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Anxiety, misinformation and greed.
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Friedan and estrogen: 'most unfortunate that she is so misinformed'.
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The whole truth or nothing?, a tale of misinformed consent.
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The whole truth or nothing? A tale of misinformed consent.
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Guessing and misinformation about pregnancy risk among urban mothers.
Only one-third of urban mothers interviewed twice, a year apart, answered correctly both times about when during the menstrual cycle a woman is most likely to become pregnant. Classroom discussions about contraception, attendance at family planning clinics, and discussions with one's mother about contraception are not positively associated with knowledge about pregnancy risk. Those using methods other than the pill or IUD are more knowledgeable about pregnancy risk--perhaps because they have a greater need to know.
The amalgam controversy: lost by scientific evidence or media misinformation?
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Misinformation for the public.
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Occupational lung diseases in ex-mineworkers--misinformed critique.
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Antibody interference in thyroid assays: a potential for clinical misinformation.
Measurements of thyrotropin and of total and free thyroxine and triiodothyronine are widely used diagnostic methods for thyroid function evaluation. However, some serum samples will demonstrate a nonspecific binding with assay reagents that can interfere with the measurement of these hormones. Several recent case reports have described the presence of such interferences resulting in reported abnormal concentrations of thyroid hormones inconsistent with the patient's thyroid state. Circulating thyroid hormone autoantibodies, described in thyroid and nonthyroid disorders, are an important class of interference factor and can bind to hormone tracers used in various immunoassays. Two additional categories of interfering antibodies may particularly interfere within two-site immunoassays for thyrotropin. These include heterophile antibodies, especially human anti-mouse antibodies, and rheumatoid factors, which can cause interferences by immunoglobulin aggregation and (or) cross-linking of both capture and signal antibodies. Here we review the nature of these disturbances; their occurrence, prevalence, and detection; and the clinical consequences of the failure to recognize such interference.
[Pravastatin--misinformation].
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League tables of in vitro fertilisation clinics misinform patients.
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Misled subjects may know more than their performance implies.
Many studies have demonstrated that subjects exposed to misleading postevent information are likely to report the misinformation with confidence on subsequent tests of memory for the event. The purpose of the present studies was to determine whether subjects exposed to misleading postevent information come to believe they remember seeing the misinformation at the original event. A second question addressed by the present studies is whether exposure to misinformation reduces subjects' ability to remember the source of items they witnessed at the original event. In two experiments, subjects viewed a slide sequence depicting an event, were subsequently exposed to misleading information or neutral information about selected aspects of the event, and were later tested on their memory for the source of original and misleading details. The results showed that exposure to misinformation did not lead subjects to believe they remembered seeing the misinformation, nor did it reduce subjects' ability to accurately identify the source of originally seen details. The same pattern of results was obtained whether subjects were tested immediately (Experiment 1) or after a 1-day delay (Experiment 2). Collectively, the results suggest that subjects may report misinformation even if they know they do not remember seeing it.
Confidence--accuracy relations for real and suggested events.
Participants completed a multiple item, multiple event version of a traditional misinformation procedure, as well as a battery of individual difference measures. The relation between memory accuracy and self-reported confidence was assessed through the comparison of items involving misinformation and items not involving misinformation. Selected individual differences in the confidence-accuracy relation were also examined for items that did and did not involve false post-event information. Results indicated significant differences between the measure of the confidence-accuracy relationship for misinformation and non-misinformation items. Several significant, although weak, individual difference correlates of the confidence-accuracy relations were also found.
Creating new memories that are quickly accessed and confidently held.
In two experiments involving a total of 542 subjects, a series of slides depicting a burglary was shown. After the initial event, subjects were exposed to one or more narratives about the event that contained some misinformation or neutral information about four critical details. Finally, subjects were tested on their memories of what they saw, and their reaction times and confidence levels were measured. When subjects took a standard test in which the misinformation item was a possible response option, they responded very quickly and confidently when making this incorrect choice. Misled subjects responded as quickly and confidently to these "unreal" memories as they did to their genuine memories. It does not seem, then, that the misinformation effect arises from a large proportion of subjects who must resolve a conflict between two memories when they are tested, a conflict that would be expected to take time. When subjects took a modified test in which the misinformation item was not a possible response, misled subjects were as accurate as were controls, but they responded more slowly, regardless of whether they ultimately chose the right or wrong option. These findings indicate that misinformation does introduce some form of interference not detected by a simple test of accuracy.
Fuzzy-trace theory and children's false memories.
Fuzzy-trace theory's concepts of identity judgment, nonidentity judgment, and similarity judgment provide a unified account of the false-memory phenomena that have been most commonly studied in children: false-recognition effects and misinformation effects. False-recognition effects (elevated false-alarm rates for unpresented distractors that preserve the meanings of presented targets) are due to increased rates of similarity or false identity judgment about distractors or to decreased rates of nonidentity judgment. Misinformation effects (erroneous acceptance of misleading postevent information and erroneous rejection of actual events) are also due to variability in rates of similarity, identity, and nonidentity judgment. Two experimental paradigms are presented, one for false recognition (conjoint recognition) and one for misinformation (conjoint misinformation), that allow investigators to tease apart the contributions of these processes to children's false-memory reports. Each paradigm is implemented in a mathematical model that provides numerical estimates of the processes.
The effects of misleading and inconsistent postevent information on children's recollections of criterion-learned information.
Similar experimental procedures are used in misinformation studies and in retroactive inhibition studies. Despite these similarities, the findings of these studies have suggested that misleading postevent information and inconsistent postevent information would have different effects on children's recollections. To examine this hypothesis, 28 seven-year-olds learned a target game to criterion. Two days later, they were administered either type of postevent information on either one or three occasions. When the children were tested 3 weeks later, the results showed that even criterion-learned information could be affected detrimentally by exposure to misleading or inconsistent postevent information. Notably, children who were administered misinformation on one occasion reported more target information than children in all other groups. It is suggested that exposure to misinformation had a facilitative effect on these children's recollections.
Production of reliability proven physiological data for use in automated monitoring and diagnostic systems.
In recent years manufacturers of intensive care monitoring systems have introduced complex digital processing architectures that theoretically have enormous processing power. This power should allow the realization of many useful processing methodologies that up to now have only been research tools, e.g. the generation of reliable alarms, the implementation of predictive monitoring strategies and reliable diagnostic and treatment guidance to the clinical staff. However, before any of these methodologies can be successfully initiated, each must have accurate and reliable derived physiological data available to them, e.g. beat-by-beat heart rate and blood pressure. From the very nature of monitoring physiological quantities there will be much misinformation or 'noise' superimposed on the raw signal obtained from the patient. The major source of noise (as far as electrocardiogram (ECG) monitoring is concerned) is internal to the body and is electromyographic noise. This results from the contraction of skeletal muscles producing action potentials of similar magnitude and frequency to that of the ECG. Fortunately, nursing staff are very good at 'filtering out' any misinformation before recording any data (on a ward chart for instance). However, in completely automated systems, if this noise is not detected and eliminated or compensated for at an early stage in the processing chain, misinformation will result with potentially serious consequences. The recognition and elimination of such noise cannot be readily achieved using standard filtering techniques without serious degradation of information. This paper discusses the potential of modern digital system architectures developed for ECG monitoring. It analyses the noise that occurs on this physiological variable and demonstrates a novel method of eliminating such noise.