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PubMed1988

[The use of partly-hydrolyzed straw meal in the feeding of weaned piglets. 3. The concentration of several parameters of protein, fat, carbohydrate and mineral metabolism in the blood serum during the use of rations with different portions of partly-hydrolyzed straw meal].

Rations containing varied quotas of partly hydrolysed straw meal (PHS) were provided in mixtures of concentrate and straw meal, and selected parameters of the protein, fat, carbohydrate and mineral metabolism were registered in the blood serum at intervals (2nd and 8th week of keeping) in studies with weaned piglets of the country species. In a parallel experiment the straw hydrolysis product was provided without or after neutralization (with CaCO3) in quotas of 5, 10 and 15% in the mixed feed in comparison to the sole feeding of concentrate. Only some out of the total of 16 parameters ascertained in the blood serum showed reactions of the intermediary metabolism in the test groups caused by feeding. In general, straw crude fibre integration decreased the cholesterol level in the blood serum. Urea concentration in the blood decreased with the growing quota of PHS in the feed mixture. Deviations from the norm of various metabolites, which were mainly reflected in the period near weaning (2nd week of keeping) in an increased concentration of free glycerol and urea in the blood serum, could predominantly be registered after the sole feeding of concentrate. On the whole, there were thus certain interactions with growth performance, which clearly advocate the use of quotas of 10% of the hydrolysed straw product in the feed mixture.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1999

Comparison of Aspergillus niger phytase and Trichoderma reesei phytase and acid phosphatase on phytate phosphorus availability in pigs fed on maize-soybean meal or barley-soybean meal diets.

The efficacy of Aspergillus niger (APhy) phytase, Trichoderma reesei (TPhy) phytase and acid phosphatase (TAcPh) preparations in improving the utilization of phytin-phosphorus in the maize-soybean meal (SBM) or barley-SBM (800:200 g kg-1) diets was studied in two separate digestibility and balance trials with ten growing pigs using 5 x 5 Latin square designs. The positive control diet contained a total phosphorus (P) of 6.5 g kg-1, while the negative control as well as the APhy, TPhy and TAcPh supplemented diets which did not contain additional inorganic-P, had a total P of 4.1 g kg-1. The APhy and TPhy supplements provided phytase activity of 1000 PU g-1 together with AcPh of 8000 HFU g-1. TAcPh at a level of 8000 HFU g-1 was the only addition to one diet. The intrinsic phytase activity of barley was 355 PU g-1 while maize and soybean meal showed no phytase activity. Phytase supplements of the APhy and TPhy sources increased ash digestibility in both diets but had only a minor effect on nitrogen utilization. The addition of phytase improved absorption of P by 21%-units in barley-SBM diet and 29%-units in maize-SBM diet, without any difference between the two phytase sources. The retained P in diets with phytase was higher than in diets without phytase, 4.4 (APhy), 4.5 (TPhy) vs. 2.9 g d-1 in barley-SBM-diets and 3.7 (APhy), 4.0 (TPhy) vs. 1.8 g d-1 in maize-SBM-diets. No difference was found between the two sources of phytase. TAcPh without additional phytase did not show any effect on P absorption or retention. Ca absorption and retention were improved due to the phytase treatments. Supplementing pig diets with either APhy or TPhy sources seems to be equally effective in enhancing the availability of phytate-P. Consequently, these supplements can reduce the P-excretion of pigs by 32-40% as compared with the diet supplemented with inorganic-P.

6-Phytase↗
PubMed1987

Use of a four-parameter logistic model to evaluate the protein quality of mixtures of Mormon cricket meal and corn gluten meal in rats.

