SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “MICROFILMS”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

SourceResearch connectionFrom yearThrough year

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 199 records · Page 11Linked to original sources

PubMed1975

[Copyright and natural sciences].

Works in the natural sciences are provided with comparatively less copyright protection than literary works. Nevertheless, this protection is important for scientists. However, more recently, modern methods and techniques of information and documentation, such as reprography, microfilm archives, electronic data storage and retrieval, and data transmission have questioned the justification and effectiveness, even in principle, of this protection. A more detailed analysis demonstrates that this involves not so much a crisis of copyright law as a crisis of the entire field of scientific information.

PubMed2000

Implantation of retina stimulation electrodes and recording of electrical stimulation responses in the visual cortex of the cat.

BACKGROUND: Simple basic visual perception may be restored by epiretinal electrical stimulation in patients that are blind due to photoreceptor loss. To stimulate ganglion cells, epiretinally flat platinum microelectrodes embedded in thin polyimide film were developed and tested in the cat. METHODS: After removal of the lens and the vitreous body a thin microfilm electrode array was implanted through a corneoscleral incision in the cat eye (n = 4). In two eyes no further attempt was made to fixate the tip of the electrode, which was pressed onto the retinal surface due to the tension of the curved polyimide film. In two eyes the tip of the electrode was fixed with cyanoacrylate adhesive. The exterior part of the microelectrode film was directed under the skin towards the forehead which allowed fixation of the microplug to a head fixation bolt. Retinal stimulation experiments were performed within 1 week after implantation. Success of stimulation was assessed by recording neuronal activities from areas 17 and 18. Retinal microelectrodes were removed 2 weeks or longer after implantation. RESULTS: Intraocular inflammation or retinal detachment were not observed after implantation of the microelectrode film. In two eyes the tip of the microelectrodes dislocated spontaneously within the first few days. The lowest threshold of electrical stimulation was 35 microA, corresponding to a charge transfer of 14 nC per phase. These values were ten times higher than those obtained by needle electrodes used in prior experiments. CONCLUSIONS: Intraocular implanted flat microelectrodes made of platinum and polyimide were well tolerated. Because of the flat configuration of the microelectrodes higher stimulation thresholds than for needle electrodes were found, indicating insufficient contact to the retinal surface. An alternative shape and fixation technique is required to minimise electrodes' threshold of stimulation.

Animals↗

PubMed1993

Nurses' perceptions of the support of patient autonomy in do-not-resuscitate (DNR) decisions.

This replication of Ott's study [Ott, B. (1986). An Ethical Problem Facing Nurses: The Support of Patient Autonomy in the Do Not Resuscitate Decision. University Microfilms International, Dissertation, Texas Women's University] and McLaughlin et al.'s study [McLaughlin, T., Brown, O. and Herman, J. (1988). Nurses' Perception of the Support of Patient Autonomy in Do Not Resuscitate Situations. Unpublished Research Report] explored hospital staff nurses' perceptions of their role in supporting patient autonomy in the do-not-resuscitate (DNR) decision. One-hundred and sixty-five registered nurses (RNs) participated: 93 from the Veterans Administration Medical Center and 72 from a private non-profit hospital. Ott's questionnaire had four hypothetical cases in which a DNR decision would probably be made with three questions about whose opinion would most support patient autonomy and whose opinion would actually be regarded as the most appropriate for making the DNR decision. Seventy per cent of perceptions of the person whose decision would be best able to support the patient's autonomy in the DNR decision and 51% of the people perceived to actually be deemed most appropriate to make the DNR decision were consistent with Ott's DNR Decision Model.

Adult↗

PubMed1985

Microcirculation velocity changes under hypoxia in brain, muscles, liver, and their physiological significance.

