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PubMed1986

Histologic comparison of the costochondral, sternoclavicular, and temporomandibular joints during growth in Macaca mulatta.

The costochondral joint (CCJ) is commonly used to replace defective mandibular condyles in children for the restoration of normal temporomandibular (TMJ) growth and function. However, continued and harmonious growth following rib grafting is the exception rather than the rule. This may be due to the differences in the growth characteristics of the costal cartilage and the condyle. A joint that is similar both developmentally and structurally to the TMJ is the sternoclavicular joint (SCJ). The purpose f this study was to describe histologically the SCJ and CCJ during growth in Macaca mulatta and to compare the histomorphologic features with those of the TMJ. Costochondral and sternoclavicular joints were obtained from infant, juvenile, adolescent, and adult Macaca mulatta. The histologic sections were compared with mandibular condyles of the same ages available in our laboratory. The results indicate that the TMJ and SCJ are very similar morphologically throughout the growth period. The clavicular head contained layers of cartilage typical of the mandibular condyle, i.e., articular, prechondroblastic, chondroblastic, hypertrophic, and endochondral ossification layers, at each age during growth. Like those in the condyle, the hypertrophic cartilage cells were arranged in an apparently random, noncolumnar fashion. The CCJ, however, did not resemble the condyle but appeared to be more similar to the growth plate in a long bone epiphysis during growth. The results of this investigation indicate that the SCJ may be more suitable for mandibular condylar replacement than the CCJ.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1988

Mobility of the mandible following advancement and maxillomandibular or rigid internal fixation: an experimental investigation in Macaca mulatta.

This study examined the postsurgical range of mandibular motion following sagittal advancement osteotomy in Macaca mulatta when either maxillomandibular or rigid osseous fixation were used. Seventeen adult female Macaca mulatta underwent sagittal advancement osteotomy of approximately 4 to 6 mm. Six had 6 weeks of maxillomandibular fixation and eleven had rigid osseous fixation with no maxillomandibular fixation. Mandibular range of motion was measured by the change in the angle of the posterior aspect of the mandibular ramus from a closed-mouth and an open-mouth cephalogram. Parametric tests were used to statistically analyze the results. The results of this investigation showed that the animals who did not undergo maxillomandibular fixation maintained a greater range of motion in the early postsurgical period and obtained preoperative mobility by 12 weeks postsurgery. The animals who underwent six weeks of maxillomandibular fixation showed statistically significant decreases in range of motion when compared to the rigid fixation group at each period of time postsurgery, with significant reductions from preoperative values at 12 weeks postsurgery.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Immunocytochemical localization of S-100 protein in interstitial cells of the monkey Macaca irus pineal gland.

Pineal interstitial cells of the monkey Macaca irus were shown to react with an anti-human S-100 protein antibody, using the indirect immunoperoxidase technique on sections of paraplast-embedded pineal glands. Immunoreactivity was seen in the cytoplasm of the cells, stellate in shape and intermingled with pinealocytes; the latter did not stain with the antiserum against S-100 protein. Immunoreactivity was also present in the nuclei, as was reported in various other cell types immunostained with anti-S-100 protein antibodies. The present results support the view that interstitial cells of the monkey Macaca irus pineal gland may be of astroglial origin.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Symptoms and behavioral features induced by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) in an old Java monkey [Macaca cynomolgus fascicularis (Raffles)].

The study concerns symptoms and behavioral characteristics induced by MPTP in a 20-year-old Macaca cynomolgus fascicularis, their evolution over 7 months, and the animal's response to 1-dopa treatment. The symptoms which the animal developed include those that have been described earlier in Macaca mulatta and Saimiri sciureus, i.e., rigidity, action tremor, postural tremor, postural flexion, hypokinesia, and bradykinesia. In addition, however, the animal developed a 3.8 Hz resting tremor which in humans is pathognomonic of Parkinson's disease, as well as cogwheeling, the glabellar tap sign, drooling, impaired ability to relax, and many other symptoms. Also unlike previously described MPTP monkeys, the animal's symptoms neither improved spontaneously, nor did they remain stable shortly after MPTP injection. Instead, symptoms steadily progressed to reach a severe status 2 months after MPTP, and further progression was apparent after another 5 months. Therapeutic responses to 1-dopa required accumulation of or kindling by the 100 mg unit doses that were spaced 4 hr apart, were often organized in time as ON episodes that alternated with OFF episodes, and were associated with dyskinesias and bizarre behavior. Of particular interest is that the animal showed kinesia paradoxa which, in humans, constitutes a feature that is unique to Parkinson's disease among the extrapyramidal disorders. In addition to available evidence, the present findings validate the syndrome induced by MPTP in monkey as an animal analogue of Parkinson's disease. Taxonomic category, age, and the occurrence of shock in response to MPTP are discussed as variables that may possibly co-determine the pathology which MPTP may induce in monkey.

