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At least 199 records · Page 11Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

Automatic detection of movement disorders using recordings of rapid alternating movements.

The present work assesses the potential of rapid alternating movement analysis for detecting movement disorders like Parkinson's disease. Rapid alternating wrist movements were recorded by a diadochokinesimeter for patients with Parkinson's disease (n=10) and healthy controls (n=20). An index of irregularity was computed for each individual as the density of jerk singularities (i.e. zero-crossings) during the movements. Several scales of analysis (i.e. "coarseness") were used for detecting the jerk events and two methods were compared for all of these scales: (1) automatic classification by means of a threshold that optimally separates the indexes of irregularity of the patients from those of the controls, and (2) statistical decision (normal or abnormal) based upon a distribution of indexes of irregularity obtained from a large population of normal subjects. The results showed that (1) two scales of analysis were sufficient and that (2) both methods presented similar performances (e.g. sensitivity=1.00, specificity=0.85, efficiency=0.90). However, statistical decision should be preferred because of its simplicity. The possibility of automatic detection of movement disorders from alternating movements is discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Changes in the kinematic structure and non-kinematic features of movements during skilled reaching after stroke: a Laban Movement Analysis in two case studies.

The purpose of this study was to adapt a universal language for human movement, Laban Movement Analysis (LMA), to capture the kinematic and non-kinematic aspects of movement in a reach-for-food task by subjects whose movements had been affected by stroke. Two control subjects, one stroke subject with internal capsule damage, and one subject with right posterior parietal stroke were video recorded while performing the reaching task. The movements of limb advancement, grasping the food, and limb withdrawal to place the food in the mouth, were notated using LMA. A scale, the Expressive Reaching Scale (ERS), was derived from the notation. All subjects completed the task; however, the stroke subjects displayed abnormalities in both the kinematic and non-kinematic aspects of movements during reaching with either limb. The most extensive impairments were in the contralateral-to-stroke limb and were most severe in the subject with internal capsule damage. The ERS rating scale may be a useful diagnosis and assessment tool.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

M-mode color Doppler ultrasonic imaging of vertical tongue movement during articulatory movement.

To observe and estimate the movement of the tongue, ultrasonic investigation is the most harmless real-time monitoring procedure for analyzing articulatory movements. Color Doppler ultrasonic imaging is special in that it can only sample a moving target, and it can indicate the velocity and direction of the target by color and brightness in real time. This study assessed and demonstrated the validity of M-mode color Doppler ultrasonic imaging to observe the movements of the tongue during syllable repetition tasks performed by normal subjects and dysarthric patients, those affected by amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, cerebellar ataxia, Parkinsonism, and polymyopathy. When the transducer was set below the jaw, upward movement was indicated by a blue signal and downward movement was indicated by a red one on the screen of the ultrasound machine. We also measured the velocity of the tongue by contrast scale classified by 15 degrees. Thus, we could observe vertical tongue movement by a color-coded pattern after quantitative analysis. The Doppler signal patterns of normal subjects were verified by simultaneous video x-ray fluorography recordings. The findings for dysarthric patients corresponded well with previously reported features analyzed by other methods. Therefore, color Doppler ultrasonic imaging of the tongue is a useful procedure to researchers for clinical speech and voice studies.

Dysarthria↗
PubMed2001

Movement observation affects movement execution in a simple response task.

The present study was designed to examine the hypothesis that stimulus-response arrangements with high ideomotor compatibility lead to substantial compatibility effects even in simple response tasks. In Experiment 1, participants executed pre-instructed finger movements in response to compatible and incompatible finger movements. A pronounced reaction time advantage was found for compatible as compared to incompatible trials. Experiment 2 revealed a much smaller compatibility effect for less ideomotor-compatible object movements compared to finger movements. Experiment 3 presented normal stimuli (hand upright) and flipped stimuli (hand upside-down). Two components were found to contribute to the compatibility effect, a dynamic spatial compatibility component (related to movement directions) and an ideomotor component (related to movement types). The implications of these results for theories about stimulus-response compatibility (SRC) as well as for theories about imitation are discussed.

