Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “OLEANDER”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 199 records · Page 11Linked to original sources
PubMedDate not supplied

Unexpectedly dangerous escargot stew: oleandrin poisoning through the alimentary chain.

A female, aged 43 and a male, aged 66, experienced gastrointestinal and cardiovascular symptoms after a meal including snail stew. Twelve hours after the ingestion, they presented with nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and cardiovascular symptoms typical of acute toxic digoxin ingestion and were hospitalized. The man's electrocardiogram was altered, and the woman's was normal. Serum digoxin levels, measured on a Roche COBAS Integra 800 with the Roche On-Line Digoxin reagent, were 1.14 and 1.00 nmol/L, respectively. Potassium levels were normal in both patients. The serum digoxin concentration decreased on the second day, and symptoms resolved on the third day with patients fully recovered (i.e., reversion to a normal sinus rhythm). Cardiac-glycoside-like intoxication symptoms follow the ingestion of leaves or flowers of Nerium oleander. The consumed snails were suspected to be responsible for the intoxication. In the homogenized snail tissue, the concentration expressed in digoxin equivalents was 0.282 nmol/g. The presence of oleandrin and oleandrigenin in the snails was confirmed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis, which was performed on a ionic-trap Finnigan LXQ instrument using an electrospray ionization interface. High-pressure liquid chromatographic separation was performed on a C18 column with a gradient of methanol/water. An extract of oleander leaves was used as reference.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Interference of oleandrin and oleandrigenin in digitoxin immunoassays: minimal cross reactivity with a new monoclonal chemiluminescent assay and high cross reactivity with the fluorescence polarization assay.

Toxicity from ingestion of the oleander plant is common. Oleandrin, the oleander glycoside, has structural similarity to cardiac glycoside digoxin and is known to cross react with various digoxin immunoassays. The authors studied the cross reactivity of oleandrin and its deglycosylated congener oleandrigenin with a fluorescence polarization immunoassay for digitoxin and compared their results with a new chemiluminescent assay for digitoxin on the Automated Chemiluminescent System (ACS:180 Plus) from Chiron Diagnostics. Even though the chemiluminescent assay has been reported to be comparable with the fluorescence polarization assay among normal patient population, oleandrin and oleandrigenin showed very high cross reactivities with the fluorescence polarization immunoassay and minimal cross reactivity with the new chemiluminescent assay. When the authors supplemented a serum specimen containing no digitoxin with 50 micrograms/ml of oleandrin, the fluorescence polarization assay recorded a value of 535.7 ng/ml of digitoxin equivalent, whereas the new chemiluminescent assay recorded a value of 10.3 ng/ml of digitoxin equivalent. The cross reactivity of oleandrigenin with the fluorescence polarization immunoassay for digitoxin was significantly lower than oleandrin. The presence of oleandrin also falsely elevated total digitoxin level in a specimen supplemented with digitoxin and oleandrin. The authors also measured free digitoxin concentration by the fluorescence polarization immunoassay in the ultrafiltrate of serum supplemented with digitoxin and oleandrin. Because digitoxin and oleandrin are bound strongly to protein, monitoring free digitoxin concentration by the fluorescence polarization immunoassay instead of total digitoxin concentration does not eliminate oleandrin interference. The authors conclude that fluorescence polarization immunoassay for digitoxin has a high cross reactivity with oleandrin and can falsely elevate digitoxin concentration in the presence of oleandrin, whereas the new chemiluminescent assay for digitoxin is almost free from interferences from oleandrin.

Anti-Arrhythmia Agents↗
PubMed1997

A case of nondigitalis cardiac glycoside toxicity.

A case is presented of cardiac glycoside poisoning in a 1-year-old patient from the plant Nerium oleander (common oleander). The patient had bradycardia, vomiting, altered level of consciousness, and no history of ingestion. Antibody-based digoxin assays may cross-react with other cardiac glycosides nonquantitatively. Chromatographic techniques can be used in the specific diagnosis.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

A simplified subtractive hybridization protocol used to isolate DNA sequences specific to Xylella fastidiosa.

