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At least 199 records · Page 11Linked to original sources
PubMed1995

Guideline for the management of ingested foreign bodies. American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy.

This guideline is intended to aid the endoscopist in the management of adult patients with possible foreign object ingestion and/or food bolus impaction. A literature search was performed on the Medline using Medlars II, the National Library of Medicine's National Interactive Retrieval Service. This search generated 181 citations. References chosen for review were English-language citations from the gastroenterology, otolarygology, general surgical, and radiological literature. As little or no data exist from well-designed prospective trials, emphasis was given to results from large series, and reports from recognized experts. In preparing this guideline several drafts were distributed to the members of the ASGE Standards of Practice Committee, to the practice committees of the AGA, ACG, and SAGES, and to national experts on this subject for critical review. A final draft was then reviewed by the ASGE Governing Board. The final guideline reflects the input from this review process.

Digestive System↗
PubMed1995

Management of ingested foreign objects and food bolus impactions.

This review article is intended to aid the clinician in the evaluation and management of older children and adult patients with possible foreign object ingestion and/or food bolus impaction. A literature search was performed in June 1993 on the Medline using Medlars II, the National Library of Medicine's National Interactive Retrieval Service. This search generated 181 citations. References chosen for review were English-language citations from the gastroenterology, otolaryngology, general surgical, and radiological literature. As little or no data exist from well-designed prospective trials, emphasis was given to results from large series. In preparing this manuscript several drafts were distributed to the members of the American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, Standards of Practice Committee, and to national experts on the subject for critical review.

Digestive System↗
PubMed1998

Spores and mycelia in cutaneous chromomycosis.

In 2 cases of cutaneous chromomycosis, potassium hydroxide preparations of lesional crust/scale easily revealed characteristic Medlar bodies. However, in both instances mycelia were also demonstrated. This contradicts the prevailing belief that concomitant spores and mycelia are found only in cerebral chromomycosis.

Biopsy↗
PubMed2001

Searching fee and non-fee toxicology information resources: an overview of selected databases.

Toxicology profiles organize information by broad subjects, the first of which affirms identity of the agent studied. Studies here show two non-fee databases (ChemFinder and ChemIDplus) verify the identity of compounds with high efficiency (63% and 73% respectively) with the fee-based Chemical Abstracts Registry file serving well to fill data gaps (100%). Continued searching proceeds using knowledge of structure, scope and content to select databases. Valuable sources for information are factual databases that collect data and facts in special subject areas organized in formats available for analysis or use. Some sources representative of factual files are RTECS, CCRIS, HSDB, GENE-TOX and IRIS. Numerous factual databases offer a wealth of reliable information; however, exhaustive searches probe information published in journal articles and/or technical reports with records residing in bibliographic databases such as BIOSIS, EMBASE, MEDLINE, TOXLINE and Web of Science. Listed with descriptions are numerous factual and bibliographic databases supplied by 11 producers. Given the multitude of options and resources, it is often necessary to seek service desk assistance. Questions were posed by telephone and e-mail to service desks at DIALOG, ISI, MEDLARS, Micromedex and STN International. Results of the survey are reported.

Bibliographies as Topic↗
PubMed2001

A novel microphysiometer based on MLAPS for drugs screening.

This paper presents a novel microphysiometer for simultaneous measurements of several extracellular ions concentrations in living cells based on MLAPS (multi-light addressable potentiometric sensor). In the microphysiometer, different sensitive membranes are illuminated in parallel with n light sources at different frequencies, the response amplitudes of each frequency component can be measured on-line by parallel processing algorithm. By the experiments, we can analyze the relations of the extracellular environmental H(+), Na(+), K(+), Ca(2+) under the effects of western medicines (dilantin, phenobarbital sodium, penicillin sodium) and Chinese drugs (scutellaria, medlar, hemlock parsley), and estimate the effects of several drugs. As the novel microphysiometer works under regular cell culture conditions, cells can be repeatedly simulated with drugs to complete dose-response curve within a few hours. With the detection of a general parameter (extruded protons and ions), the system can be used to monitor the real-time process of the cells' metabolism, observe the functional responses of different kinds of membrane-bound receptors, evaluate the drugs.