Female↗
PubMed1991

Initiation rules for planar, two-joint arm movements: agonist selection for movements throughout the work space.

1. The question we addressed was the following: what rules does the CNS employ, given the initial and final positions of the arm for a pointing movement, to decide which shoulder and elbow muscles ("agonists") to activate for initiating movement? 2. Widely varying initial and final positions were used, so that the movements studied encompassed much of the reachable work space within the horizontal plane. For each movement, the initial electromyographic (EMG) activity at each joint was classified qualitatively in terms of the "sign," i.e., flexor or extensor muscle activity, and quantitatively in terms of the integral of the rectified EMG. 3. The sign of initial muscle activity at each joint was found to be related to the angular excursions at both joints during movement to the final position. 4. Two different hypothesized rules, derived from previously proposed strategies for control of multijoint limb movements, were tested for their ability to predict correctly the sign of initial muscle activity at each joint. Although four variables are needed to describe the initial and final positions of a two-segment arm, only two combinations of these four were relevant for testing the rules. The two positional variables were the spatial direction of the final tip position with respect to the initial forearm orientation (psi) and the initial elbow angle (theta Einit). 5. According to one of the rules tested, which was based on statics, the initial muscle activity at each joint should be such that the distal tip of the limb exerts an initial force in the direction of the final tip position. Our data concerning the sign of initial shoulder muscle activity clearly contradicted this rule in two distinct regions of the (psi, theta Einit) plane. 6. According to the other rule tested, which was based on dynamics, the initial muscle activity at each joint should be such that the initial acceleration of the distal tip is in the direction of the final tip position. The data contradicted the predicted sign of initial shoulder muscle activity for a certain range of psi. This shows that the activation of muscles is not always appropriate even qualitatively for a straight-line path. Furthermore, the effects of added inertial loads predicted by this rule were not observed for trials in which a 1.8-kg mass was attached to the distal portion of the limb.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Arm↗
PubMed1990

[Relation between articulatory function and prosthesis. II-1. Longitudinal changing aspect of experimental palatal plate on muscular discharge of intrinsic muscles, tongue movement and mandibular movement before pronunciation].

As the first step of evaluating the kinematic function and the coordinative movement among articulatory organs, attention was focused on the palatal form in various factors related to the function of pronunciation on complete denture. After the experimental palatal plate was inserted into 13 natural dentitions in the age ranging from 21-24 years old, muscular discharge of intrinsic muscles, tongue movement and mandibular movement before pronunciation were recorded longitudinally. These data were comparatively evaluated with those before insertion of the experimental palatal plate, and the following conclusion were obtained. It has been made clear in this study that from the change of muscular discharge of intrinsic muscles, tongue movement and mandibular movement before pronunciation between before and after the insertion of the experimental palatal plate, correction aspect of the kinematic function and the coordinative movement among articulatory organs varied with point and method of articulation on each sound. And these facts suggested that it was necessary to diagnose and treat under consideration of the relation between the palatal form and articulatory function of tongue and mandible in removable prosthodontic treatment.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Movement-related cortical potentials: their relationship to the laterality, complexity and learning of a movement.

Movement-related cortical potentials (MRCPs) to self-paced unilateral movements of different laterality, complexity and practice level were recorded from 14 healthy subjects using the EMG onset as the trigger. The amplitudes at certain time points and slopes of linear regression lines fitted to 3 main shifts have been evaluated. In the early phase of MRCP the potential and slope values were symmetrically distributed around the midline maximum, which indicates that this part of MRCP can not originate from the primary motor area, which is in a contralateral relation with the movement, but from secondary motor areas (SMA and premotor areas). The changes in the voltage levels and slopes of this phase due to the changes in laterality, complexity and practice level of the movement show the relation of this activity with the abstract characteristics of the movement. The decrease of voltages and slope values in the later phases of MRCP in the complex task, which is replaced by higher voltages and slopes after a certain learning period was evaluated as a result of inhibition of associative movements via reafferent feedback signals occurring often in the first stages of learning period.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

An eye movement technique for correlating fixational target eye movements with location on the retinal image.

