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PubMed1989

Amanita phalloides mushroom poisoning: a cluster of four fatalities.

A group of four illegal aliens had been without food for several days when they found a group of wild mushrooms growing in a field in Southern California. Each man consumed a meal of one to six fried mushrooms. Two days after eating the mushrooms, all four men developed abdominal pain, nausea, diarrhea, and intractable vomiting. Three days after consuming the mushrooms, all four were hospitalized and their clinical courses rapidly deteriorated to refractory hepatorenal failure and coma. Three of the victims died three days after admission to the hospital and the fourth died eight days after admission. The autopsy findings are presented and the mechanism of Amanita phalloides mushroom poisoning is discussed.

Acute Kidney Injury↗
PubMed1996

A fatal Sunday brunch: Amanita mushroom poisoning in a Gulf Coast family.

Mushroom poisoning with resultant liver toxicity often occurs in experienced collectors. The increasing popularity of natural foods has lead to an increased incidence of mushroom poisoning among the general population. This report describes a grandmother with over 30 yr of self-taught expertise in selecting and preparing wild mushrooms, who prepared a mushroom dish that led to the poisoning of herself and three family members. A 3-yr-old child died of fulminant hepatic failure, and the others recovered completely. The clinical presentation, course, and management of patients with mushroom poisoning are discussed.

Amanita↗
PubMed1997

Mushroom poisoning.

The majority of cases of mushroom poisoning occur in children and involve benign gastrointestinal irritants. Critical poisonings most frequently occur in adults who ingest Amanita phalloides or other mushrooms containing amanitin. Critical versus noncritical poisonings can be diagnosed with a high degree of confidence by the patient's history and initial symptoms. The most promising new medical treatment for Amanita mushroom poisoning is silibinin. In suspected cases of mushroom poisoning, it is important to obtain specimens of the ingested mushrooms, if possible, since treatment is specific to the species.

Diagnosis, Differential↗
PubMed1976

[Mushroom poisoning. New possibilities for treatment].

Poisonous species of fungi in Germany are very few. Dangerous is the ingestion of raw, spoiled or poisonous mushrooms. There exist no reliable tests to determine whether a mushroom is safe except by expert examination and identification of the mushroom. In clinical practice the classification of mushroom poisoning is possible in muscarine-syndrome, gastroenteritic syndrome and in two-phase-syndrome. 90-95% of lethal mushroom poisonings are due to ingestion of Amanita phalloides. In severe cases extensive hepatic necrosis occurs, characterized by profound abnormalities in liver function caused by hepatic coma. In deep coma mortality rates amount to 70% or more. A new therapeutic measure (coated charcoal hemoperfusion)-first applied in liver failure by Chang (1972) and Williams (1973)-has been performed in 3 patients with severe poisoning after ingestion of Amanita phalloides (each patient had eaten at least 7-10 fungi Amanita phalloides). Two of the patients survived.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Morphology of neuroglia in the antennal lobes and mushroom bodies of the brain of the honeybee.

We investigated the distribution and anatomical organization of glial cells in the antennal lobes and mushroom bodies of the honeybee. Reconstructions from serial sections, prepared according to the ethyl gallate method, revealed the entire morphology of glial cells in neuropiles, tracts, and the soma rind. The distribution of the glial cell bodies in the neuropiles was derived from the staining of cell nuclei with a fluorescent dye. There are glial cells of different shape in the soma rind which are wrapped around the neuronal cell bodies of the antennal lobes and the Kenyon cells of the mushroom bodies. Glial cells surround neuropilar areas such as the external and lateral sides of the glomeruli of the antennal lobes. Whereas we could not detect glia in the glomerular neuropile, glial cells with long processes are located in the core of the antennal lobe. Extensions of these glial cells also invade tracts containing the olfactory projection neurons. A layer of glial cells separates the mushroom body neuropile from the surrounding protocerebral neuropile. The neuropile of the mushroom bodies is clearly compartmented by glial cells. There is a high density of astrocyte-like glia in a column of the pedunculus which can be followed to the ventral part of the alpha-lobe. A network of mushroom body intrinsic glial cells separates the alpha-lobe from the beta-lobe and the pedunculus. This anatomical description of glial cell types in olfactory information processing pathways of an insect brain provides a framework for further physiological studies of neuroglia in dissociated cell culture.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Neurogenesis in adult insect mushroom bodies.