A simplified protocol of subtractive hybridization based on the technique of L. M. Kunkel, A. P. Monaco, W. Middlesworth, H. D. Ochs & S. A. Latt (1985, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 82, 4778-4782) was used to obtain DNA sequences specific to Xylella fastidiosa isolated from diseased citrus plants. As a driver, DNA extracted from bacteria showing different degrees of relatedness was used: Xy. fastidiosa 788 isolated from another host (plum), Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris and Burkholderia gladioli strains. A DNA fragment, f14, showing no hybridization to the driver DNA, was used as a probe specific to Xy. fastidiosa from citrus and oleander. This fragment was sequenced and the predicted protein showed 40% similarity to the central region of flagellin of Escherichia coli serotypes H1 and H12. A pair of internal primers (f14-1 and f14-2) was designed for amplification of Xy. fastidiosa DNA. These primers detected Xy. fastidiosa strains isolated from citrus and oleander and yielded an amplification product of about 600 bp. They were also able to detect the bacteria in extracts from citrus plants with or without symptoms of disease. No amplification reaction was obtained using DNA extracted from other species and pathovars of Xanthomonas, Pseudomonas cichorii, Erwinia carotovora, Agrobacterium tumefaciens and phytopathogens of citrus (Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri) and coffee (Burkholderia andropogonis, P. cichorii, Pseudomonas syringae pv. garcae). The isolation of a DNA fragment specific to Xy. fastidiosa from citrus showed that the simplified protocol of subtractive hybridization used in this work is potentially applicable to other micro-organisms.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1973

Optical parameters of leaves of 30 plant species.

Optical parameters (absorption coefficient k, infinite reflectance Rinfinity, scattering coefficient 8) are tabulated for seven wavelengths and analyzed for statistical differences for 30 plant species. The wavelengths are: 550 nm (green reflectance peak), 650 nm (chlorophyll absorption band), 850 nm (infrared reflectance plateau), 1450 nm (water absorption band), 1650 nm (reflectance peak following water absorption band at 1450 nm), 1950 nm (water absorption band), and 2200 nm (reflectance peak following water absorption band at 1950 nm).Thick, complex dorsiventral (bifacial mesophyll) leaves such as rubber plant, begonia, sedum, and privet had lower Rinfinity values than thinner, less complex dorsiventral leaves (i.e., soybean, peach, bean, rose) or essentially centric (undifferentiated mesophyll) sorghum and corn leaves. Infinite reflectance was negatively correlated with leaf thickness (-0.734(**)).Thick, complex dorsiventral leaves (crinum, oleander, privet, rubber plant, sedum) had higher (p 0.01) k values than thinner, less complex dorsiventral leaves (i.e., soybean, rose, peach) or essentially centric sorghum, sugarcane, and corn leaves. A coefficient of 0.718(**) was obtained for the correlation of k values with leaf thickness values.Complex dorsiventral oleander, orange, and crinum leaves had higher (p 0.01) 8 values than less complex dorsiventral (i.e., onion, begonia, banana) or centric leaves (i.e., corn and sugarcane). The scattering coefficient was not correlated with leaf thickness.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2005

Multilocus simple sequence repeat markers for differentiating strains and evaluating genetic diversity of Xylella fastidiosa.

A genome-wide search was performed to identify simple sequence repeat (SSR) loci among the available sequence databases from four strains of Xylella fastidiosa (strains causing Pierce's disease, citrus variegated chlorosis, almond leaf scorch, and oleander leaf scorch). Thirty-four SSR loci were selected for SSR primer design and were validated in PCR experiments. These multilocus SSR primers, distributed across the X. fastidiosa genome, clearly differentiated and clustered X. fastidiosa strains collected from grape, almond, citrus, and oleander. They are well suited for differentiating strains and studying X. fastidiosa epidemiology and population genetics.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed1986

Cloning of the gene for indoleacetic acid-lysine synthetase from Pseudomonas syringae subsp. savastanoi.

The phytopathogen Pseudomonas syringae subsp. savastanoi incites the production of galls on olive and oleander plants. Gall formation is dependent on bacterial production of the phytohormone indoleacetic acid (IAA). The genetic determinants for IAA synthesis are located on a plasmid (pIAA) and are organized in an operon in oleander strains of the bacterium. P. syringae subsp. savastanoi further converts IAA to an amino acid conjugate, 3-indole-acetyl-epsilon-L-lysine (IAA-lysine). The gene for IAA-lysine synthetase (iaaL) was found on the IAA plasmid by screening pIAA deletion mutants for the ability to convert IAA to IAA-lysine. The iaaL locus was then cloned in the vector pUC8 from a bank of P. syringae subsp. savastanoi EW2009 plasmid DNA to construct recombinant plasmid pLG87. The specific activity of IAA-lysine synthetase in Escherichia coli transformed with pLG87 was 47 times higher than that of the enzyme extract from P. syringae subsp. savastanoi. The direction of transcription of the iaaL gene was determined to be opposite to that of the IAA operon. The location of the iaaL gene on pIAA1 was mapped by Tn5 insertion mutagenesis to a 2.5-kilobase-pair fragment 2 kilobase pairs from the IAA operon.