Linear blood flow velocity in brain, muscle capillaries and hepatic sinusoids was measured by means of microfilming in normal and hypoxemic rats (breathing with 7% O2 in N2). The mean flow velocity was found to increase by 66% in brain capillaries and by 12% in hepatic sinusoids. In skeletal muscle the blood flow ceased in about 40% of the capillaries under investigation and in the others the flow velocity slowed down twofold. Different response to hypoxemia was explained by the physiological function peculiarities of the organs in question as well as the type of the energetic exchange and that of the microvascular net structure.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Reflex sympathetic dystrophy after a minor electric shock.

A 37-year-old right-handed female sustained a minor electric shock to her right hand while changing a bulb in a Kodak Reliant Intelligent Microfilmer 2000. She noted a progressive onset of parasthesias of her right hand that became associated with throbbing pain at rest, as well as swelling and profound weakness of her hand during the next two months. Plethysmography demonstrated arterial vasoconstriction of her right hand. Her reflex sympathetic dystrophy was successfully treated with cervicothoracic sympathetic blocks.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

A discrepancy between cystic echinococcosis confirmed by ultrasound and seropositivity in Turkish children.

In three randomly selected villages of Manisa, Turkey, 630 primary school children were examined for cystic echinococcosis (CE) by a portable ultrasound scanner (US) and chest microfilm. Sera samples of 483 (76.7%) children were tested for anti-E. granulosus antibodies by ELISA and indirect hemagglutination (IHA) tests. Hepatic CE were detected in two cases (0.3%) by US, while 43 (8.9%) and 49 (10.1%) cases were found to be positive for CE by ELISA and IHA, respectively. The high seropositivity levels could have been attributed to extra-abdominal or abortive Echinococcus infections, but probably most of them were false-positives. Due to the discrepancy in results, US should be selected as the primary test in field studies and serologic tests should be performed in all cases with suspected lesions. We could not find any reported community based study on CE in Turkey, in which US was applied; but our results suggest that extensive epidemiological studies are required.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2002

Analysis of aromatic amines in water samples by liquid-liquid-liquid microextraction with hollow fibers and high-performance liquid chromatography.

Liquid-liquid-liquid microextraction (LLLME) with hollow fibers in high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) has been applied as a rapid and sensitive quantitative method for the detection of four aromatic amines (3-nitroaniline, 4-chloroaniline, 4-bromoaniline and 3,4-dichloroaniline) in environmental water samples. The preconcentration procedure was induced by the pH difference inside and outside the hollow fiber. The target compounds were extracted from 4-ml aqueous sample (donor solution, pH approximately 13) through a microfilm of organic solvent (di-n-hexyl ether), immobilized in the pores of a hollow fiber (1.5 cm length x 0.6 mm I.D.), and finally into 4 microl of acid acceptor solution inside the fiber. After a prescribed period of time, the acceptor solution inside the fiber was withdrawn into the microsyringe and directly injected into the HPLC system for analysis. Factors relevant to the extraction procedure were studied. Up to 500-fold enrichment of analytes could be obtained under the optimized conditions (donor solution: 0.1 M sodium hydroxide solution with 20% sodium chloride and 2% acetone; organic phase: di-n-hexyl ether; acceptor solution: 0.5 M hydrochloric acid and 500 mM 18-crown-6 ether; extraction time of 30 min; stirring at 1,000 rev./min). The procedure also served as a sample clean-up step. The influence of humic acid on the extraction efficiency was also investigated, and more than 85% relative recoveries of the analytes at two different concentrations (20 and 100 microg/l) were achieved at various concentration of humic acid. This technique is a low cost, simple and fast approach to the analysis of polar compounds in aqueous samples.

Amines↗

PubMed1989

The use of fundus photographs and fluorescein angiograms in the identification and treatment of choroidal neovascularization in the Macular Photocoagulation Study. The Macular Photocoagulation Study Group.