Weanling Sprague-Dawley rats were fed diets containing corn gluten meal (CGM), Mormon cricket meal (MCM), MCM supplemented with methionine (MCM + Met) or CGM-MCM mixtures as the sole source of dietary protein in purified diets. Animal response (weight or nitrogen gain) was analyzed as a function of nitrogen intake and described by a series of curves using a four-parameter logistic model. Parameter sharing was used to differentiate statistically between the response curves. When used for maximum nitrogen retention the quality of the protein sources could be ranked as follows: MCM + Met greater than 40 CGM-60 MCM greater than 50 CGM-50 MCM greater than 60 CGM-40 MCM greater than MCM greater than CGM. When used for maximum weight gain the ranking was as follows: MCM + Met greater than 40 CGM-60 MCM greater than 50 CGM-50 MCM greater than 60 CGM-40 MCM greater than MCM greater than CGM. The rankings of the protein sources when used for weight maintenance or nitrogen equilibrium were similar to those seen for maximum weight or nitrogen gain except for the ranking of MCM, which changed from fifth to first. These results show MCM to be a good quality protein source and that methionine is the first limiting amino acid when used for growth but not for maintenance. The shape of the response curves was dependent upon the response criteria as well as the source of dietary protein. The factors that may affect the shape of the dose-response curves and the application of nonlinear models toward animal feeding programs are discussed.

Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena↗
PubMed2004

Rats free to select between pure protein and a fat-carbohydrate mix ingest high-protein mixed meals during the dark period and protein meals during the light period.

Rats that are allowed to select their diets [dietary self- selection (DSS)] often ingest >30% of their daily energy in the form of protein. Such an intake may seem unhealthy, but the consistency of this choice suggests that it is motivated by physiologic drives. To gain a clearer understanding of how protein selection is structured during DSS, we adapted 12 rats to a standard diet (14% Protein) and then allowed them to choose between two diets, i.e., total milk protein (P) and a mix of carbohydrates and lipids (FC). The protein intake during DSS rose above 40%; assuming an intermeal interval of 10 min, 70% of the energy intake occurred with meals that included both P and FC, with the sequence of FC followed by P preferred to the sequence of P followed by FC (70 vs. 30%, P < 0.001). In addition, energy intake during the light period was reduced to only 10% of the daily energy intake [vs. 30% with the control P14 diet or a with a high-protein diet (50%)], and 90% of the intake was in the form of pure protein meals. In complementary studies, we verified that the high protein intake also occurred when rats were offered casein and whey and was not due to the high palatability of the milk protein. We conclude that a specific feeding pattern accompanies high protein intake in rats allowed DSS. The mechanisms underlying this behavior and its potential beneficial/adverse consequences over the long term still must be clarified.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Effect of processing systems on protein quality of feather meals and hog hair meals.

Experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of five commercial processing systems and to a lesser extent, processing temperature within system, on protein quality of feather meals (FM). Two hog hair meals (HH) were also evaluated. True digestibilities of AA were determined with a 48-h excreta collection assay using cecectomized cockerels. Protein efficiency ratio (PER; grams of gain:grams of CP consumed) was determined with chicks by feeding Met-fortified 15% CP diets containing a FM or HH as the sole source of dietary protein. The six FM samples averaged 88.7% CP, 1.99% Lys, 4.83% Cys, and 0.71% Met on a DM basis. For HH, these values were 92.6, 2.78, 3.76, and 0.85%, respectively. True digestibilities of amino acids and PER of the FM varied among processing systems (e.g., lysine digestibility range was 58 to 72%, PER range was 0.71 to 1.13). Increasing the temperature during processing had no significant effect on protein quality of one FM and one HH. Digestibilities of AA in the FM water-soluble fraction collected after cooking were higher than those in the insoluble fraction. True amino acid digestibility coefficients for FM were higher than those for HH, whereas the PER of several FM were lower than those of HH. The latter response was probably due to the higher Lys content in the HH. The results of this study suggested that type of commercial processing system or conditions can affect the protein quality of FM.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1999

Nutrient content and protein and energy digestibilities of ethanol-extracted, low alpha-galactoside soybean meal as compared to intact soybean meal.

