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At least 199 records · Page 11Linked to original sources
PubMed2003

Treatment of the solution extracted from metal contaminated soils by reverse osmosis and chemical precipitation.

In this study a process for the remediation of soils contaminated by lead or copper is proposed, consisting of the operations in sequence: soil flushing, membrane treatment, acidification, and metal precipitation. Pb(II) and Cu(II) extraction from a synthetically contaminated soil using a 0.05 M EDTA aqueous solution were investigated in column. The metal removal efficiencies and the final soil metal concentration were 98.2% and 37.96 mg/g respectively for lead and 95.4% and 59.20 mg/kg for copper. The extracted solutions were concentrated through a membrane treatment to reduce the water content up to the 75% and to obtain a permeate metal concentration in compliance with the Italian Environmental Regulation. The recovery of the used EDTA from the retentate solution, with recovery yield of at least 85.4%, was also obtained through acidification. Metal precipitation from the filtered solution was then performed according two different methods, achieving metal removal yield of more than 99.4%.

Chelating Agents↗
PubMed2004

Design of reverse osmosis (RO) water treatment networks subject to fouling.

Identifying the optimal design for an RO membrane network is not straightforward when significant fouling occurs. The most robust optimal network design will feature the minimal capital and operating costs over the anticipated lifetime of the plant, and is therefore strongly dependent on the fouling behaviour and associated mitigation. This study considers the case where the likely fouling behaviour is known and investigates how to incorporate this knowledge into the design and operation of a network. The optimisation task is complicated by the highly non-linear nature of the problem owing to membrane behaviour, fouling behaviour, network interactions and operating parameter constraints (pressures and flows). In this work, fouling is modelled as an exponential decay in membrane permeability. Three optimisation approaches are used to evaluate candidate networks: (i) laborious comparison of pre-selected individual network designs; (ii) deterministic gradient search methods, and (iii) a simulated-annealing-based hybrid stochastic-deterministic method. All of the approaches consider various configurations of a two-stage network with a maximum of three membrane units in each stage, represented in a superstructure model. The results from the approaches are compared and the most effective method for network design is discussed.

Biofilms↗
PubMed2003

Evans blue distribution in the rate brain after intracarotid injection with the blood-brain barrier intact and open to osmosis.

Evans blue was applied to 12 rats by way of intracarotid injection into the common carotid artery or internal carotid artery both with the blood-brain barrier intact and after its mannitol-induced osmotic opening. For each type of application, a histological picture of Evans blue propagation through the brain was obtained by means of fluorescence microscopy. An assessment was made of the overall intensity of staining, and the ratio was established of the intra:extra-cellular Evans blue distribution in the cortex and hippocampus of both hemispheres. The histological picture obtained on injecting Evans blue into the internal carotic artery two minutes after the blood-brain barrier opening with mannitol can be seen as morphological evidence of the fact that the substance thus applied does have an effect on cell homeostasis since the intracellular share of Evans blue distribution is considerable.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Modeling the influence of temperature on degree of concentration polarization in reverse osmosis systems.

A model describing the influence of temperature on degree of concentration polarization is proposed. The model is based on the following assumptions: (1) membrane morphology is temperature-independent; (2) transport characteristics of membrane are invariant with coordinate; (3) specific water permeability of the membrane is based on exponential dependence of viscosity vs. temperature; (4) temperature-dependence of membrane rejection is assumed to be linear. Proposed models permit quantitative correlations of longitudinal mass flow and degree of concentration polarization at different operating temperatures. It enables analysis of the influence of temperature, mass flow, bulk concentration, axial velocity, channel geometry, physical properties and membrane rejection on longitudinal distribution of concentration polarization degree. The submitted model does not contain digital integration and can be segmented into optimization algorithms.

Algorithms↗