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PubMed1998

Interacting effects of multiple roles on women's health.

Our study tests several hypotheses concerning the effects of employment, marriage, and motherhood on women's general physical health. These hypotheses predict how the health effect of each role varies, depending on specific role characteristics and the other roles a woman holds. Our analyses utilize longitudinal panel data for 3,331 women from the National Longitudinal Surveys of Young Women (follow-up intervals: 1978-83 and 1983-88). The Role Substitution Hypothesis proposes that employment and marriage provide similar resources (e.g., income and social support), and consequently, employment and marriage can substitute for each other in their beneficial effects on health. As predicted, we found that employment had beneficial effects on health for unmarried women, but little or no effect for married women. Similarly, marriage had beneficial effects on health only for women who were not employed. The Role Combination Strain Hypothesis proposes that employed mothers experience role strain, resulting in harmful effects on health. However, we found very little evidence that the combination of employment and motherhood resulted in harmful health effects. Contrary to the predictions of the Quantitative Demands Role Strain Hypothesis, it appears that neither longer hours of employment nor having more children resulted in harmful effects on health. As predicted by the Age-Related Parental Role Strain Hypothesis, younger age at first birth, particularly a teenage birth, appeared to result in more harmful health effects.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Women's health in a rural setting in societal transition in Ethiopia.

There are reports indicating a worsening of women's health in transitional rural societies in sub-Saharan Africa in relation to autonomy, workload, illiteracy, nutrition and disease prevalence. Although these problems are rampant, proper documentation is lacking. The objective of this study was to reflect the health situation of women in rural Ethiopia. Furthermore, the study attempts to address the socio-demographic and cultural factors that have potential influence on the health of women in the context of a low-income setting. A combination of qualitative and quantitative research methods was utilised. In-depth interviews and a cross-sectional survey of randomly selected women were the main methods employed. The Butajira Rural Health Program demographic surveillance database provided the sampling frame. Heavy workload, lack of access to health services, poverty, traditional practices, poor social status and decision-making power, and lack of access to education were among the highly prevalent socio-cultural factors that potentially affect the health of women in Butajira. Though the majority of the women use traditional healers younger women show more tendency to use health services. No improvement of women's status was perceived by the younger generation compared to the older generation. Female genital mutilation is universal with a strong motivation to its maintenance. Nail polish has replaced the rite of nail-extraction before marriage in the younger generation. As the factors influencing the health of women are multiple and complex a holistic approach should be adopted with emphasis on improving access to health care and education, enhancing social status, and mechanisms to alleviate poverty.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Determinants of multiple sexual partners and condom use among sexually active Tanzanians.

This paper is based on the analyses of data collected in the Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey (TDHS). The TDHS national sample was obtained by using 1988 population census list of enumeration areas. Information about sexual behaviour and condom use was obtained from sexually active women (N = 4620) and men (N = 1440) reporting sexual activity during the period of four weeks preceding the survey. Univariate and multivariate (using logistic regression model) analyses were done to identify predictors of condom use and highrisk sexual behaviour. About 6% of women and 31% of men reported to have more than one sexual partner during the study period. Compared to respondents married once and in monogamous union, the tendency to have multiple partners was increased among never married women [OR 10.9, 95% CI (7.1-16.9)] and men [2.6 (1 7-3.9)], formerly married women [11.5 (7.3-17.9)], and among men in monogamous marriage reporting more than one marriage [12.4 (8.3-18.4)]. Occupation, residence, ever use of contraceptives, and AIDS knowledge were not associated with history of multiple sexual partners. Only 134 (9.3%) men and 173 (3.7%) women reported to have used condoms during the study period. After adjusting for other predictors of condom use, respondents reporting multiple sexual partners were more likely to have used condom among both women [3.4 (2.2-5.4)] and men [3.3 (2.3-6.0)]. Condom use was common in urban areas than rural areas and among unmarried respondents. These results show that high-risk sexual behaviour is common among men. Condom use was very low indicating that efforts to promote condom use has been less successful in Tanzania. More efforts are needed to promote safer sexual practices and condom use in Tanzania.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Embryonic stem cells: a perfect marriage between gene regulation and regenerative medicine.

The mechanism of mammalian gene regulation is highly complex, involving multiple layers of feedback control loops and dynamic chromatin remodeling. The current approach used to dissect the genetic circuitry of mammalian gene regulation utilizes somatic cells and protein fusion as a means to modulate protein interactions. This approach has several limitations that include (i) genome inaccessibility, (ii) high background interferences and, (iii) limited cellular phenotypes. Previously, the two broad fields of research "control of gene expression" and "stem cell biology" had been pursued separately by cell biologists; this review outlines evidence suggesting that integration of these two fields would provide a comprehensive platform for interdisciplinary research seeking to address mechanistic questions concerning gene regulation-that could have enormous implication for the development of therapeutic applications.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Detection and intensity discrimination of brief tones as a function of duration by hearing-impaired listeners.