Recent investigation demonstrate that ocular motility in eyes with retinal pathology may show a lower propensity to visit such areas of the retina as compared to non-pathological retinal sites. While current ophthalmic instruments with the ability to image both the retina and visual function test target placement on the retina have provided this observation, the ability to quantify in real time these images as an eye movement measurement is presently lacking and the objective of this paper. A Rodenstock confocal scanning ophthalmoscope (CSLO) was used to image the retina during the performance of a visual fixation task. Direct observation of acuity target placement at the retina under continuous viewing conditions was possible with this apparatus. Target fixation eye movement images of the retina were rapidly digitized from video tape records and registered using a specialized rapid retinal image tracking algorithm. Fixational eye movement pattern densities at the retina were derived from these data. Preliminary data obtained demonstrate the utility of this technique in quantifying fixation eye movement patterns observed in three human patients with vocation-related laser retinal injury. In all patients, areas of severe retinal damage was generally avoided. The density of ocular eye movement tends to reflect regions of retinal normality and avoidance of retinal regions with severe pathology. Variation in eye movement density may exist where pathology is less severe.

Eye Movements↗
PubMed1990

[Comparative study of the movements between condyle and exterior point in lateral movement].

The study was performed on 30 left and right temporomandibular joints of 15 adults with normal occlusion. The exterior point was set on condylar center of each subject. Using cephalometric laminagrams and submental-vertical cephalograms, the movement of condyle and the movement of exterior point were compared on the nonworking side in 3mm lateral movement at incisal region. Also, the relation between the inclination angle of front wall of mandibular fossa and the movement of condylar center was evaluated. The standard of horizontal plane was F-H-L. The results were as follows: 1. The position of exterior point on sagittal plane, 12 examples shifted in front upward, 9 examples shifted in rear downward, 8 examples shifted in front downward and 1 example shifted in rear upward from condylar center. 2. The inclination of moving front downward of condylar center was 47.0 degrees, and that of exterior point was 50.3 degrees. 3. The shifting direction of exterior point was correlative with the shifting direction of condylar center. However, there was an individual difference in the synchronism between the shifting direction of condylar center and the shifting direction of exterior point during lateral movement. 4. The inclination of front wall of mandibular fossa was 50.9 degrees. 5. A coefficient of correlation between the inclination of front wall of mandibular fossa and the shifting direction of condylar center during 3mm lateral movement was small.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Torsion movements of the human eye. IV. Passive body movements, effect of skeletal muscle reflexes, opticokinetic torsion tracking].

A comparative study of torsional movement of the eye in passive and active tilting of the head and body of the object was carried out. Similarity of torsional movement of the eyes in passive and active movements was shown. It was found by the method of exclusion and selective stimulation of vestibular, cervikal, lumbar optokinetic reflexes, that neither the cervikal, nor lumbar reflexes elicited spontaneous torsional movements of the eyes and had no influence on them. A direct study (coinciding with rotation direction of the stimulus of head rotation) and the reverse (noncoinciding) torsional tracing of a rotating disc and tracing without head movements was investigated. During direct tracing depression of saccades and extention of the slow phase of torsion was found; during the reverse one--a decrease of the eye drist and increase of the amplitude and number of saccades. Phenomena of a seeming acceleration and deceleration of disc rotation etc. have been observed. It was found that with torsional saccades vision was retained. The presence of optokinetic control of phases of torsional eye movements formation has been recorded. Tracing without rotation of the head was accompanied by torsional nistagmus. Possible causes of incomplete stabilisation and optokinetic torsional tracing are discussed.

Eye Movements↗
PubMed1982

The effect of movement uncertainty on reaction and movement times of learning disabled and normal boys.

