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PubMed2004

Joint working relationships: children, parents and child healthcare nurses at work.

In child healthcare children's development is examined and assessed. The main aim of this article is to explore the different ways in which a child health nurse establishes joint working relationships with children and parents. Few studies in child healthcare include nonverbal interaction. It was found that a child often responds to the actions of the nurse and the parent by physical and bodily actions and by the direction of his/her gaze. The nurse has to be able to shift between several different interactional modes using various nonverbal communicative means. She uses her body to shift positions together with shifts in gaze in order to establish an interactional focus and a relationship with the child. The nurse also uses different artifacts in the room as well as the child's spontaneous activities during the assessment of the child's development. In addition, she uses the parents' relationships with their children in order to gain their support and to encourage their children in performing tasks. An important methodological consequence of this study is that it is necessary to use video-recorded data when interactions of this kind are analyzed.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1982

Parent-child interactions in normal and language-disordered children.

Interactions between young children and their parents or guardians are critical factors in child language acquisition. The purpose of this study is to describe verbal and nonverbal communication patterns that occur in parent-to-child and child-to-parent interactions with normally developing children and children with language disorders. Thirty verbal and nonverbal behaviors were analyzed from videotapes of mother-child interactions. As a group, the mothers of normally developing children did not differ from the mothers of children with language disorders in the frequency of use of verbal or nonverbal interactions or in the mean length of utterance. There were no significant differences between the groups of children in frequency of use of each interaction pattern. What was different was the number of significant relationships between measures of linguistic maturity of the normally developing children and their mothers' interaction patterns that were not apparent for the language-disordered children and their mothers. Mothers' frequency of interactions as expansions, exact, reduction imitation, use of questions, answers, acknowledgements, providing information, total nonverbal behaviors, and use of nonverbal deixis all were related to some measures of the normal child's linguistic maturity. These relationships were infrequent with the language disordered group.

Child Language↗
PubMed2003

Conflict over emotional expression: implications for interpersonal communication.

The current study examined the role of conflict over emotional expression for subjective and interpersonal functioning. The Ambivalence Over the Expression of Emotion Questionnaire (AEQ) was administered to female students who were videotaped while engaging in a conflict-resolution and feedback task with their boyfriends. External ratings showed ambivalent women to be less positive in their verbal statements and to be more constricted in their nonverbal expressions. When mood and other personality constructs were controlled for, ambivalence entailed greater overt submissiveness. Ambivalent women also displayed lower congruence between their verbal and nonverbal communication, irrespective of depression and other personality variables. These data suggest that conflict over emotional expression entails less congruent communication, less positivity in close relationships, and a subordinate stance for the ambivalent individual.

Communication↗
PubMed1984

Doctor-patient communication. Clinical implications of social scientific research.

Research in the social sciences has clarified the nature and problems of doctor-patient communication. The development of adequate communication skills is now a goal of training programs in the primary-care specialties. Social structural barriers impede effective communication, however, and information giving remains problematic. Doctors tend to underestimate patients' desire for information and to misperceive the process of information giving. The transmission of information is related to characteristics of patients (sex, education, social class, and prognosis), doctors (social-class background, income, and perception of patients' desire for information), and the clinical situation (number of patients seen). Doctors' nonverbal communication abilities are associated with outcomes of medical care such as satisfaction and compliance. Regarding the sociolinguistic structure of communication, doctors often maintain a style of high control, which involves many doctor-initiated questions, interruptions, and neglect of patients' "life world." Training programs and standards of clinical practice should emphasize that improved doctor-patient communication is both desirable and possible.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1985

Telling ingratiating lies: effects of target sex and target attractiveness on verbal and nonverbal deceptive success.