1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine↗
PubMed1982

The nucleotide sequence of cDNA coding for preproinsulin from the primate Macaca fascicularis.

DNA complementary to preproinsulin messenger RNA from the primate Macaca fascicularis has been cloned into the PstI endonuclease site of the plasmid pBR322. One clone contains the entire preproinsulin coding region as well as 59 nucleotides of the 5'-untranslated region. The results predict an amino acid sequence for the Macaca fascicularis preproinsulin and establish for the first time that the primary structures of human and primate insulins are identical. The two amino acid exchanges between human and primate preproinsulins are restricted to the pre- and the C-peptide, respectively.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1988

Maxillomandibular growth 2 years after mandibular advancement surgery with and without suprahyoid myotomy in juvenile Macaca mulatta.

There is conflict in the literature on whether continued and harmonious growth occurs after mandibular advancement in growing persons. The studies available are difficult to interpret because of the differing age ranges and the questionable growth potential inherent within the mandibular deficient patient. This study was performed to isolate the major question of interest to clinicians: Does the mandibular advancement surgical procedure inhibit future growth in a normally growing person? Six juvenile male Macaca mulatta monkeys were divided equally into two experimental groups. Group MAA had mandibular advancement surgery of approximately 4 mm. Group MAD had a similar surgical procedure with detachment of the suprahyoid musculature. All underwent 4 to 5 weeks of maxillomandibular fixation. Serial computerized cephalograms with the aid of bone markers were used to analyze the changes during a 2-year follow-up period. The postsurgical changes of the two experimental groups were compared statistically with control growth data on a large sample of normal Macaca mulatta animals available in our laboratory. The results showed the following. (1) There were significant short-term differences in the stability of the mandibular advancement between experimental groups. Group MAA (suprahyoid musculature attached) experienced significant relapse during the period of maxillomandibular fixation. Group MAD (suprahyoid musculature detached) experienced no relapse. (2) During the 2-year follow-up period after fixation, the rate and amount of mandibular growth in both experimental groups were not significantly different from age-matched controls or from each other. (3) At the end of the 2-year experimental period, the advanced mandibles were longer than the mandibles in age-matched controls.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Serum testosterone and electroencephalography spectra in developmental male rhesus Macaca mulatta monkeys.

BACKGROUND: The main objectives in this work were to determine whether the relationship between serum testosterone concentration and electroencephalography (EEG) develop mental change observed in human males is also present in Macaca mulatta and, if so, to determine which frequency bands are involved and which regions change in pre-pubertal monkeys as a function of serum testosterone concentration. METHODS: Nine healthy monkeys were divided into three groups according to age. Serum testosterone was measured using immunoenzymatic chemiluminescent assay. EEG results were processed using Fast Fourier transform; average relative spectral power analysis was calculated and separated into delta and theta bands. RESULTS: The main findings were higher delta relative power in temporal area of the youngest group. Significant positive correlations were observed between serum testosterone levels and theta relative power across the entire scalp, and between theta relative power at frontal and temporal locations and in negative direction between delta relative power in temporal areas. Partial correlations controlling for cephalic perimeter remained significant between testosterone and total theta relative power and theta relative power in temporal areas. Partial correlations remained significant for theta relative power controlling for age at temporal locations. CONCLUSIONS: Our data show that testosterone may be a significant covariate in EEG development in Macaca mulatta males.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2005

A taxonomic re-appraisal of Sarcocystis nesbitti (Protozoa: Sarcocystidae) from the monkey Macaca fascicularis in Yunnan, PR China.