Chromosome Mapping↗
PubMed2006

Detection and differentiation of Xylella fastidiosa strains acquired and retained by glassy-winged sharpshooters (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) using a mixture of strain-specific primer sets.

Xylella fastidiosa Wells is a bacterial pathogen that causes a variety of plant diseases, including Pierce's disease (PD) of grapevine, almond leaf scorch, alfalfa dwarf, citrus variegated chlorosis, and oleander leaf scorch (OLS). Numerous strains of this pathogen have been genetically characterized, and several different strains occur in the United States. The dominant vector in southern California is the glassy-winged sharpshooter, Homalodisca coagulata (Say) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae). The high mobility of this insect, and its use of large numbers of host plant species, provides this vector with ample exposure to multiple strains of X. fastidiosa during its lifetime. To learn more about the ability of this vector to acquire, retain, and transmit multiple strains of the pathogen, we developed a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based method to detect and differentiate strains of X. fastidiosa present in individual glassy-winged sharpshooter adults. Insects were sequentially exposed to plants infected with a PD strain in grapevine and an OLS strain in oleander. After sequential exposure, a few insects tested positive for both strains (7%); however, in most cases individuals tested positive for only one strain (29% PD, 41% OLS). In transmission studies, individual adults transmitted either the PD or OLS strain of the pathogen at a rate (39%) similar to that previously reported after exposure to a single strain, but no single individual transmitted both strains of the pathogen. PD and OLS strains of X. fastidiosa remained detectable in glassy-winged sharpshooter, even when insects were fed on a plant species that was not a host of the strain for 1 wk.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Oleandrin suppresses activation of nuclear transcription factor-kappaB, activator protein-1, and c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase.

Agents that can suppress the activation of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) and activator protein-1 (AP-1) may be able to block tumorigenesis and inflammation. Oleandrin, a polyphenolic cardiac glycoside derived from the leaves of Nerium oleander, is a candidate NF-kappaB and AP-1 modulator. We investigated the effect of oleandrin on NF-kappaB activation induced by inflammatory agents. Oleandrin blocked tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-induced activation of NF-kappaB in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. This effect was mediated through inhibition of phosphorylation and degradation of IkappaBalpha, an inhibitor of NF-kappaB. A proprietary hot water extract of oleander (Anvirzel) also blocked TNF-induced NF-kappaB activation; subsequent fractionation of the extract revealed that this activity was attributable to oleandrin. The effects of oleandrin were not cell type specific, because it blocked TNF-induced NF-kappaB activation in a variety of cells. NF-kappaB-dependent reporter gene transcription activated by TNF was also suppressed by oleandrin. The TNF-induced NF-kappaB activation cascade involving TNF receptor 1/TNF receptor-associated death domain/TNF receptor-associated factor 2/NF-kappaB-inducing kinase/IkappaBalpha kinase was interrupted at the TNF receptor-associated factor 2 and NF-kappaB-inducing kinase sites by oleandrin, thus suppressing NF-kappaB reporter gene expression. Oleandrin blocked NF-kappaB activation induced by phorbol ester and lipopolysaccharide. Oleandrin also blocked AP-1 activation induced by TNF and other agents and inhibited the TNF-induced activation of c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase. Overall, our results indicate that oleandrin inhibits activation of NF-kappaB and AP-1 and their associated kinases. This may provide a molecular basis for the ability of oleandrin to suppress inflammation and perhaps tumorigenesis.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Evaluation of selected plants for acute toxicosis in budgerigars.

Pairs of budgerigars were given samples, by gavage, of plants considered potentially toxic to pet birds. Samples were prepared by flash-freezing and powdering fresh plant material in liquid nitrogen and resuspending the material in deionized water for administration. Of the 19 plants tested, only 6 induced clinical signs of illness; these plants included yew, oleander, clematis, avocado, black locust, and Virginia creeper (Taxus media, Nerium oleander, Clematis sp, Persea americana, Robinia pseudoacacia, Parthenocissus quinquefolio).

Acacia↗
PubMed2006

[Study on near-infrared absorption mechanism of alkali lignin].