Male and female "senders" described their opinions on four controversial issues to target persons. Each sender expressed sincere agreement with the target on one of the issues and sincere disagreement on another (truthful messages), and also pretended to agree with the partner on one of the issues (an ingratiating lie) and pretended to disagree on another (a noningratiating lie). Groups of judges then rated the sincerity of each message on the basis of information available from one of four different channels: verbal (words only, in transcript form), audio (audiotape only), visual (videotape with no sound), and audiovisual (videotape with sound). Results showed that (a) lies told by women were more readily detected than lies told by men, (b) lies told to opposite-sex targets were more easily detected than lies to same-sex targets, and (c) ingratiating lies were more successfully detected than were noningratiating lies, particularly when told to attractive targets. Furthermore, when senders talked to opposite-sex (relative to same-sex) targets, their lies were most easily detected from the three channels that included nonverbal cues. For ingratiating (relative to noningratiating) lies, detectability was greatest for the channels that included visual nonverbal cues. Senders addressing attractive targets were perceived as less sincere than senders addressing unattractive targets, both when lying and when telling the truth, and this difference in the degree of sincerity conveyed was especially pronounced in the channels that included nonverbal cues. Results are discussed in terms of the effects of motivation on verbal and nonverbal communicative success.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

[Non verbal communication: a contribution to breastfeeding counseling].

The "Course on Breastfeeding Counseling", elaborated and implemented by the United Nation's Children's Emergency Fund-UNICEF in partnership with the World Health Organization-WHO, represents one of the most important initiatives towards the valorization of women as breastfeeding agents. With a view to understanding and facilitating the application of the nonverbal communication skills this course intends to develop among professionals, this study aims to organize the theoretical frameworks that will support the teaching of Listening and Learning Skills--1--"Use of non verbal communication", considering the concepts of human communication found in different authors. We found out that the skills of the course are centered in techniques only directed at the professional's attitudes. However, it is necessary to pay attention to women's nonverbal signs, as they reflect their emotions. These signs can indicate the difficulties women are facing, their interpretations regarding the interaction elements in their context and, often, they are indicative of how they will direct the breastfeeding process.

Breast Feeding↗
PubMed1985

Manual actions of nine- to fifteen-week-old human infants during face-to-face interaction with their mothers.

This paper presents evidence that the manual actions of infants as young as 9 weeks of age may occur in relation to their facial expression, gaze direction, and vocalization. 28 full-term, healthy infants were observed during a 2-min spontaneous face-to-face interaction with their mothers. Videotapes were coded in real time using the following categories of manual action: POINT, SPREAD, CURL, and GRASP. Facial expressions, gaze direction, and vocalizations also were coded for each infant. All of the infants displayed CURL, 20 infants displayed SPREAD, 18 POINTED, and 11 showed GRASP. Right/left differences appeared for the categories CURL, SPREAD, and GRASP, but not for POINT. Hand action was systematically organized into sequences with other infant action. POINT occurred before or after mouthing and vocalization, CURL during vocalization, and SPREAD when the baby was looking away from the mother. The results are discussed in relation to their implications for the ontogeny of nonverbal communicative gestures.

Child Language↗
PubMed2002

Impact of training dementia caregivers in sensitivity to nonverbal emotion signals.

Ninety-one mid- to late-stage dementia patients residing in nursing homes, along with their staff caregivers, participated in a study designed to assess whether training caregivers in sensitivity to nonverbal communication could enhance mood and reduce symptoms in patients and improve psychological well-being in caregivers. Patients and staff at three nursing homes comprised three groups that were randomly assigned to either a nonverbal sensitivity group, a behavioral placebo group that received instruction in the cognitive and behavioral aspects of dementia, and a wait-list control. Training consisted of 10 one-hour sessions taught by a clinical psychologist using prepared materials. Patient measures, which were taken at baseline and at 4 three-week intervals, included patient symptomatology (depression, agitation, behavioral symptoms), as reported by the staff caregivers, and positive and negative facial expressions of emotion elicited during a face-to-face interview and coded by trained research staff. Results indicated that positive affect increased sharply during the first 6 weeks after intervention in the nonverbal group, with the placebo and wait-list controls showing no change. There was also a decline in negative affect across time for all groups. Effects with respect to patient symptomatology did not reach significance. Caregivers in both training groups showed a decline in symptomatology, whereas the wait-list control group did not.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Clinically improving communication through touch.