The first detection of Sarcocystis nesbitti Mandour, 1969 in the Chinese mainland is reported and the morphology of the sarcocyst is described in detail. The parasite was detected in the monkey, Macaca fascicularis, maintained on a monkey farm in Yunnan Province; the infection may have occurred via faecal contamination from local rats, mice and/or birds. S. nesbitti was characterized as follows: a macroscopic sarcocyst, length of the cyst up to 2 mm; cyst wall smooth, thin and no perpendicular protrusion is seen under the light microscope; border of cyst wall wavy, primary cyst wall thin (38-65 nm) and invaginated; ground substance about 0.5-0.76 microm thick with electron-dense granules and concentric spherical bodies. The cyst wall is described as type 1 by electron microscopy. It is suspected that S. nesbitti may utilize Macaca mulatta, M. fascicularis, Cercocebus atys, and Papio papionis, as well as human as intermediate hosts. The taxonomy of S. nesbitti is re-appraised in the light of a consideration of possible experimental artefacts and examination of the past literature. Evidence is presented that S. nesbitti may be one of the species infecting humans in South Asia and that the monkey may be a potential reservoir host.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Mechanism and rate of placental transfer of zalcitabine (2',3'-dideoxycytidine) in Macaca nemestrina.

OBJECTIVE: Our purpose was to determine whether the ant-human immunodeficiency virus drug zalcitabine (2',3'-dideoxycytidine) is actively transferred across the placenta in the near-term Macaca nemestrina. STUDY DESIGN: Constant rate infusions of zalcitabine (1.31 microg/min/kg) and antipyrine (66.7 microg/min/kg) were administered to the dam through the femoral vein (n = 4) or to the fetus through the carotid artery (n = 3) in a randomized cross-over design. Zalcitabine was also administred at a 10-fold higher infusion rate to the dam (n = 3). The effect of zidovudine on the transplacental transfer of zalcitabine was studied by coinfusing the two drugs to the dam (n = 2). Samples from maternal plasma, fetal plasma, and amniotic fluid were collected at regular intervals during the 30-hour infusions. RESULTS: The maternal-fetal transfer clearance of zalcitabine (0.41 +/- 0.16 ml/min/kg) was not significantly different from the fetal-maternal transfer clearance of the drug (0.66 +/ 0.30 ml/min/kg). Moreover, the steady-state fetal-maternal plasma concentration ratios of zalcitabine after the low 0.58 +/- 0.06) and high (0.66 +/- 0.10) infusion rates to the dam were similar. This ratio was not substantially changed (0.69) when zalcitabine was coadministered with zidovudine. The placental transfer rate of zalcitabine was 11% (+/-4%) that of antipyrine. CONCLUSION: The placental transfer of zalcitabine is passive and unaffected by simultaneous administration of zidovudine. In Macaca nemestrina the average fetal exposure to zalcitabine is approximately 60% of the maternal exposure.

Amniotic Fluid↗
PubMed1997

Cranial bone graft to reconstruct the mandibular condyle in Macaca mulatta.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of cranial bone grafts to reconstruct the mandibular condyle in a nonhuman primate model. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The right mandibular condyle was resected in eight female, adult, nongrowing monkeys (Macaca mulatta) and the mandible was reconstructed with autogenous, full-thickness cranial bone harvested from the frontal area of the skull and stabilized with rigid fixation. Joint function, facial symmetry, and occlusion were evaluated preoperatively and over the course of 1 year postoperatively. The height of the bone graft was measured intraoperatively and at 1 year postoperatively. RESULTS: Seven monkeys survived for 1 year. The animals' weights were stable postoperatively. There were no statistically significant changes in maximal incisal opening or lateral excursion, as well as no statistically significant changes in facial symmetry or occlusion. On average, the total decrease in height of the graft was 0.7 +/- 0.9 mm (P = .07). CONCLUSION: After reconstruction of the mandibular condyle in Macaca mulatta, full-thickness cranial bone grafts provided a functional joint that resisted resorption. Cranial bone may therefore provide a suitable alternative to other autologous or alloplastic graft materials for reconstruction of the human mandibular condyle in nongrowing patients.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2001

Effects of toxaphene on the immune system of cynomolgus (Macaca fascicularis) monkeys.