The results showed that o-quinone and q-quinone had strong absorption while vanillin had nearly no absorption in the 800-900 nm range of near-infrared spectroscopy through the comparison of their near-infrared absorption spectra. It was proved that quinone structure of alkali lignin had strong absorption in the 800-900 nm range of near-infrared spectroscopy. The change in the absorbency of oleander milled wood lignin treated with NaOH and Na2 S before and after is greater than that in the absorbency of ginkgo milled wood lignin treated with NaOH and Na2 S before and after because more quinone structure was formed in the process of oleander milled wood lignin treated with NaOH and Na2 S. The finding well explained that cooking liquor of hardwood was much stronger than that of softwood while their pulp kappa number was very near.

Benzoquinones↗
PubMed1991

[Digitalis poisoning from medicinal herbs. Two different mechanisms of production].

Two cases of digitalis toxicity due to uncontrolled ingestion of medicinal herbs are presented. The first of them was caused by oleander (Nerium oleander); digoxinemia levels were very high in this patient (4.44 ng/l), who presented many brady- and tachyarrhythmias. These arrhythmias disappeared when digoxinemia returned to normal values. The second patient had atrial fibrillation with slow ventricular rate, severe hypokalemia (2.1 mEq/l) and normal digoxinemia levels. He was taking medicinal herbs for a cold, with sorbitol between its components. Sorbitol may be similar to mannitol and glycerol (osmotic diuretic drugs) when taken at high doses. Uncontrolled ingestion of medicinal herbs is not safe, and severe poisoning can occur.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Regulation of 3-indoleacetic acid production in Pseudomonas syringae pv. savastanoi. Purification and properties of tryptophan 2-monooxygenase.

The oxidative decarboxylation of L-tryptophan to yield 3-indoleacetamide, catalyzed by tryptophan 2-monooxygenase, represents a controlling reaction in the synthesis of indoleacetic acid by Pseudomonas savastanoi (Pseudomonas syringae pv. savastanoi), a gall-forming pathogen of olive (Olea europea L.) and oleander (Nerium oleander L.). Production of indoleacetic acid is essential for virulence of the bacterium in its hosts. Tryptophan 2-monooxygenase was characterized to determine its role in indoleacetic acid metabolism in the bacterium. The enzyme was purified to apparent homogeneity from Escherichia coli cells containing the genetic locus for this enzyme obtained from P. savastanoi. The preparation contained a single polypeptide with a mass of 62,000 that cross-reacted immunologically with a homologous protein in P. savastanoi. The holoenzyme contained one FAD moiety/subunit with properties consistent with a catalytic function. The enzyme preparation catalyzed an L-tryptophan-dependent O2 uptake and yielded 3-indoleacetamide as a product. Enzyme activity fit simple Michaelis Menten kinetics with a Km for L-tryptophan of 50 microM. 3-Indoleacetamide and 3-indoleacetic acid were identified as regulatory effectors. The apparent Ki for 3-indoleacetamide was 7 microM; that for indoleacetic acid was 225 microM. At Km concentrations of tryptophan, enzyme activity was inhibited 50% by 25 microM 3-indoleacetamide. In contrast, 230 microM indoleacetic acid was required to effect a similar inhibition. Phenylalanine and tyrosine were ineffective as regulatory metabolites. These results indicate that IAA synthesis in P. savastanoi is regulated by limiting tryptophan and by feedback inhibition from indoleacetamide and indoleacetic acid.

Feedback↗
PubMed1984

[Effect of plant glycosides on resistance and capacitance vessels].

In the anaesthetized cat, SCOA ( Miroton ), a product which contains extracts from Scilla , Convallaria , Oleander and Adonis , displays not only its well-known positive inotropic effect but has also constrictor effects on veins when applied in intravenous doses of 21.5-100 GPU /kg ( GPU = guinea-pig units, i.e. cardiotoxic equivalents related to 1 g body weight of guinea-pigs). The latter effect differs in that it is somewhat more prolonged. With intraduodenal administration the doses required to achieve equal peak effects as with intravenous injection are about 4 times larger and this suggests a relatively good enteral availability in the cat. SCOA constricts not only veins but also arteries. However, this latter effect is comparatively small and occurs only after intraarterial infusion of high doses (9.1 and 91 GPU /min, respectively).--The cardiac glycosides contained in the drug product primarily account for its vasoactive qualities. The venous constrictor effect correlates with the guinea-pig units. In qualitative respects, the pure glycosides cymarin , convallatoxin , proscillaridin , and scillaren exert equal effects. There is, however, evidence that the correlation between the effect on veins and on the heart differs for the glycosides tested. Based on equal guinea-pig units, the adonis extract, for instance, acts on capacitance vessels about twice as much as scilla , oleander and convallaria extracts. Cymarin , too, has a stronger effect on veins than would be expected from its cardiotoxic effect. The action on arteries and veins are based on different mechanism.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Larvicidal activity of a few plant extracts against Culex quinquefasciatus and Anopheles stephensi.