A study was conducted with adult Leghorn roosters to determine TMEn, dry matter digestibility, amino acid content and digestibility, and cellulose and hemicellulose content and digestibility of ethanol-extracted, low alpha-galactoside soybean meal (SBM). Results were compared to that of commercially available 47% CP SBM. Twenty-one roosters were utilized; seven roosters were precision-fed each of the two soybean meal treatments, and seven served as feed-deprived controls. Excreta were collected for 48 h after feeding. A second experiment compared the TMEn, as determined with roosters, to AMEn, as determined with male broiler chicks, of 44% and 47% CP SBM and three different ethanol extraction procedures to remove alpha-galactosides. The ethanol extraction procedure concentrated CP, gross energy, and TMEn. Dry matter digestibility of SBM increased from 52.1% (control SBM) to 63.3% (ethanol-extracted SBM) because of the ethanol extraction procedure. The average amino acid digestibility of ethanol-extracted SBM was 91.6%, compared to 88.0% for control SBM. The digestibility of methionine, alanine, valine, and lysine was improved by the ethanol extraction procedure. Total cellulose and hemicellulose digestion, measured as digestion of specific monosaccharide components, was increased by the ethanol extraction. The TMEn and AMEn values for the different control and extracted SBM were similar. These data indicate that the ethanol extraction of SBM to remove alpha-galactosides resulted in a product that is more protein and energy dense than commercial SBM. Advantages in digestion of amino acids and fiber may contribute to the increase in TMEn observed in both young and adult birds.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2003

Comparison of peanut meal and soybean meal as protein supplements for laying hens.

Peanut protein is severely limiting in threonine and has been used to create threonine deficiency in animals. The availability of purified threonine at low cost raises the possibility of economically using peanut meal (PNM) and threonine combinations in poultry diets. An experiment was conducted to compare corn and PNM based diets to corn and soybean meal (SBM) based diets at three protein levels (16, 18.5, and 21%) in diets for 22-to-34-wk-old commercial Leghorns. Birds were housed two per cage with four cages per replicate and six replicates per treatment. Feed consumption, egg production, and feed per dozen eggs were almost identical for PNM (93.8 g/hen per d, 92.2 eggs per 100 hens/d, and 1.22 kg/dozen) and SBM (93.7 g/hen per d, 92.2 eggs per 100 hens/d, and 1.22 kg/dozen). Dietary protein level had no consistent effect on any of these parameters but did significantly improve body weight gains and egg weights (1.2 to 2.5 g/egg). PNM-fed hens laid slightly smaller eggs during the first 6 wk (P<0.05), but there were no egg size differences during the last 6 wk of the experiment (P>0.14). PNM-fed hens laid eggs with better interior quality at 26 and 30 wk of age. After 2 wk of storage, Haugh units remained better for eggs from hens fed PNM than SBM when kept refrigerated (4 degrees C; P<0.05) or at room temperature (20 degrees C; P<0.10). Egg specific gravity was slightly lower for hens fed PNM. It is concluded that PNM is an excellent ingredient for laying hen diets.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2005

Nutritive values of corn, soybean meal, canola meal, and peas for broiler chickens as affected by a multicarbohydrase preparation of cell wall degrading enzymes.

The effect of a new multicarbohydrase supplement of cell wall degrading activities on the nutritive value of corn, soybean meal (SBM), canola meal (CM), and peas for broiler chickens was investigated. Four isoenergetic and isonitrogenous corn (69% corn), SBM (30% SBM, 59% corn), CM (30% CM, 54% corn), and pea (30% peas, 52% corn) diets, without or with enzyme supplementation, were formulated to meet NRC specifications for broiler chickens (except for AME and CP, which were at 95 and 92% of NRC requirements, respectively). The enzyme supplement supplied 1,000 U of xylanase, 400 U of glucanase, 1,000 U of pectinase, 120 U of cellulase, 280 U of mannanase, and 180 U of galactanase per kilogram of diet. Each diet was fed in a mash form to 9 replicate pens of 5 broilers from 5 to 18 d. When compared with the control treatment, enzyme addition to the corn diet improved (P < 0.05) feed-to-gain ratio, whereas the performance of birds fed the other 3 diets was not affected. An increase (P < 0.05) in total tract nonstarch polysaccharides (NSP) digestibility, ileal starch digestibility, and AMEn was observed in birds fed the enzyme-supplemented corn diet. An improvement (P < 0.05) in total tract NSP digestibility, ileal protein digestibility, and AMEn content with enzyme supplementation was observed for the SBM diet. However, nutrient digestibilities and AMEn of CM and pea diets were not affected (P > 0.05) by enzyme addition even though the NSP digestibilities increased significantly (P < 0.05). A significant increase (P < 0.05) in water-soluble NSP and a decrease (P < 0.05) in water-insoluble NSP concentration of ileal digesta was noted for birds fed all 4 enzyme-supplemented diets. It would appear from this study that the nutrient utilization of corn-SBM diet by broilers could be enhanced by using an appropriate multicarbohydrase enzyme supplement. The nutrient encapsulating effect of cell wall polysaccharides in SBM, CM, and peas may not be the only factor responsible for incomplete nutrient utilization. The improvement in feed efficiency and starch availability in birds fed corn diet likely resulted from the cell wall degrading activity of the enzyme supplement.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2001

Fish meal vs. corn gluten meal as a protein source for dry cat food.