1. Touch is an integral, yet under appreciated, aspect of nursing care. The language of touch includes the tactile symbols of duration, location, action, intensity, frequency, and sensation. 2. Touch is used in different ways: affectional, functional, protective, and non-physical (personal space). The need for touch does not lessen with age. In fact, it may increase due to loss of vision and hearing and increased personal and social isolation. 3. Nursing educators need to recognize the importance of nonverbal communication skills (ie, touch and personal space), and incorporate learning techniques into classroom and clinical experiences.

Humans↗
PubMed1977

[Indirect portraits. An attempt of non-verbal communication in a psychoanalytic group].

A collection of 7 own drawing and 15 related sketches are presented. They have been produced during the time of my participation in an analytic group. Fairly detailed information can be given about how the drawing process developed (first inspiration, initial situation, considerations during drawing). The formative and constituent elements of the drawing conceived consciously during its production are contrasted with those that have only later become conscious. The discussion of this own series of drawings and sketches should facilitate the comprehension of, and approach to, the drawings of the patients, which can also be considered to be 'indirect portraits' of their own personality and of their current environmental situatiion. The drawings were also an attempt at better integration in the group, with regard to group interaction. Advantages and disadvantages of this trial in nonverbal communication are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Nonverbal social interaction skills of children with learning disabilities.

Many children with learning disabilities (LD) face problems in their nonverbal communication, which constitutes an important component of their social skills. This study explores the frequency of nonverbal initiations and responses of 36 children with LD and 36 children without LD matched for age and gender, who were observed for 40 min during the break. Younger and older children with and without LD did not differ significantly in their nonverbal responses, but there was a statistically significant difference in terms of younger children's nonverbal initiations. Younger children with LD exhibited significantly fewer nonverbal initiations than younger children without LD. Findings are discussed and suggestions are made for further research.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2006

Facial expressivity during the clinical interview as a predictor functional disability in schizophrenia. a pilot study.

Despite the central role of nonverbal behavior in regulating social interactions, its relationship to functional disability in schizophrenia has received little empirical attention. This study aimed at assessing the relationship of patients' spontaneous facial expressivity during the clinical interview to clinician-rated and self-reported measures of functional disability. The nonverbal behavior of 28 stabilized patients with schizophrenia was analyzed by using the Ethological Coding System for Interviews (ECSI). Functional disability was assessed using the Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) scale and the Sheehan Disability Scale (DISS). Partial correlation analysis controlling for the confounding effects of neuroleptic treatment showed that facial expressivity was correlated with the GAF score (r=0.42, P=0.03) and the scores on the subscales of the DISS measuring work (r=-0.52, P=0.005) and social (r=-0.50, P=0.007) disability. In a multiple regression model, nonverbal behavior explained variation in patients' work and social disability better than negative symptoms. The results of this pilot study suggest that deficits in encoding affiliative signals may play a role in determining or aggravating functional disability in schizophrenia. One clinical implication of this finding is that remediation training programs designed to improve nonverbal communication could also serve as a useful adjunct for improving work and social functioning in patients with schizophrenia.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Eye-contact graphs.

The structure of nonverbal communication expressed as eye-contact between two human beings is analyzed using graph-theoretic tools involving a theorem of König on bipartite graphs and various results concerning directed graphs (as in Harary). A taxonomy for possible eye-contact configurations is constructed; then a theory, formed from a sequence of theorems proved about classes of eye-contact graphs derived from the taxonomy, is interpreted to analyze possible levels of communication. This theory can apply to any living system but it is interpreted here with respect to human subsystems composed of (1) individuals with normal vision, and (2) individuals with vision disorders which lead to crossed eyes.

Esotropia↗
PubMed1994

Physician characteristics and the recognition of depression and anxiety in primary care.