Toxaphene, dissolved in glycerol/corn oil, was administered at 0.1, 0.4 or 0.8 mg/kg body weight/day in gelatin capsules to groups of 10 young adult female cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis), while a group of five male monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) received 0.8 mg/kg body weight/day. Control male (a group of five) and female (a group of 10) monkeys ingested the glycerol/corn oil vehicle only. Treatment continued for 75 weeks. Testing for immune effects was initiated at 33 weeks of treatment. Immunization was initiated at 44 weeks of treatment. Pairwise comparisons between each of the treated female groups to the control indicated that the mean primary (post-immunization weeks 1-4) and secondary (post-immunization weeks 5-8) anti-SRBC IgM responses were significantly reduced at the 0.4 and 0.8 mg/kg body weight/day doses compared to the control (P< or =0.05). The mean primary (post-immunization weeks 1-4) anti-SRBC IgG response was significantly reduced compared to the control (P< or =0.05), while the secondary (post-immunization weeks 5-8) anti-SRBC IgG was not significantly affected by treatment (P>0.05). The mean anti-tetanus toxoid IgG response in the 0.8 mg/kg body weight/day dose group The mean primary anti-SRBC (IgM) response in the treated males was significantly different from the control (P<0.05), while the primary anti-SRBC IgG response was not affected by treatment. The mean absolute B-lymphocyte numbers in the female group administered 0.8 mg/kg of toxaphene was significantly reduced compared to the control (P< or =0.05). All other parameters including the natural killer cell activity, the delayed-type hypersensitivity response, the lymphoproliferative response of peripheral blood leukocytes to the mitogens Con A and PWM and the serum cortisol levels were not affected significantly by treatment (P>0.05). The no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) for the female monkeys based on the toxaphene effects on humoral immunity was 0.1 mg/kg body weight/day.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1996

The role of interdigitation in sagittal growth of the maxillomandibular complex in Macaca fascicularis.

The role of the interdigitation of posterior teeth in maxillomandibular growth and development was studied longitudinally in Macaca fascicularis monkeys. Fourteen monkeys were divided into a control group (n = 7) and an experimental group (n = 7). At the start of the study, the mean age of the animals was 29 weeks. At that stage the interdigitation in the experimental group was eliminated by grinding the cusps of the molars and canines. The animals were followed until 143 weeks of age and studied with the aid of tantalum implants and lateral radiographs. The findings indicated that elimination of the interdigitation resulted in a deviating anteroposterior relationship between the jaws and a significant inhibition of the vertical growth of the maxilla in the second half of the experimental period, while total face height was not noticeably affected. As a result, a more prognathic mandible and a more mesial occlusion developed. It can be concluded that the interdigitation plays a role in the regulation of vertical and anteroposterior facial growth and constitutes an important factor in the jaw relation in Macaca fascicularis monkeys.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Mhc class II DRB sequences of lion-tailed macaques (Macaca silenus).

The lion-tailed macaque (Macaca silenus) is an endangered species. Research into the genetics of this species is important as a basis for coordinated breeding programs of captive populations. Therefore, we sought to analyze the Mhc class II DRB genes of this species because of it is highly polymorphic in genetically heterogeneous populations of most species. Ten individuals from seven families were evaluated. Nine DRB second exon sequences belonging to eight allelic lineages were identified. These lineages are also present in the best-studied macaque species: the rhesus (Macaca mulatta). Although only these relatively few alleles could be isolated, they display variation on the lineage level. This may be a mechanism for increasing their functional diversity.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2002

Polymorphism in the rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) NRAMP1 gene: lack of an allelic association to tuberculosis susceptibility.

Although previous tuberculosis (TB) research has suggested that underlying genetic factors influence a host's response and ability to survive Mycobacterium infection, only recently has a gene been identified, the 'natural resistance-associated macrophage protein 1' (NRAMP1) gene, which provides a degree of natural resistance to infection by some Mycobacterium species. To date, however, the role that NRAMP1 may play in resistance to Mycobacterium infection has only been examined in mouse and man. Here, we present data generated at NRAMP1 among a group of rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) that were euthanized because of an outbreak of Mycobacterium tuberculosis during quarantine. Data were also generated on unrelated (and healthy) rhesus macaques in order to better determine the frequency and degree of genetic polymorphism within Macaca at the NRAMP1 locus. These data represent the first study designed to examine the role that NRAMP1 may play in TB susceptibility among rhesus macaques.

Alleles↗
PubMed1980

Effect of extraction in the late mixed dentition on the eruption of the first premolar in Macaca nemestrina.