To compare the effects of two dietary protein sources, fish meal (FM) and corn gluten meal (CGM), fecal moisture content, nitrogen balance and urinary excretion were examined in adult cats. The dietary protein source did not cause a significant difference in daily food intake, water intake, urine volume, dry matter digestibility or urinary nitrogen excretion, but fecal moisture content was lower (P<0.02) in the CGM group. The HCl-insoluble fraction of urinary sediment tended to be higher in the CGM group (P<0.10), although urinary pH was similar in the two groups. These results suggest that CGM is comparable with FM in respect to nutritional value and the urine acidifying effect, but FM may be preferable to CGM for the prevention of constipation and struvite urolithiasis in cats.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1991

Effects of lactational status on forage intake, digestibility, and particulate passage rate of beef cows supplemented with soybean meal, wheat middlings, and corn and soybean meal.

Sixteen mature, lactating (453 kg) and 16 nonlactating (487 kg) Hereford and Angus x Hereford cows were used to determine effects of different dietary supplements and lactational status on forage intake, digestibility, and particulate passage rate. Supplement treatments and amounts fed (kg/d) were as follows: control, 0; and equal daily amounts of CP from soybean meal (SBM), 1.36; wheat middlings (WM), 3.41; or a blend of corn and soybean meal (corn-SBM; 22% corn and 76% SBM), 3.41. Cows were fed supplements at 0800 and had ad libitum access to prairie hay (4.9% CP) in stalls from 0800 to 1100 and from 1300 to 1600 for three 17-d periods. Lactational status and supplement type did not interact (P greater than .50) for hay DMI, DM digestibility, or particulate passage rate. Cows fed SBM ate more hay DM (P less than .01) and had greater hay DM digestibility (P less than .01) than did cows in other treatment groups. Average hay DMI (kg/100 kg of BW) was 1.95, 2.16, 1.94, and 1.89, and hay DM digestibility was 52, 61, 55, and 53% for control, SBM, WM, and corn-SBM supplements, respectively. Total diet DM digestibility was increased by supplementation (P less than .01), but no differences (P greater than .18) were observed among supplements. Lactating cows ate more (P = .13) hay DM (2.11 vs 1.87 kg/100 kg of BW) and had greater (P less than .05) fecal output (4.6 vs 4.3 kg/d) than did nonlactating cows. Dry matter digestibility and particulate passage rate were not affected (P greater than .35) by lactational status.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1992

Alternate day supplementation of corn stalk diets with soybean meal or corn gluten meal fed to ruminants.

Four experiments were conducted to determine the effect of adding corn gluten mean (CGM) or soybean meal (SBM) at 24- or 48-h intervals to diets based on corn stalks. In each experiment corn stalks was the primary diet ingredient fed to wethers or steers. Monensin was also fed to determine whether its effects on ruminal fermentation would improve the efficiency of N utilization under these conditions. Evaluation criteria included ruminal fermentation characteristics, DM intake and utilization, N balance in sheep, and steer feedlot performance. Ruminal ammonia nitrogen (NH3 N) concentrations measured over time were higher (P < .05) when diets contained SBM. Diet did not influence (P > .10) total VFA concentrations in ruminal fluid. Differences in diurnal shifts in ruminal NH3 N and total VFA due to protein source resulted in diet x hour interactions (P < .05). Dry matter intake response to protein source and frequency of supplement feeding was variable. Dry matter digestibility and nitrogen digestibility were not affected (P > .10) by protein source or feeding interval. The 48-h interval feeding of CGM was favorable compared with 24-h interval feeding (P < .05). The opposite response occurred with SBM, resulting in a diet x feeding interval interaction (P < .05). Nitrogen retention was greater (P < .05) when CGM was fed and with alternate day feeding. Diets that contained CGM supported higher (P < .05) ADG and gain/feed than diets that contained SBM when fed to steer calves. Alternate day feeding of supplements that contained monensin was detrimental to steer performance under the conditions of these experiments. Corn gluten meal is an effective substitute for SBM when alternate day protein supplementation is practiced.