The Macular Photocoagulation Study (MPS) Fundus Photograph Reading Center has developed a standard set of methods for assessing color photographs and fluorescein angiograms on study patients. For pretreatment angiograms, these methods are used to determine the location and extent of the choroidal neovascularization. For posttreatment color fundus photographs, these methods are used to assess the extent and intensity of treatment. Although these methods were developed to judge eligibility and treatment of patients enrolled in the MPS, they provide an excellent way for all treating ophthalmologists to evaluate their patients' angiograms and to assess immediately the intensity and extent of laser photocoagulation. The technique requires a microfilm reader or slide projection device to determine the completeness of treatment. The authors superimpose independent drawings made from pre- and posttreatment photographs. The techniques described can be applied readily in clinical practice. Since persistent neovascularization is highly correlated with incomplete and/or inadequate photocoagulation treatment, clinicians may adopt these Reading Center techniques to minimize the frequency of persistent neovascularization and, possibly, to reduce the frequency of visual loss in treated eyes.

Choroid↗

PubMed1975

Conformation and interaction of short nucleic acid double-stranded helices. I. Proton magnetic resonance studies on the nonexchangeable protons of ribosyl ApApGpCpUpU.

1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra of a self-complementary ribosyl hexanucleotide, A2GCU2, are investigated as a function of temperature and ionic strength in D2O. Seventeen nonexchangeable base and ribose-H1' resonances are resolved, and unequivocally assigned by a systematic comparison with the spectra of a series of oligonucleotide fragments of the A2GCU2 sequence varying in chain length from 2 to 5. Changes in the chemical shifts of the 17 protons from the hexamer as well as the six H1'-H2' coupling constants are followed throughout a thermally induced helix-coil transition. These sigma vs. T and J vs. T (degrees C) profiles indicate that the transition is not totally cooperative and that substantial populations of partially bonded structures must exist at intermediate temperatures, with the central G-C region being most stable. Transitions in chemical shift for protons in the same base pair exhibit considerable differences in their Tm values as the data reflect both thermodynamic and local magnetic field effects in the structural transition, which are not readily separable. However, an average of the Tm values agrees well with the value predicted from studies of the thermally induced transition made by optical methods. The values of J1'-2' for all six residues become very small (less than 1.5 Hz) at low temperatures indicating that C3'-endo is the most heavily populated furanose conformation in the helix. The sigma values of protons in the duplex were compared with those calculated from the ring current magnetic anisotropies of nearest and next-nearest neighboring bases using the geometrical parameters of the A'-RNA and B-DNA models. The sigma values of the base protons in the duplex calculated assuming the A'-RNA geometry agree (+/- approximately 0.1 ppm) with the observed values much more accurately than those calculated on the basis of B-DNA geometry. The measured sigma values of the H1' are not accurately predicted from either model. The synthesis of 35 mg of A2GCU2 using primer-dependent polynucleotide phosphorylase is described in detail with extensive discussion in the microfilm edition.

Binding Sites↗

PubMedDate not supplied

A patent searcher's personal chronicle: 40 years in the evolution of a profession.

Forty years have passed since this chemist elected to attempt to become an information chemist, thus pursuing a career path he had not heard of during his undergraduate and graduate education. Much has changed during that period. Punched cards, microfilm and microfiche, coordinated term indexes, and more have come and gone. The US Patent and Trademark Office has issued more than 3 million patents, exceeding its total output in all the years that came before. Online database searching replaced prior reliance on printed indexes and classified card files, and now seeks to redefine itself to stand up against the juggernaut of the Internet. In the face of all that change the traditional abstracting and indexing function is still with us, though not without considerable reshaping. This paper surveys this landscape of change and suggests that if we are wise, we will nurture this intellectual activity far into the future.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2005

Lutetium bis(tetra-tert-butylphthalocyaninato): a superior redox probe to study the transfer of anions and cations across the water/nitrobenzene interface by means of square-wave voltammetry at the three-phase electrode.

