through regular dog walking. We sought to build on existing dog walking research with more detailed examination of the characteristics of both dogs and owners in relation to the owners' physical activity. METHODS: A population-based sample (n=1,237) of residents in central Queensland, Australia, were interviewed by computer-aided telephone interview to collect dog-related and physical activity data. RESULTS: Results showed that the simple presence of a household dog displayed no relationship to the acquisition of sufficient levels of physical activity in the overall population. This finding was mediated, in terms of recreational walking, by dog size, with respondents in households with medium or large dogs displaying significantly more minutes of recreational walking per week than those with small dogs, or no dog at all. In addition, respondents who were involved in walking their household's dog were more likely to meet established physical activity guidelines than those who did not. CONCLUSIONS: Dog ownership appears to offer the promise of affecting physical activity, but more work needs to be done to determine the contribution of ownership, dog type, and dog-walking frequency with regard to achieving health-related, physical activity guidelines.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Bartonella (Rochalimaea) antibodies, dementia, and cat ownership among men infected with human immunodeficiency virus.

To determine the association between recent human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated dementia and serum antibodies to Bartonella (Rochalimaea) henselae, we performed a nested case control study within the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study in Los Angeles. We measured serum IgG and IgM antibodies to B. henselae with use of enzyme immunoassay in 369 HIV-seropositive and HIV-seronegative participants with and without recent neuropsychological deterioration. Data on pet ownership were also collected. IgM antibodies to B. henselae were strongly associated with neuropsychological decline or dementia (OR = 6.6;95% CI = 1.4-31.9;P = .02). Those participants with IgM antibodies to B. henselae were 1.7 times more likely to develop HIV-associated dementia (HAD) or neuropsychological decline over the next 5 years. At least 4% of the new cases of HAD and neuropsychological decline were due to bartonella infection. Cat ownership was associated with the presence of IgM antibodies to B. henselae (OR = 6.4;95% CI = 1.3-30.8;p = .02) and with neuropsychological decline and dementia (OR = 2.4;95% CI = 1.2-5.1;P = .02). This finding suggests that some cases of HAD and neuropsychological decline are associated with potentially treatable B. henselae infections.

AIDS Dementia Complex↗
PubMed1994

Community ownership and program continuation following a health demonstration project.

Community ownership and maintenance of heart health programs was a major study goal of the Minnesota Heart Health Program (MHHP), a community-based National Heart, Blood and Lung Institute (NIH)-funded demonstration project. A partnership between the University of Minnesota and three Upper Midwest intervention communities was initiated in 1981. Local citizen boards were instrumental in planning, implementing and incorporating programs. Through an 8 year process of community organization, training and volunteer involvement, MHHP educational program responsibility was transferred to existing community-based groups and organizations. In 1989, when federal funding was withdrawn, 70% of all heart health intervention programs initiated by MHHP were being continued by local sponsors and supported by local funds. By 1992, maintenance of programs had decreased to an average 60%. Differential results of program incorporation among the three intervention communities are presented including findings on community sectors that most frequently sponsored programs. Factors that facilitate or impede local ownership are discussed. Research on longer-term maintenance of heart health programs in the three communities continues.

Community Health Services↗
PubMed1999

Firearm ownership among female physicians in the United States.

BACKGROUND: Physicians have been called upon to counsel patients about firearm safety, but the personal prevalence of firearm ownership among physicians is poorly established. METHODS: We examined responses to the question "Do you keep a gun/firearm in your home?" from the Women Physicians' Health Study, a nationally representative survey of US female physicians (n = 4,501). RESULTS: Among female physicians, 16.5% reported having a firearm in their homes. Those who were older, married, practicing in a rural region, and residing in the South Central or Mountain states were more likely to report having a firearm in the home. Emergency medicine specialists, Protestants, physicians reporting a history of depression, and those on call more than six times per month were also more likely to report keeping a firearm in their home. Female physicians residing on the East Coast, Hindus, and Jews were least likely to report keeping a firearm in the home. CONCLUSIONS: In the United States, the proportion of female physicians who report having a firearm in the home was about half that reported by other women and one third that reported by men. This observation may have important implications for encouraging female physicians to counsel their patients about firearm ownership and storage.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Mothers' education but not fathers' education, household assets or land ownership is the best predictor of child health inequalities in rural Uganda.