The occurrence of neurogenesis in mushroom bodies of adult insects belonging to several orthopteroid and coleopteran families is described. Using injections of 5-bromo, T2'-deoxyuridine, we showed that neuroblasts, which are progenitors of Kenyon cells during preimaginal instars, continue to divide in adult Acheta domesticus. Their progeny constitute a central column in mushroom body cortices of 3-week-old females. Other Gryllidae, Gryllus bimaculatus and Gryllomorpha dalmatina, show the same pattern of neuroblast activity and migration of their progeny. Immunocytochemical staining of glial cells failed to reveal any immunoreactivity, either in proliferating regions or in the resulting cells. In another orthopteran, Locusta migratoria, discrete clusters of cells, located dorsolateral to the Kenyon cells, incorporated 5-bromo, 2'-deoxyuridine, but we could not detect any neuronal progeny migrating to the mushroom body cortices. These cells were strongly labeled with an antiglial antibody, indicating that the replicating cells are glioblasts rather than neuroblasts. In Periplaneta americana (Dictyoptera), cells replicating their DNA were similarly shown to immunoreact with glial antibodies. In contrast, three coleopterans (Tenebrio molitor, Zophobas species, Harmonia axyridis) have two large neuroblasts located in the middle of the mushroom body cortices. These produce cells which migrate within the group of Kenyon cells, their nuclei having the same shape and size as those of surrounding Kenyon cells. In adult insects, neurogenesis in mushroom bodies occurs in Gryllidae and several coleopteran families, but could not be demonstrated in Dictyoptera and Acrididae. Its occurrence and distribution raise the issue of unexpected plasticity in the adult insect brain.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

gamma-Aminobutyric acid receptor distribution in the mushroom bodies of a fly (Calliphora erythrocephala): a functional subdivision of Kenyon cells?

Antibodies against the Drosophila gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor subunit RDL were used to investigate the significance of inhibitory inputs to the mushroom bodies in the blowfly (Calliphora erythrocephala) brain. The pedunculus and the lobes of the mushroom body, which mainly consist of Kenyon cell fibers, revealed strong immunoreactivity against RDL. Pedunculi, alpha- and beta-lobe show characteristic unstained core structures with concentric labeling along the neuropile axis. The gamma-lobes in contrast exhibit a compartmentalized RDL-immunoreactive pattern. These data suggest an important role of GABAergic inhibition in the pedunculus and the lobes of insect mushroom bodies. It is most likely that the RDL-immunoreactivity in the mushroom bodies is closely related to Kenyon cell fibers suggesting that Kenyon cells are an inhomogeneous class of neurons, only part of which receive inhibitory GABAergic input from extrinsic elements. GABAergic inhibition, therefore, may play a substantial role in the process of learning and memory formation in the insect mushroom bodies.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Mitogenic effects of 20-hydroxyecdysone on neurogenesis in adult mushroom bodies of the cockroach, Diploptera punctata.

The purpose of this study was to examine the mitogenic effects of 20-hydroxyecdysone on neurogenesis in mushroom bodies of the adult cockroach, Diploptera punctata. The occurrence of neurogenesis was studied immunocytochemically after in vivo labeling with 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU). The number of BrdU-labeled cells in the mushroom bodies was high shortly after adult ecdysis, then gradually decreased, and proliferation ceased on day 8. 20-Hydroxyecdysone injection during the early adult stages significantly delayed the decrease in mitotic activity. Moreover, 20-hydroxyecdysone injection during the late stage stimulated quiescent mushroom body neuroblasts to initiate their mitotic activity in a dose-dependent manner. These results indicated that the mushroom body neuroblasts of this insect become quiescent in the maturing central nervous system, but retain the capacity for proliferation if exposed to appropriate environmental signals. We conclude that 20-hydroxyecdysone has a mitogenic effect on neurogenesis in mushroom bodies of this insect.

Animal Structures↗
PubMed1987

Lampteromyces bioluminescence--1. Identification of riboflavin as the light emitter in the mushroom L. japonicus.

The bioluminescence of the luminous mushroom, Lampteromyces japonicus, was studied by using the mushroom gills and also the luminous mycelia, the latter being cultured from the isolated spores and grown in a potato sucrose medium. The luminescence intensity of the mushroom gills and the cultured mycelia was measured in an aqueous suspension under various conditions. The original intensity was enhanced by exposing the luminous cells to oxygen for several hours or to acids or bases for a short period. This enhancement enabled measurement of their bioluminescence spectra which were identical to the fluorescence spectrum of riboflavin, having a maximum at 524 nm. The green fluorescent substance was extracted with cold water from the mushroom and it was identified as riboflavin by spectroscopic and chromatographic analyses. Riboflavin was concluded to be the light emitter of this mushroom.