Larvicidal activity of partially purified extracts of leaves of Vitex negundo, Nerium oleander and seeds of Syzygium jambolanum on different instars of Culex quinquefasciatus and Anopheles stephensi was estimated. Petroleum ether (PE): Ethyl acetate (EA) 3:1 fraction of V. negundo, 1:1 fractions of N. oleander and S. jambolanum inflicted considerable larval mortality and interfered with pupal-adult metamorphosis. At very low concentration the active fractions of these plant extracts extended the duration of the various larval instars and of pupation. In general, I and II instar larvae were more susceptible to the active fractions. Species and stage specific differences in the susceptibility of the mosquitoes to the active fractions of the plant extracts were observed.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Phase 1 trial of Anvirzel in patients with refractory solid tumors.

Anvirzel is an aqueous extract of the plant Nerium oleander which has been utilized to treat patients with advanced malignancies. The current study reports a phase 1 trial to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) and safety of Anvirzel in patients with advanced, refractory solid tumors. Patients were randomized to receive this agent by intramuscular injection at doses of 0.1, 0.2, 0.4 ml/m2/day with subsequent patients receiving 0.8 or 1.2 ml/m2/day sequentially. Eighteen patients were enrolled and completed at least one treatment cycle of three weeks. Most patients developed mild injection site pain (78%). Other toxicities included fatigue, nausea, and dyspnea. Traditional dose limiting toxicity was not seen, but the MTD was defined by injection volume as 0.8 ml/m2/day. No objective anti-tumor responses were seen. Anvirzel can be safely administered at doses up to 1.2 ml/m2/day, with the amount administered intramuscularly limited by volume. The recommended phase II dose level is 0.8 ml/m2/day.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Higher plants as bioindicators of sulphur dioxide emissions in urban environments.

The evaluation of certain vascular plants that grow in the city of Madrid as biomonitors of SO(2) air pollution in urban environments has been carried out. Total concentration of sulphur in leaves of the chosen higher plants as well as other parameters in close relation to this contaminant (visible injury symptoms, chlorophyll a- and b-content and peroxidase activity) have been determined in order to study the spatial distribution and temporal changes in SO(2) deposition. Results obtained show that coniferous species such as Pinus pinea, were more sensitive to SO(2) atmospheric concentration than leafy species as Quercux ilex subspecies ballota and, in the same way, bush species, such as Pyracantha coccinea and Nerium oleander, were more sensitive than wooded species, such as Cedrus deodara and Pinus pinea, respectively. There is a higher accumulation of sulphur in vegetable species located near highways and dense traffic incidence roads and near areas with high density of population. The minimum values for accumulation of SO(2) were registered in winter and spring seasons (from January to April) due to the vegetative stop; while maximum values are obtained during the summer season (from June to September), due to the stoma opening. The highest increments in sulphur concentration, calculated as the difference between two consecutive months, are obtained in May and June for all considered species except for Cedrus deodara and Pyracantha coccinea, both species have few seasonal changes during the whole year. Some species are more sensitive to natural washing than others, showing a decrease in sulphur concentration after rainfall periods.

Air Pollutants↗
PubMed1980

Dissociation of supramolecular complexes in chloroplast membranes. A manifestation of heat damage to the photosynthetic apparatus.

High temperature-induced alterations to membrane structure were investigated for chloroplast thylakoid membranes isolated from leaves of Nerium oleander grown at a 20/15 degrees C or 45/32 degrees C day/night temperature regime and pretreated at temperatures from 40 to 55 degrees C. Quantitative analysis of micrographs of freeze-fractured membranes revealed a progressive loss of exoplasmic fracture face (EF) particles from the larger particle size classes as the temperature of the pretreatment was increased. This loss indicates that the components of the EF particles, presumed to be the chlorophyll a/b light-harvesting complex and the photosystem II core complex become physically dissociated as a result of the heat pretreatment. The high-temperature stability of this supramolecular complex is enhanced in the samples from the plants grown at the higher temperature regime. These results demonstrate that the heat-induced damage to the photosynthetic apparatus involves not only a functional dissociation of the chlorophyll a/b light-harvesting complex from the photosystem Ii complex, but a physical dissociation as well.

Chlorophyll↗