BACKGROUND: Health and nutrition inequality is a result of a complex web of factors that include socio-economic inequalities. Various socio-economic indicators exist however some do not accurately predict inequalities in children. Others are not intervention feasible. OBJECTIVE: To examine the association of four socio-economic indicators namely: mothers' education, fathers' education, household asset index, and land ownership with growth stunting, which is used as a proxy for health and nutrition inequalities among infants and young children. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional survey conducted in the rural district of Hoima, Uganda. Two-stage cluster sampling design was used to obtain 720 child/mother pairs. Information on indicators of household socio-economic status and child anthropometry was gathered by administering a structured questionnaire to mothers in their home settings. Regression modelling was used to determine the association of socio-economic indicators with stunting. RESULTS: One hundred seventy two (25%) of the studied children were stunted, of which 105 (61%) were boys (p < 0.001). Bivariate analysis indicated a higher prevalence of stunting among children of: non-educated mothers compared to mothers educated above primary school (odds ratio (OR) 2.5, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.4-4.4); non-educated fathers compared to fathers educated above secondary school (OR 1.7, 95% CI 0.8-3.5); households belonging in the "poorest" quintile for the asset index compared to the "least poor" quintile (OR 2.1, 95% CI 1.2-3.7); Land ownership exhibited no differentials with stunting. Simultaneously adjusting all socio-economic indicators in conditional regression analysis left mothers' education as the only independent predictor of stunting with children of non-educated mothers significantly more likely to be stunted compared to those of mothers educated above primary school (OR 2.1, 95% CI 1.1-3.9). More boys than girls were significantly stunted in poorer than wealthier socio-economic strata. CONCLUSIONS: Of four socio-economic indicators, mothers' education is the best predictor for health and nutrition inequalities among infants and young children in rural Uganda. This suggests a need for appropriate formal education of the girl child aimed at promoting child health and nutrition. The finding that boys are adversely affected by poverty more than their female counterparts corroborates evidence from previous studies.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2006

Theory and practice--a case study of coordination and ownership in the Bangladesh health SWAp.

BACKGROUND: In the past decade the sector-wide approach (SWAp) model has been promoted by donors and adopted by governments in several countries. The purpose of this study is to look at how partners involved in the health SWAp in Bangladesh define ownership and coordination, in their daily work and to analyse the possible implications of these definitions. METHODOLOGY: The study object was a process of decision-making in the Government of Bangladesh in 2003. Information was collected through participant observations, interviews and document review. RESULTS: During the study period the Government of Bangladesh decided to reverse a decision to unify the two wings of the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. The decision led to disagreements with development partners, which had serious implications for cooperation between key actors in the Bangladesh health sector leading to deteriorated relationships and suspension of donor funds. The donor community in itself was also in disagreement which led to inconsistencies in the dialogue between the development partners and the Government of Bangladesh. CONCLUSION: The case shows that main actors in the Bangladesh health SWAp interpret ownership and coordination, fundamental aspects of SWAp, differently. As long as work ran smoothly, the different definitions did not create any problems, but when disagreements arose they became an obstacle. It is concluded that partners in development should devote more effort to their working relationships and that responsibilities within a SWAp need to be more clearly delineated.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1993

Psychosocial implications of service dog ownership for people who have mobility or hearing impairments.

Service dogs for people with mobility impairments and hearing ear dogs for persons with hearing impairments have grown in popularity because the important practical tasks these dogs perform enhance the independence of their owners. Little is known about the psychosocial impact of service dog ownership, however. The results of a survey of 24 owners and seven trainers on the psychosocial benefits and liabilities of service dog ownership are presented and the implications for social work practice are discussed.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1996

Pet ownership may be a factor in improved health of the elderly.