Basidiomycota↗
PubMed2001

Development of laminar organization in the mushroom bodies of the cockroach: Kenyon cell proliferation, outgrowth, and maturation.

The mushroom bodies of the insect brain are lobed integration centers made up of tens of thousands of parallel-projecting axons of intrinsic (Kenyon) cells. Most of the axons in the medial and vertical lobes of adult cockroach mushroom bodies derive from class I Kenyon cells and are organized into regular, alternating pairs (doublets) of pale and dark laminae. Organization of Kenyon cell axons into the adult pattern of laminae occurs gradually over the course of nymphal development. Newly hatched nymphs possess tiny mushroom bodies with lobes containing a posterior lamina of ingrowing axons, followed by a single doublet, which is flanked anteriorly by a gamma layer composed of class II Kenyon cells. Golgi impregnations show that throughout nymphal development, regardless of the number of doublets present, the most posterior lamina serves as the "ingrowth lamina" for axons of newborn Kenyon cells. Axons of the ingrowth lamina are taurine- and synaptotagmin-immunonegative. They produce fine growth cone tipped filaments and long perpendicularly oriented collaterals along their length. The maturation of these Kenyon cells and the formation of a new lamina are marked by the loss of filaments and collaterals, as well as the onset of taurine and synaptotagmin expression. Class I Kenyon cells thus show plasticity in both morphology and transmitter expression during development. In a hemimetabolous insect such as the cockroach, juvenile stages are morphologically and behaviorally similar to the adult. The mushroom bodies of these insects must be functional from hatching onward, while thousands of new neurons are added to the existing structure. The observed developmental plasticity may serve as a mechanism by which extensive postembryonic development of the mushroom bodies can occur without disrupting function. This contrasts with the more evolutionarily derived holometabolous insects, such as the honey bee and the fruit fly, in which nervous system development is accomplished in a behaviorally simple larval stage and a quiescent pupal stage.

Aging↗
PubMed1984

[Rapid determination of agaritin in commercial mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus) with high performance liquid chromatography].

A procedure is described for the determination of agaritine in the commercial mushroom Agaricus bisporus by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Agaritine was extracted from the mushroom sample with methanol and the filtered extract diluted with phosphate buffer. An aliquot of this solution was used directly for the HPLC-separation on a cation exchange column (Partisil SCX) with 0.5 mM phosphate buffer (pH 1.8) as mobile phase and u.v. monitoring at 237 nm. The agaritine content in fresh mushrooms was found to be in the range of 94-629 mg/kg fresh weight. Canned mushrooms contained 1-55 mg/kg drained weight with 3-103 mg/l in the liquid. The highest agaritine values were found in dried commercial mushrooms amounting to 2,110-6,905 mg/kg.

Basidiomycota↗
PubMed1976

[Mercury content of mushrooms (author's transl)].

The mercury content of 236 species of wild mushrooms was determined by flameless atomic absorption spectroscopy. Of each species several samples--altogether 616--were tested. The mercury content was between 0.04 and 21.60 mg/kg dry weight, equivalent to 0.002 and 3.090 mg/kg fresh weight. The mercury content was clearly species-dependent. Mercury-rich species particularly were found in Tricholomataceae, Agaricaceae and Lycoperdaceae, whereas in Boletaceae, Amanitaceae and Russulaceae mercury-rich species were rather rare. There was a considerable variability within species, too; hence, other factors, yet unknown, must also determine the mercury content. Geographical influences were not demonstrable. All mushrooms grown on wood had a very low mercury content. Storing over several years did not diminish the mercury content of dried mushrooms. The highest mercury content was found in a poisonous mushroom, but on the average, poisonous mushrooms contained less mercury than edible ones.

Agaricales↗
PubMed1977

[Cadmium uptake by mushrooms (author's transl)].