The redox properties of lutetium bis(tetra-tert-butylphthalocyaninato) (LBPC) have been studied in nitrobenzene that is deposited as a microfilm on the surface of highly oriented pyrolytic graphite electrodes. The behavior of the modified electrode, which is immersed in an aqueous electrolyte solution, is typical for the three-phase electrode (Scholz, F.; Komorsky-Lovrić, S.; Lovrić, M. Electrochem. Comm. 2000, 2, 112-118). LBPC can be both oxidized and reduced in one electron reversible processes. The oxidation and the reduction of LBPC at the graphite/nitrobenzene interface is accompanied by the transfer of anion or cation, respectively, from the aqueous phase into the organic layer. Thus, using LBPC as a redox probe for the three-phase electrode, the transfer of both anions and cations across the water/nitrobenzene interface can be studied in a single experiment. The hydrophobicity of LBPC is so high that it enables inspection of cations and anions with Delta (nb)(w) (G)(theta)(Cat+) < or = 43 kJ/mol and Delta (nb)(w) (G)(theta)(X-) < or = 50 kJ/mol, respectively. The direct transfer of Na(+) and Li(+) from water to nitrobenzene, mutually saturated, is achieved for the first time at a macroscopic water/nitrobenzene interface.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1999

Finland's first anaesthesia revealed by newspapers.

BACKGROUND: According to the literature on the history of anaesthesia, Finland's first anaesthesia was given on March 8, 1847 for a ligature of an aneurysm of the subclavian artery. It has, however, not been possible to verify the date with certainty. We therefore wanted to find out whether newspapers might give additional information and how this exceptionally important medical invention had been received by the Finnish newspapers. METHODS: Microfilms of the 10 newspapers which appeared in Finland in 1847 were studied at the Helsinki University library. RESULTS: The first report which made reference to English newspapers was published on February 10 by "Borgå Tidning". On March 6, "Helsingfors Tidningar" wrote that two anaesthesias had already been given in Helsinki; the first of them for a difficult varicose veins operation and the second for an exarticulation of a shoulder. But there was no information regarding the dates of the operations. Fortunately, both operations had been recorded in the patient diary of the clinic, although without any information about the anaesthesia. According to the diary, Johan August Orn was operated for varicose veins on February 16 and Anders Gustaf Henrikson had his right arm exarticulated on March 3. Both patients recovered. In total, only six pieces of news on anaesthesia were found. CONCLUSIONS: Finland's first anaesthesia was given on February 16, 1847, which is three weeks earlier than had been previously assumed.

Amputation, Surgical↗

PubMed2000

Issues relating to long-term follow-up in hip arthroplasty surgery: a review of 598 cases at 7 years comparing 2 prostheses using revision rates, survival analysis, and patient-based measures.

We reviewed 598 cemented Charnley and Hi-nek total hip arthroplasties at 7 years. Data were obtained from general practitioners, hospital medical notes, microfilm, and patient questionnaires. Outcome measures were revision rates, survival analysis, 12-item Oxford Hip Score, and satisfaction ratings. There were 471 Charnley (79%) and 127 Hi-nek (21%) total hip arthroplasties; 139 deaths (23%) occurred, and 5 (<1%) were lost to follow-up. Characteristics of the Charnley and Hi-nek patient groups were similar, with more information missing for Charnley cases. Revision rates were Charnley, 37 (8%), and Hi-nek, 6 (5%) (not significant). Survival analysis revealed no difference between the 2 groups (P = .23). The patients' median Oxford Hip Score was low/good (19), slightly worse for the Hi-nek group (not significant). Taking all evidence together, neither implant was outperforming the other at 7 years.

Arthroplasty, Replacement, Hip↗

PubMed1999

Hugh Cairns, Dorothy Russell and the first pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma?

The 40-year survival of a patient with an unusual astrocytoma, excised in 1930, has been re-evaluated by study of the original microfilmed records, histological slides and paraffin-wax embedded tissue blocks. The operation and neuropathological examination were carried out by Mr Hugh Cairns and Dr Dorothy Russell, in the very early days of neurosurgery. Review of the original tissue specimen with immunocytochemistry has revealed that the tumour was a pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma, the earliest recorded example.

Astrocytoma↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Marriage behaviour in the Alpine Non Valley from 1825 to 1923.