The effect of deciduous tooth extraction in the late mixed dentition on the eruption of succedaneous teeth was studied in ten Macaca nemestrina. Nineteen deciduous teeth were extracted: nine maxillary and ten mandibular left deciduous first molars. Regardless of sex, arch, chronologic or dental age, all first premolars on the experimental side erupted before those on the control side and this pattern was statistically significant. Extraction of deciduous molars in the late mixed dentition is seen to accelerate eruption of first premolars in Macaca nemestrina. This could be the result of eliminating the need for deciduous tooth root resorption during the normal process of eruption.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1998

Hormonal regulation and germ cell-specific expression of heat shock protein 60 (hsp60) in the testis of macaque monkeys (Macaca mulatta and M. fascicularis).

Decrease of heat shock protein 60 (hsp60), a mitochondrial chaperonin, in germ cells of men has been shown to be associated with low spermatogenic efficiency. In the present study, we have investigated the hormonal regulation of hsp60 in a pre-clinical primate animal model. Hsp60 production in the testes of the intact cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis) and animals that had been treated with the GnRH antagonist Cetrorelix for 25 days was studied by immunohistochemistry. In addition, testes of untreated adult rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) and immature animals either exposed to human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG), human follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) or hCG and FSH in combination, as well as vehicle-treated controls were analysed. In adult monkeys, specific hsp60 staining was observed in Leydig cells, spermatogonia and early primary spermatocytes. The labelling in Sertoli cells was not stage dependent. The hsp60 staining pattern was unaffected by gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonist treatment. Western blot analysis confirmed the presence of a single band of 60 kDa in testicular homogenates of the cynomolgus monkey. In the testis of immature rhesus monkeys, hsp60 immunoreactivity was visible in gonocytes, spermatogonia and in Sertoli cells, whereas interstitial cells were negative. In the experimental study, hCG alone or in combination with FSH caused a substantial and marked upregulation of the chaperonin in Leydig cells. Human FSH alone did not affect hsp60 expression. We conclude that hCG is an important regulator of Leydig cell hsp60 expression during development, whereas FSH in immature animals and GnRH in adult monkeys is of less importance.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Immunoreactive glucagon in nondiabetic and diabetic Macaca nigra.

The primary form of immunoreactive glucagon (IRG) in Macaca nigra has been identified as pancreatic, alpha-cell-size glucagon (IRG3500), with a molecular weight of about 3500. Assays with 30K and K-964 glucagon antibodies gave virtually identical results. Column chromatography of plasma on Bio-Gel P-30 indicated ony minimal amounts of high-molecular-weight IRG. Levels of IRG decrease during a glucose infusion, a response expected of IRG3500. IRG concentrations apparently greater than human values appear to be characteristic of nonhuman primates. Nondiabetic Macaca nigra average 641 pg of IRG3500/ml. Borderline diabetic monkeys with moderately increased glucose and impaired glucose clearance average 2,938 pg/ml. Diabetic monkeys with hyperglycemia and diminished glucose clearance have 375 pg of IRG3500/ml. Changes in IRG3500 are related to a lesion in the islets of Langerhans.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Ultrastructural and molecular characterization of Pneumocystis carinii isolated from a rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta).

High levels of heterogeneity have been observed among isolates of Pneumocystis carinii derived from different mammalian host species. We report the characterization of P. carinii isolated from a rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta), which was immunosuppressed as a result of infection with a chimeric simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIVsbg). Histopathological examination showed evidence of severe P. carinii pneumonia with a large predominance of trophozoite forms. Alveolitis consisted of typical foamy, honeycomb exudate, with only a few alveolar macrophages. The lung inflammatory response was rather moderate without type-2 pneumocyte hyperplasia or collagenosis. P. carinii organisms were sometimes observed in the bronchiolar lumen. Ultrastructurally, macaque-derived P. carinii was more similar to human- or rabbit-derived parasites than to mouse-derived P. carinii. Molecular studies were carried out on the macaque-derived P. carinii DNA at two genetic loci: the genes encoding the mitochondrial large subunit ribosomal RNA (mt LSU rRNA) and the mitochondrial small subunit ribosomal RNA (mt SSU rRNA). Comparison of the DNA sequences with those from P. carinii isolated from eight other host species demonstrated that the macaque-derived P. carinii was genetically distinct at both loci, and was more closely related to human-derived P. carinii than to P. carinii derived from non-primate sources. We propose that macaque-derived P. carinii be named Pneumocystis carinii f.sp. macacae.

Animals↗