Mushrooms of the subgenus Rubescentes (for example Agaricus bisporus and Agaricus campestris) accumulate for less cadmium than most species of the subgenus Flavescentes (for example Agaricus arvensis and Agaricus silvicola). Hence it appears there is no danger for human health, from too much cadmium, when eating the often gathered Agaricus campestris. The caps of the mushrooms enrich cadmium to twice the amount present in the stems. The authors analysed 32 samples of wild mushrooms of the subgenus Rubescentes and 39 samples of wild mushrooms of the subgenus Flavescentes. They furthermore cultivated mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus) on substrates with different amounts of added cadmium.

Basidiomycota↗
PubMed1994

Mechanism of hypocholesterolemic effect of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) in rats: reduction of cholesterol absorption and increase of plasma cholesterol removal.

The content of cholesterol in the serum and liver of male Wistar rats fed, for the period of 8 weeks shortly after weaning, a diet containing 0.3% of cholesterol was reduced by 33 and 27% by the addition of 5% of dried oyster mushroom powder. Although the level of serum triacylglycerols was not affected by oyster mushroom, their content in liver of rats on mushroom diet was reduced by 41%. Very-low-density lipoproteins and low-density lipoproteins participated by 55 and 38%, respectively, in the total reduction of serum cholesterol. Cholesterol content in high-density lipoproteins was not significantly affected by oyster mushroom. Cholesterol absorption as determined by dual-isotope plasma ratio method was significantly reduced by 14% with oyster mushroom diet. Similarly, this diet increased by 42% the fractional catabolic rate of cholesterol determined by the analysis of decay curve of [4-14C]cholesterol.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

An attempt to differentiate HPLC-ICP-MS selenium speciation in natural and selenised Agaricus mushrooms using different species extraction procedures.

Total determination and speciation analysis of Se in commercial and selenised Agaricus mushrooms have been performed to investigate the Se species naturally occurring in non-enriched mushrooms as well as those present in specimens grown in a Se-enriched medium. Mushroom aqueous and enzymatic extracts have been analysed by three complementary chromatographic separation mechanisms (size-exclusion, anion-exchange and reversed-phase) coupled to an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer with an octopole reaction system. Post-column isotope dilution analysis has been used on-line with the separations for quantification of the Se species eluted. The 78Se-to-77Se isotope ratio was monitored after adequate corrections for both total determinations and Se species quantitative speciation. The results showed marked differences not only in total Se contents but also in Se species found in the two types of Agaricus mushrooms investigated. Selenomethionine was detected in both of them (free in commercial mushrooms and incorporated into proteins in selenised ones) together with a number of unknown selenocompounds.

Agaricus↗
PubMed2002

Total mercury in mushrooms and underlying soil substrate from the Borecka Forest, Northeastern Poland.

Total mercury concentrations were determined by cold-vapor atomic absorption spectroscopy in 240 composite samples of the caps, 240 of the stalks, and 16 of the whole fruiting bodies of 13 species of wild mushrooms and in 256 samples of underlying soil substrate collected from the Borecka Forest and the adjacent area in 1998. The area of the study is a background site with no known local sources of mercury emission. The mercury concentrations of the fruiting bodies varied largely (range between 14 and 14,000 ng/g dry weight) depending on the site and mushroom species investigated, but were less varied in soil samples (between 5 and 86 ng/g dry weight). The fruiting bodies of king bolete (Boletus edulis) showed greatest content of mercury. King bolete and yellow-cracking bolete (Xerocomus subtomentosus) collected from the Borecka Forest both contained in the caps around threefold greater concentrations of mercury than were noted for the same species collected from the surrounding area with 9,900 +/- 2,700 and 3,600 +/- 1,400, and 480 +/- 190 and 160 +/- 70 ng/g dry weight, respectively. Apart from the king bolete, relatively elevated concentrations of mercury were quantified also in a whole fruiting bodies of common puffball (Lycoperdon perlatum) with 3,400 +/- 1,300 ng/g as well as in the caps and stalks of common scaber stalk (Leccinum scabrum) with 1,200 +/- 740 and 1,100 +/- 380 ng/g dry weight. In other species investigated, the mercury concentrations were below 1,000 ng/g dry weight, and the smallest values were noted for crab-scended brittle gills (Russula xerampelina) with 60 +/- 20 in the caps and 40 +/- 20 ng/g dry weight in the stalks. For the species such as larch bolete, bay bolete (Xerocomus badius), yellow-cracking bolete, king bolete, common scaber stalk, fly agaric (Amanita muscaria), crab-scented brittle gills, honey mushroom (Amariella mellea) and safron milk cap (Lactarius deliciosus) a positive correlation (0.01 < p < 0.05) between the mercury content and size (diameter) of the caps was found, and in some cases also between mercury content of the stalks and size (height) of the fruiting body. The bioconcentration factor (BCF) values of total mercury were greatest for king bolete, i.e., 250 +/- 65 in the caps and 140 +/- 47 in the stalks, while for the other species investigated were between 200 +/- 91 and 1.8 +/- 0.5 in the caps, and 94 +/- 57 and 1.7 +/- 0.4 in the stalks. Nevertheless, despite great values of BCF of mercury indicated for some species and also a positive correlation between mercury content of the caps/stalks and underlying soil substrate, subsequent coefficients of determination were usually below 40%, and only for bay bolete (stalk), yellow-cracking bolete (cap), common scaber stalk (cap), hard bolete (Leccinum griseum) (cap, stalk), crab-scented gills (stalk), and honey mushroom (cap) were up to 68, 82, 42, 82, 51, 74, and 45%, respectively. The values of the cap/stalk Hg quotient were greatest for larch bolete (Suillus flavus) collected from the Borecka Forest (4.4 +/- 1.3) and for honey mushroom (2.7 +/- 0.9) from the adjacent area.