Ammonia↗
PubMed1993

Crambe meal is equivalent to soybean meal for backgrounding and finishing beef steers.

Growth, feed efficiency, and carcass characteristics of 70 crossbred steers fed one of four diets were compared. The four diets differed in source of protein supplementation: 100% soybean meal (SB), 67% SB and 33% crambe meal (CM), 33% SB and 67% CM, and 100% CM. All supplements were fed in isonitrogenous amounts. Steers were fed backgrounding diets (12.9% CP) for 84 d and finishing diets (11.2% CP) for 96 d. Average initial weight was 303.4 kg. Backgrounding gains ranged from 1.38 to 1.41 kg/d (P = .92). Finishing gains ranged from 1.43 to 1.47 kg/d (P = .86). Range in entire-experiment gains was 1.41 to 1.46 kg/d (P = .85). Feed efficiencies were equal; entire-experiment efficiencies averaged .144 (P = .96). Growth and efficiency patterns were the same for all four treatments. No overall treatment differences were detected for the seven carcass variables (P = .26 to .96). Average fat depth, longissimus muscle area, yield grade, and dressing percentage were .95 cm, 84.0 cm2, 2.45, and 61%, respectively. At the protein percentage levels of these diets, CM substituted equally for SB for growth rate, feed efficiency, and carcass characteristics.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1993

Characteristics of ruminal and total tract digestion of canola meal and soybean meal in a high-energy diet for feedlot cattle.

Four Holstein steers (233 kg) with ruminal cannulas and "T" cannulas in the proximal duodenum were used in a 4 x 4 Latin square experiment to evaluate characteristics of ruminal and total tract digestion of a generic (CM-40, 40% CP) and a high-protein (CM-46, 46% CP) variety of canola meal (CM) compared with a conventional, solvent-extracted soybean meal (SBM). Treatments consisted of an 80% concentrate diet that contained 20% tapioca (TP) or 20% of the respective test protein sources. Supplemental proteins replaced TP in the basal diet. Intake of dietary treatments was restricted to 5.0 kg/d (DM basis, 2.2% BW). Ruminal digestion of OM was similar (P > .10) for the CM-supplemented diets. Ruminal digestion of OM was higher (5.8%, P < .01) for SBM than for CM diets. Ruminal digestibility of ADF was similar (P > .10) across treatments. Ruminal degradation of feed N was similar (P > .10) for CM diets but tended to be greater (6.7%, P < .10) for SBM. Ruminal degradation of N in CM-40, CM-46, and SBM averaged 71, 73, and 80, respectively. Passage of individual amino acids to the small intestine was similar for CM and SBM diets. Total tract DM digestibility (DMD) was similar (P > .10) for the CM diets. Total tract DMD was higher (2.9%, P < .01) for SBM than for CM diets. Total tract digestibility of ADF also tended to be higher (14; P < .10) for SBM than for CM diets. The DE (megacalories/kilogram) of the CM and SBM diets were greater (P < .01) than for the TP diet.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1997

Cottonseed meal or feather meal supplementation of ammoniated tropical grass hay for yearling cattle.

Despite high N intake by cattle consuming ammoniated forages, improvements in ADG might be expected be feeding proteins that supply ruminally available and(or) undegraded intake protein. Growth studies with 220-kg steers were conducted to evaluate ammoniated hay plus a liquid cane molasses-based supplement containing urea or a combination of urea and .07, .14, or .21 kg of CP daily from cottonseed meal (CSM) or feather meal (FM). Steers grazed dormant pasture and were fed hay plus 1.36 kg of DM daily per steer of the supplement. In each of 3 yr, total DM intake was similar (P > .60) among treatments, averaging 3.0% of BW. Daily gain by steers supplemented with urea and maximum ADG were similar across years, ranging from .21 to .23 kg and .50 to .60 kg, respectively. In all years for CSM supplementation, and in two of the three years for FM supplementation, increasing level of CP supplementation resulted in linear (P < .01) increases in ADG and gain:feed ratio (GF), with no differences (P > .10) between the protein sources. In one year, ADG and GF by steers supplemented with FM were maximized at the .07 kg of CP level, suggesting greater efficiency of protein utilization in FM. Improved performance by cattle fed ammoniated tropical grass hay may be obtained by feeding a protein supplement that provides preformed protein that is either moderately or highly resistant to ruminal degradation. Ruminal degradation characteristics of protein sources may influence efficiency of protein utilization in cattle fed ammoniated tropical grass hay plus molasses-based supplements.