The familiar adage "pets are good for your health" is an interesting but largely untested theory. A new model was developed, based on pet ownership leads to better self care, to show possible associations between pet ownership with eating, exercise, nutritional status, and specific cardiovascular risk factors. Seniors aged sixty and above were solicited mainly at senior congregate meals program sites in north-central Colorado (n = 127) to participate in this cross-sectional, observational study. Statistical analyses of questionnaire, anthropometric, physiological, and biochemical data were performed. Dog owners walked significantly longer than non-owners (p < 0.05), and pet owners had significantly lower serum triglycerides than non-owners (p < 0.01). Results suggest that pets may be good for your health.

Aged↗
PubMed2007

Border-ownership-dependent tilt aftereffect in incomplete figures.

A recent physiological finding of neural coding for border ownership (BO) that defines the direction of a figure with respect to the border has provided a possible basis for figure-ground segregation. To explore the underlying neural mechanisms of BO, we investigated stimulus configurations that activate BO circuitry through psychophysical investigation of the BO-dependent tilt aftereffect (BO-TAE). Specifically, we examined robustness of the border ownership signal by determining whether the BO-TAE is observed when gestalt factors are broken. The results showed significant BO-TAEs even when a global shape was not explicitly given due to the ambiguity of the contour, suggesting a contour-independent mechanism for BO coding.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2005

Touching a rubber hand: feeling of body ownership is associated with activity in multisensory brain areas.

In the "rubber-hand illusion," the sight of brushing of a rubber hand at the same time as brushing of the person's own hidden hand is sufficient to produce a feeling of ownership of the fake hand. We shown previously that this illusion is associated with activity in the multisensory areas, most notably the ventral premotor cortex (Ehrsson et al., 2004). However, it remains to be demonstrated that this illusion does not simply reflect the dominant role of vision and that the premotor activity does not reflect a visual representation of an object near the hand. To address these issues, we introduce a somatic rubber-hand illusion. The experimenter moved the blindfolded participant's left index finger so that it touched the fake hand, and simultaneously, he touched the participant's real right hand, synchronizing the touches as perfectly as possible. After approximately 9.7 s, this stimulation elicited an illusion that one was touching one's own hand. We scanned brain activity during this illusion and two control conditions, using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Activity in the ventral premotor cortices, intraparietal cortices, and the cerebellum was associated with the illusion of touching one's own hand. Furthermore, the rated strength of the illusion correlated with the degree of premotor and cerebellar activity. This finding suggests that the activity in these areas reflects the detection of congruent multisensory signals from one's own body, rather than of visual representations. We propose that this could be the mechanism for the feeling of body ownership.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Dog and cat ownership among suicides and matched controls.

In Washington County, Maryland, ownership of cats and/or dogs was compared among 48 residents who committed suicide in the years 1975-83 and 96 living controls matched to the suicides by race, sex, and date of birth. Another comparison used as controls persons of same race, sex, and age who died of causes other than suicide in the same year as the suicide. No material association between pet ownership and suicide was observed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Telephone ownership and deaf people: implications for telephone surveys.

OBJECTIVES: This study was done to determine the prevalence of telephone ownership in different deaf populations and to explore its implications for telephone-based surveys. METHODS: Multivariate analyses, with adjustments for sociodemographics and health status, were done of National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) data from 1990 and 1991, the years in which the NHIS Hearing Supplement was administered. RESULTS: Prelingually deafened adults were less likely than members of the general population to own a telephone (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 0.35; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.15, 0.82), whereas postlingually deafened adults were as likely as members of the general population to own one (AOR = 1.00; 95% CI = 0.78, 1.28). CONCLUSIONS: Telephone surveys risk marginalizing prelingually deafened adults because of low telephone ownership and language barriers between the deaf and hearing communities.

Adult↗