For normal listeners, difference limens for intensity (DLs) for Gaussian-shaped tone pulses are largest at medium pulse durations (corresponding to about five cycles of the tonal carrier) when the pedestals are 10 dB above threshold, either in quiet or in a pink noise background. One explanation for this is that worst performance occurs when the internal representation of the tone pulses is most compact in time and frequency, affording minimal opportunity for 'multiple looks' (Van Schijndel et al., J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 105 (1999) 3425-3435). However, the mid-duration worsening is largest for medium overall levels, suggesting an involvement of compression on the basilar membrane (BM), which is also greatest at medium levels (Baer et al., J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 106 (1999) 1907-1916). If this is so, the mid-duration worsening should be reduced when BM compression is reduced by outer hair cell damage. To test this, subjects with sensorineural hearing losses were tested using 1-kHz or 4-kHz Gaussian-shaped tone pulses, in quiet or in pink noise that raised thresholds by 10-20 dB. For subjects with mild losses, poorest performance was sometimes found for medium durations. For more severe losses, intensity DLs tended to improve monotonically or remain roughly constant with increasing duration. Performance overall tended to be better for subjects with greater hearing losses. The results are more consistent with an explanation based on BM compression than with an explanation based on multiple looks.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed2001

Knowledge, attitude and practice about sexually transmitted diseases among university students in Kampala.

BACKGROUND: Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) remain an important cause of morbidity and mortality among women in the child-bearing age. In order to institute appropriate preventive measures there is need to establish the profile of knowledge of the predisposing factors and causation of STDs, attitude to sexual practice and sexual patterns among the susceptible young people, such as university students. STUDY POPULATION: Non medical university students, Makerere University. DESIGN: Descriptive cross sectional study. METHODS: A detailed questionnaire identifying socio-demographic characteristics, sexual patterns, knowledge of STDs as well as attitudes towards prevention of STDs was administered to 400 non medical university students of Makerere University. RESULTS: Knowledge of the clinical features of gonorrhoea and AIDS was high; most knew the predisposing factors for STDs (multiple sexual partners 90%; unprotected sexual intercourse 93%; rape 81%; sex outside marriage 78%, and sex under the influence of alcohol 73%) but not so for syphilis. Males were three times more likely to contract STDs (27%) than their female (9%) counterparts. Whereas knowledge on methods of prevention was high (>90%) it was not followed by appropriate behavioural patterns. More female (33.5%) students had heard about Trichomonas vaginalis than males (23%); (((2) = 17.1; < 0.0001). This study has shown that more female than male students got information from their parents (((2) = 25.3; p < 0.001) while more male students had their source of information from previous sexual intercourse (((2) = 12.9; p = 0.001). CONCLUSION: The level of knowledge about STDs and their prevention is not matched by sexual behavioural patterns, and male students undertake more risky sexual behaviour. Sexual education should be introduced at the university as a means of increasing students' awareness about the problem and prevention of sexually transmitted diseases including HIV/AIDS.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

The indirect association of lactation with subsequent perimenopausal body weight.

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to estimate the relationship of prior breastfeeding to perimenopausal body mass index (BMI) (kg/m2). While most long-term studies of women's body weight after reproductive experience have found a negative relationship between lactation and body weight, most short-term studies found either no impact of lactation on body weight, or decelerated postpartum weight loss among breastfeeding women. DESIGN: We performed a retrospective cohort study. SETTING: The study was done in The Netherlands between 1987 and 1990. SUBJECTS: The 1067 singleton females who were born around the time of the Dutch famine (1 August 1944 through 15 April 1946) at The University of Amsterdam Teaching Hospital were all traced and accounted for. This analysis refers to the 671 who were interviewed and for whom all data elements were available. ANALYSIS: We related parity and number of children breastfed at least 1 week to BMI at age 45 and at the time of marriage, both calculated from respondents: recall of weight and height, by linear multiple regression analysis, adjusting for potentially confounding variables. RESULTS: Among parous women, each additional live birth was associated with a BMI increase of 0.69 kg/m2 (CI = 0.24 to 1.13, P = 0.003), and for each additional child breastfed, the BMI was lower by 0.41 kg m2 (CI = -0.77 to -0.04, P = 0.03) at age 45. However, BMI before any reproductive experience was 0.39 kg/m2 greater (CI = 0.08 to 0.71, P = 0.01) with each additional subsequent birth, and for each additional infant breastfed, 0.34 kg/m2 lower (CI = - 0.60 to - 0.09, P = 0.008). CONCLUSIONS: The negative relationship of prior breastfeeding to perimenopausal weight was probably not causally related to breastfeeding, since the relationship was present before any reproductive experience. The results could also arisen in part because of biased recall of weight; however, the relationship of parity to perimenopausal BMI was far less attenuated by adjusting for prior BMI than was the association with breastfeeding, lending support to an indirect association of breast- feeding with later BMI.