Agaricales↗
PubMed2003

Complication rates and patency of radiologically guided mushroom gastrostomy, balloon gastrostomy, and gastrojejunostomy: a review of 250 procedures.

PURPOSE: To compare complication rates and tube performance of percutaneous mushroom gastrostomy, balloon gastrostomy, and gastrojejunostomy. METHODS: Between September 9, 1999 and April 23, 2001, 203 patients underwent 250 radiologically guided percutaneous gastrostomy and gastrojejunostomy procedures. Follow-up was conducted through chart reviews and review of our interventional radiology database. Procedural and catheter-related complications were recorded. Chi-square statistical analysis was performed. RESULTS: In patients receiving mushroom-retained gastrostomy catheters (n = 114), the major complication rate was 0.88% (n = 1), the minor complication rate was 5.3% (n = 6), and the tube complication rate was 4.4% (n = 5). In patients receiving balloon-retained gastrostomy tubes (n = 67), the major complication rate was 0, the minor complication rate was 4.5% (n = 3), and the tube complication rate was 34.3% (n = 23). In patients receiving gastrojejunostomy catheters (n = 69), the major complication rate was 1.4% (n = 1), the minor complication rate was 2.9% (n = 2), and the tube complication rate was 34.8% (n = 24). No statistically significant differences were found between procedural or peri-procedural complications among the different types of tubes. Mushroom-retained catheters had significantly fewer tube complications (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Percutaneous gastrostomy and gastrojejunostomy have similar procedural and peri-procedural complication rates. Mushroom gastrostomy catheters have fewer tube-related complications compared with balloon gastrostomy and gastrojejunostomy catheters. In addition, mushroom-retained catheters exhibit the best overall long-term tube patency and are therefore the gastrostomy catheter of choice.

Aged↗
PubMed1991

Establishment of photoreceptor cell polarity in culture revealed by mushroom lectin binding.

Differentiation of photoreceptor cells dissociated from chick embryo was investigated in a monolayer culture at low cell density and low serum concentration. The precursor cells were initially round and finally adopted the elongated and monopolar shape characteristic of such photoreceptor cells in vivo. They exhibited the primitive inner segment, and on its distal side showed a crest-like membrane expansion instead of the developed outer segment. The cell polarity of these cultured photoreceptor cells was examined using mushroom lectin, which has specific affinity for the D-galactose-beta(1,3)-N-acetylgalactosamine moiety. Rhodamine-labeled mushroom lectin uniformly initially stained the surface of early round photoreceptor cells, but with time the staining became restricted to the inner segment and its distal membrane expansion in all elongated photoreceptor cells at 12 days from the beginning of development. In semithin sections of 12-day-old chick embryo retina, mushroom lectin also stained the immature inner segment that had emerged at this stage. After hatching, light and electron microscopic observations revealed that the entire scleral surface of retinal plasma membranes as far as the outer limiting membrane, i.e. the inner and outer segments of all types of photoreceptor cells and also Müller cell processes, were stained with the mushroom lectin. These results clearly show that all photoreceptor cells can establish their inherent cell polarity even in culture, and that mushroom lectin is a valuable marker, for the investigation of photoreceptor cell polarity.

Animals↗