BACKGROUND: The study is part of a research project on the marital structure of mountain populations from the Eastern Italian Alps. Little is known about marriage patterns in this Alpine area. AIM: The aim of the study is to evaluate the extent of reproductive isolation in some communities of the Non Valley (Trentino, Italy) and to investigate its microgeographic and temporal changes over the period 1825-1923. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: 4518 microfilmed marriage records from registers of seven parishes of the Non Valley were used to analyse the following: endogamy rate, inbreeding calculated both from dispensations and from isonymy, repeating pairs of surnames in marriages, isonymic relationships. RESULTS: The results show notable variability among parishes in the levels of endogamy (40-73%), inbreeding (alpha: 1.9-4.57; Ft: 0.0073-0.019) and subdivision (RPr/RP: 0.5-1.3). The values are relatively stable over the course of a century, apart from a rise in inbreeding indicated by dispensations and a slight decrease of endogamy at the beginning of the 20th century. Isonymic relationships reflect geographic proximity between populations, with minimum changes through time. CONCLUSIONS: Variations in the level of reproductive isolation within the Non Valley are consistent with the different geographic characteristics and population sizes of the settlements. Comparison with data obtained from previous studies in the Eastern Italian Alps shows that the values of the investigated biodemographic indicators are in line with the geography and altitude of the area. The slight differences in temporal trend of endogamy and inbreeding can be correlated with different migration patterns.

Consanguinity↗

PubMed2002

The National Library of Medicine.

The National Library of Medicine, located in Bethesda, MD, is the largest repository of medical literature in the world. Its vast holdings now comprise 2.3 million volumes and 3.6 million additional items, including manuscripts; photographs, prints, and other pictorial material; and extensive collections of microfilmed and audiovisual records. Today, this world-famous library faces a range of challenges related to the storage of the formidable volume of new material from around the world, the preservation of older documents, and the demand for technology-driven dissemination of information.

History of Medicine↗

PubMed1981

Retrospective longitudinal study of the rate of alveolar bone loss in humans using bite-wing radiographs.

This study investigates the possible use of unstandardized bite-wing radiographs to determine the rate of alveolar bone loss over long periods of time. A total of 100 pairs of bite-wing radiographs obtained from patients of two general dental practitioners were read on a 3M Reader, normally used for reading microfilm. For the purpose of measurement, two reference points were selected on the teeth; the highest point on the occlusal surface of the crown, the mesial and distal points of the cemento-enamel junction. Both vertical and horizontal bone loss was measured. Initially bone levels on 20 full mouth bite-wing radiographs on all posterior teeth were measured, then in the next 80 cases, an abbreviated index was used. The bone heights were first examined at the beginning and then at the end of a 10-year time span. The percentages of measurable distances were 28% and 57%. From the Occlusal measurement point and the C E J measurement points, reasons for unreadability were also recorded. The annual rate of horizontal bone loss was 0.06 mm and 0.04 mm from the Occlusal reference point and the CEJ reference point. The rates for the vertical bone loss was 0.05 and 0.03 mm. In order to study whether there was a constant loss over a period of time, bone levels were measured in 10 successive years. The findings suggest that the bone loss rat per year fluctuated. The study suggests that the bite-wing radiographs can be used in longitudinal studies of periodontal disease and can provide important information on the natural history of the disease.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1984

Epidemiologic study of dental emergencies among utilizers in an insured population in Washington, USA.

This is a study of the epidemiology of dental emergencies based on information abstracted from the microfilmed dental claim forms of a large American insurance program in 1981-82. Overall, about 4% of all dental visits were classifiable as emergencies. There were significant seasonal and age variations in dental emergencies. There was no variation with respect to geographic regions in the State of Washington (USA) or sex. Paradoxically, residents in regions having fluoridated water supplies were at equal risk of developing dental emergencies due to dental caries, relative to those residing in non-fluoridated regions. There was also no difference in risk associated with insurance deductibles, although generally deductibles are thought to deter first-contact visits.

Adolescent↗