Bias↗
PubMed1978

Perinatal events in the Dunedin City population 1967-1973.

The incidence of an array of maternal, obstetric and neonatal events occurring in the Dunedin City population in the six years from 1 August 1967 is presented. This population was not truly representative of the total New Zealand population. The total births in Dunedin City were 10,091 and the perinatal mortality was 17.5 per 1000 total births. Some of the pertinent findings were: 8.8 percent of the mothers were either not married or were not living with their husbands; 36.5 percent were primigravida; 13.2 percent of mothers were less than 20 years of age; 9.6 percent of mothers had an adverse past obstetric history; 11.5 percent had a diastolic blood pressure in excess of 90mmHg during the pregnancy; 5.0 percent had an antepartum haemorrhage of which 45.4 percent occurred in the first trimester; 6.5 percent of newborns were non-European; 2.0 percent were multiple births; 0.8 percent had a single umbilical artery; in 27.4 percent the delivery was not spontaneous; 6.2 percent had a low birth weight; 4.0 percent were born preterm; 5.2 percent of newborns experience neonatal complications; 2.1 percent had a major, and 6.4 percent a minor congenital fault.

Birth Weight↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A longitudinal study of the effects of premarital communication, relationship stability, and self-esteem on sexual satisfaction in the first year of marriage.

This study examined select premarital factors from the ecosystemic perspective hypothesized to influence marital sexual satisfaction in the first year of marriage. A sample of 70 couples was administered by the Preparation of Marriage Questionnaire (PREP-M) a few months prior to marriage to measure premarital levels of empathy, self-disclosure, open communication, relationship stability, and self-esteem. At 1 year of marriage, their sexual satisfaction was assessed using the Index of Sexual Satisfaction (ISS). Using multiple regression analyses it was found that the best premarital predictors of husband's marital sexual satisfaction were wives' self-esteem, wives' open communication, and wives' relationship stability. The best predictors for wives' marital sexual satisfaction were wives' self-esteem, wives' open communication, and husbands' empathic communication. Conclusions and implications for premarital counselling and family life education are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Stability/instability in the alcoholic marriage: the interrelationships between course of alcoholism, family process, and marital outcome.

Thirty-one alcoholic families who were originally studied in home, multiple-family group, and laboratory settings were reassessed two years later to determine course of alcoholism and degree of marital stability. This paper presents data comparing baseline alcohol consumption and family interactional behavior at home with subsequent alcoholism and marital stability outcomes. Findings suggest that the relative degree of stability/instability in these marriages is best understood as a function of the "goodness-of-fit" between the relative predictability of drinking on the part of the identified alcoholic and the family's characteristic pattern of interactional behavior at home.

Alcoholism↗
PubMed1984

Epidemiology of cancer of the cervix in greater Bombay.

An attempt has been made to study in depth the cervical cancer problem in Greater Bombay by undertaking epidemiological investigations to identify its aetiology, by utilising the data collected by the Bombay Cancer Registry. Although cancer of the uterine cervix is found to occur at all ages in Bombay, it is mainly seen during middle age. Its incidence is highest in the Hindu community and lowest in the Parsi. This neoplasm appears to have a strong association with the degree of sexual activity. Thus it is rarely seen in nuns , and commonly found in women who have had multiple sexual partners. There is also a relative preponderance in the poorer, uneducated section of the community. In order to identify the high-risk groups, a retrospective study was undertaken of proven cases of cancer of the uterine cervix. The results were compared with those of similar controls, equal in number and closely matched for age, religion, and income, in order to examine the risk factors of possible aetiological importance in women with cervical cancer. We have sought to estimate the effects of parity, the age at first marriage and at first delivery. The highest risk was observed in women who had had multiple pregnancies early in life. It is interesting to note that multiparity seems to be an important risk factor in Bombay women, in contrast to the Western experience.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Marriage, adult adjustment, and early parenting.

The impact of parents' marriages, measured prenatally, on their parenting of firstborn, 3-month-old infants was assessed. Though the association between marriage and parenting was the focus, adult psychological adjustment was measured also to rule out the alternative hypothesis that psychological adjustment relates to both marital quality and parenting quality and accounts for any association between them. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses in which parental adjustment was entered first as a covariate were used to test the relation between close/confiding marriages and parenting of 3-month-old infants. From the findings, it was concluded that even when differences in individual psychological adjustment are taken into account, mothers are warmer and more sensitive with their infants and fathers hold more positive attitudes toward their infants and their roles as parents when they are in close/confiding marriages. It is asserted that qualities of marriage play an important part in the development of parent-child relationships.

Female↗
PubMed1978

Comparison of two alcoholism scales with alcoholics and their wives.

Both partners in 36 alcoholic marriages responded to two different alcoholism scales, the Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test and the MacAndrew Alcoholism Scale. Multiple regression analysis determined that each scale was predicted differentially, but that characteristics of the wives accounted for considerable variance of the husbands' test scores and vice versa.

Adult↗