Aging↗
PubMed1985

Protein supplementation of ammoniated roughages. III. Corncobs supplemented with a blood meal-corn gluten meal mixture--steer studies.

Two factorial experiments were conducted to investigate site and extent of organic matter (OM) digestion, nitrogenous fractions flowing at the abomasum and rates-of-passage in steers fed 0, 2 or 4 g NH3/100 g dry matter of treated corncobs supplemented with either a corn or a blood meal-corn gluten meal (BM-CGM) supplement. Rumen and total tract OM digestion coefficients were quadratically increased (P less than .05) and dietary N was quadratically increased (P less than .07) due to the main effect of ammonia. The main effect of protein supplement increased (P less than .05) postruminal OM digestibility, nonammonia N and dietary-N flow. Quadratic protein X ammonia interactions were noted for fluid flow, total-N flow, total amino acid flow and ammonia-N flow. Linear protein X ammonia interactions were noted for bacterial-N flow, which appeared to indicate that N utilization of the ammoniated corn-cob was improved by the inclusion of BM-CGM in the diet. Diet dry matter intake, fluid volume, rate of fluid passage, particulate mass and rate of particulate passage in rumen-fistulated steers were unaffected by either main effect. However, rumen fluid pH of steers fed BM-CGM was lower than that from steers fed the corn supplement.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1986

Effect of ranitidine on meal-induced gastric pepsin and acid secretion and the influence of adding ethanol to the meal.

The effect of ranitidine on meal-stimulated pepsin and acid secretion 3-4 h after administration of the drug was compared in 10 healthy volunteers. The results showed an insignificant reduction of pepsin output, whereas acid output was reduced 78.5%, demonstrating the difference in response of the chief and parietal cells to an H2-receptor antagonist. Adding ethanol to the meal did not reduce the acid-inhibiting effect of ranitidine.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Short communication: Canola meal as a substitute for cottonseed meal in diet of midlactation Holsteins.

The growing demand by humans for monounsaturated vegetable oils has provided canola meal (CM) for use in dairy diets because it possesses an excellent nitrogen profile for rumen microbes. Six midlactation cows were used in a replicated 3 x 3 Latin square design with 3 periods of 20 d each. Treatments included diets with 1) CM, 2) 50% CM + 50% cottonseed meal (CSM), and 3) CSM. Total crude protein (CP), nonprotein nitrogen, and rapidly degradable true protein (% of CP) were greater in CM than in CSM. The neutral and acid detergent fibers, slowly degradable true protein, and unavailable CP were lower in CM than in CSM. Daily feeding of 3.4 kg of CM instead of 5.6 kg of CSM enhanced milk percentage of protein and SNF, and improved total tract digestibility of dry matter and CP. Therefore, CM offers an economical substitute for CSM in midlactation diets when commercial access, cost, and quality of CSM are variable.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1984

Milk production and nitrogen utilization by dairy cows infused postruminally with sodium caseinate, soybean meal, or cottonseed meal.

Four Holstein cows with fistulated rumens were in a 4 X 4 Latin square design for us to determine effects of administering different sources of protein postruminally on milk production, milk composition, and efficiency of nitrogen utilization. Treatments consisted of postruminal infusion of 1) water, 2) sodium caseinate, 3) soybean meal, or 4) cottonseed meal. Milk yield (kg/day) and milk protein production (g/day) for the four treatments were: 1) 30.6, 1043; 2) 32.7, 1146; 3) 32.1, 1102; and 4) 31.1, 1087. Synthesis of milk protein increased during postruminal infusions of protein as indicated by the increased casein nitrogen fraction in milk. All protein infusions improved efficiency of use of absorbed nitrogen for synthesis of milk protein. Milk fat percentage and daily production of milk fat were not affected by treatments.

Abomasum↗