This study examined the effect of potential stimuli, as a source of movement uncertainty, on the reaction time (RT) and movement time (MT) of learning disabled (LD) children during a simple running task. The ability of LD children to attend to a process stimuli is known to be inferior. Such a notion is relevant to motor skill development as it imposes on the child's ability to develop from movement consistencies to movement constancies. When confronted with movement uncertainty, LD children showed significant increases in RT and MT over a 4.6 m. run. The performance of normal controls remained constant, thus emphasizing the simplicity of the task. The importance of skill consistency was highlighted, as was the consideration of inferior psychological processes of LD children while implementing movement activities.

Child↗
PubMed1997

Characterization of cucumber mosaic virus. IV. Movement protein and coat protein are both essential for cell-to-cell movement of cucumber mosaic virus.

cDNA clones of cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) RNA 3 were modified to express the jellyfish green fluorescent protein (GFP) in place of the 3a movement protein (MP) or coat protein (CP), as fusions to the N (GFP-3a) or C (3a-GFP) terminus of the MP or from a separate open reading frame as part of tricistronic RNAs 3. CMV RNA transcripts containing the individual modified RNAs 3 were unable to infect either Nicotiana tabacum or Nicotiana benthamiana systemically. Infection, as measured by confocal microscopy of GFP fluorescence, generally was limited to one to three epidermal cells at each inoculation site. Limited cell-to-cell movement, but not systemic movement, could be detected by complementation involving expression of MP and CP from two different RNA 3 constructs, each also expressing GFP. Infection involving RNA 3 expressing the GFP-3a fusion showed bright granules of variable size distributed predominantly and nonuniformly throughout the cytoplasm and, to a lesser extent, associated with the cell wall in single fluorescent cells, while infections expressing the 3a-GFP fusion showed bright, punctate fluorescence associated only with the cell wall. Infected cells expressing either 3a-GFP or free GFP showed a halo of less bright, fluorescent, neighboring cells, indicating limited movement of GFP. The initially infected cells also allowed movement of 10-kDa fluorescent dextran to the neighboring halo cells, while infection did not spread, suggesting different requirements for movement of either MP or dextran versus RNA.

Capsid↗
PubMed2006

Mechanism for the small-scale movement of carbon among estuarine habitats: organic matter transfer not crab movement.

In theory, carbon is highly mobile in aquatic systems. Recent evidence from carbon stable isotopes of crabs (Parasesarma erythrodactyla and Australoplax tridentata), however, shows that in subtropical Australian waters, measurable carbon movement between adjacent mangrove and saltmarsh habitats is limited to no more than a few metres. We tested whether the pattern in crab delta13C values across mangrove and saltmarsh habitats was explained by crab movement, or the movement of particulate organic matter. We estimated crab movement in a mark-recapture program using an array of pitfall traps on 13 transects (a total of 65 traps) covering an area of 600 m2 across the interface of these two habitats. Over a 19-day period, the majority of crabs (91% for P. erythrodactyla, 93% for A. tridentata) moved <2 m from the place of initial capture. Crab movement cannot, therefore, explain the patterns in delta13C values of crabs. delta13C values of detritus collected at 2-m intervals across the same habitat interface fitted a sigmoidal curve of a similar form to that fitting the delta13C values of crabs. delta13C values of detritus were 2-4 per thousand more depleted in saltmarsh (-18.5+/-0.6 per thousand), and 4-7 per thousand more depleted in mangroves (-25.9+/-0.1 per thousand) than delta13C values of crabs recorded previously in each habitat. Assimilation by crabs of very small detrital fragments or microphytobenthos, more enriched in 13C, may explain the disparity in delta13C values. Nevertheless, the pattern in delta13C values of detritus suggests that crabs obtain their carbon from up to several metres away, but without themselves foraging more then a metre or so from their burrow. Such detailed measurements of carbon movement in estuaries provide a spatially explicit understanding of the functioning of food webs in saltmarsh and mangrove habitats.

Animals↗