We examined physician characteristics associated with the recognition of depression and anxiety in primary care. Fifty-five physicians treating a total of 600 patients completed measures of psychosocial orientation, psychological mindedness, self-rating of sensitivity to hidden emotions, and a video test of sensitivity to nonverbal communication. Patients were classified as cases of psychiatric distress based on the CES-D scale and the Diagnostic Interview Schedule. Physician recognition was determined by notation of any psychosocial diagnosis in the medical charts over the ensuing 12 months. Of 192 patients scoring 16 or above on the CES-D, 44% (83) were recognized as psychiatrically distressed. Three findings were central to this study: 1) Physicians who are more sensitive to nonverbal expressions of emotion made more psychiatric or psychosocial assessment of their patients and appeared to be over-inclusive in their judgments of psychosocial problems; 2) Physicians who tended to blame depressed patients for causing, exaggerating, or prolonging their depression made fewer psychosocial assessments and were less accurate in detecting psychiatric distress; 3) False positive labeling of patients who had no evidence of psychiatric distress was rare. Surprisingly, more severe medical illness increased the likelihood of labeling and accurate recognition. Physician factors that increased recognition may indicate a greater willingness to formulate a psychiatric diagnosis and an ability notice nonverbal signs of distress.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Caregiver interactions with autistic children.

Caregiver interactions with young autistic children were contrasted with those involving caregivers and developmentally matched mentally retarded and normal infants. Caregivers of autistic children were similar to other caregivers in their responsiveness to child nonverbal communication bids and in their engagement in mutually sustained play. Caregivers of autistic children were similar to caregivers of mentally retarded children in their greater use of control strategies. However, these two groups of caregivers differed in the particular strategies they used to shape their children's behavior. Caregivers of mentally retarded children pointed to objects while caregivers of autistic children spent more time physically holding their children on task. Individual differences within the autistic sample indicated that caregivers regulated their children's behavior less and showed more mutual play and positive feedback to more communicatively able autistic children. These findings suggest that caregivers respond differentially to the specific deficiencies shown by their children.

Autistic Disorder↗
PubMed1996

Language level and nonverbal social-communicative behaviors in autistic and language-delayed children.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the relationship of general expressive language delay to nonverbal social-communicative deficits and repetitive behaviors associated with autism in preschool children. METHOD: Interviews of the parents of 51 autistic and 43 nonautistic 3- to 5-year-olds with language impairments were compared. RESULTS: Main effects of the children's language level occurred for the majority of social and nonverbal communication items but not for restricted, repetitive behaviors or showing and directing attention, socially directed gaze, or range of facial expression. CONCLUSIONS: In addition to the specific impairments of autism, a broader conceptualization of communication handicap is urged for preschool children with developmental delays.

Attention↗
PubMed2002

Dynamic systems and inferential information processing in human communication.

Research in human communication on an ethological basis is almost obsolete. The reasons for this are manifold and lie partially in methodological problems connected to the observation and description of behavior, as well as the nature of human behavior itself. In this chapter, we present a new, non-intrusive, technical approach to the analysis of human non-verbal behavior, which could help to solve the problem of categorization that plagues the traditional approaches. We utilize evolutionary theory to propose a new theory-driven methodological approach to the 'multi-unit multi-channel modulation' problem of human nonverbal communication. Within this concept, communication is seen as context-dependent (the meaning of a signal is adapted to the situation), as a multi-channel and a multi-unit process (a string of many events interrelated in 'communicative' space and time), and as related to the function it serves. Such an approach can be utilized to successfully bridge the gap between evolutionary psychological research, which focuses on social cognition adaptations, and human ethology, which describes every day behavior in an objective, systematic way.

Biological Evolution↗
PubMed1978

Lessons from cross-cultural psychotherapy.

The author identifies the effective technical aspects of cross-cultural psychotherapy: appropriate use of the medical model, recognition of nonverbal communication, and sensitivity to the subjective aspects of the patient's life. These approaches, when used with self-awareness and flexibility, can aid in the psychotherapeutic work with patients whose socioeconomic status, life style, ethnic origin or sexual orientation differs from that of the psychiatrist.

Adult↗