Anticonvulsants↗
PubMed1979

Information system, data bases, and on-line services of the Japan Information Center of Science and Technology (JICST).

The JICST information processing system consists of the data-base production system, authority file management system, bibliographic retrieval system, and printed issue compiling system. The bibliographic retrieval service based on the JICST On-line Information System (JOIS-I) has been available through leased line since 1976 and now also through dial-up line, which covers five data bases: the JICST bibliographic and on-going research information files, CA Condensates, MEDLARS, and TOXLINE files. The on-line output in Japanese kanji is also available. The newly revised JOIS-II system is now being developed.

Forecasting↗
PubMed2000

Quantitative analysis of flavan-3-ols in Spanish foodstuffs and beverages.

An HPLC method, using detection after postcolumn derivatization with p-dimethylaminocynnamaldehyde (DMACA), was developed for the quantitative analysis of individual flavanols in food. This method was applied to flavanol determination in 56 different kinds of Spanish food products, including fruit, vegetables, legumes, beverages (cider, coffee, beer, tea, and wine), and chocolate. The determined compounds corresponded to the catechins and proanthocyanidin dimers and trimers usually present in food and, therefore, they were representative of the flavanols of low degree of polymerization consumed with the diet. The data generated could be used for calculation of the dietary intake of either individual or total flavanols, which would allow the further establishment of epidemiological correlations with the incidence of chronic diseases. Similar flavanol profiles were found in the different samples of a similar type of product, even though important variations could exist in the concentrations of total and individual flavanols among them. This was attributed to factors such as sample origin, stage of ripeness, post-harvesting conservation, and processing. Total flavanol contents varied from nondetectable in most of the vegetables to 184 mg/100 g found in a sample of broad bean. Substantial amounts were also found in some fruits, such as plum and apple, as well as in tea and red wine. Epicatechin was the most abundant flavanol, followed by catechin and procyanidin B2. In general, catechins were found in all the flavanol-containing products, but the presence of gallocatechins was only relevant in pomegranate, broad bean, lentil, grape, wine, beer, and tea, and most of the berries. Galloyled flavanols were only detected in strawberry, medlar, grape, and tea.

Beverages↗
PubMed1998

Survival after in-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation. A meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the rates of immediate survival and survival to discharge for adult patients undergoing in-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation, and to identify demographic and clinical variables associated with these outcomes. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The MEDLARS database of the National Library of Medicine was searched. In addition, the authors' extensive personal files and the bibliography of each identified study were searched for further studies. Two sets of inclusion criteria were used, minimal (any study of adults undergoing in-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation) and strict (included only patients from general ward and intensive care units, and adequately defined cardiopulmonary arrest and resuscitation). Each study was independently reviewed and abstracted in a nonblinded fashion by two reviewers. The data abstracted were compared, and any discrepancies were resolved by consensus discussion. For the subset of studies meeting the strict criteria, the overall rate of immediate survival was 40.7% and the rate of survival to discharge was 13.4%. The following variables were associated with failure to survive to discharge: sepsis on the day prior to resuscitation (odds ratio [OR] 31.3; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.9, 515), metastatic cancer (OR 3.9; 95% CI 1.2, 12. 6), dementia (OR 3.1; 95% CI 1.1, 8.8), African-American race (OR 2. 8; 95% CI 1.4, 5.6), serum creatinine level at a cutpoint of 1.5 mg/dL (OR 2.2; 95% CI 1.2, 3.8), cancer (OR 1.9; 95% CI 1.2, 3.0), coronary artery disease (OR 0.55; 95% CI 0.4, 0.8), and location of resuscitation in the intensive care unit (OR 0.51; 95% CI 0.4, 0.8). CONCLUSIONS: When talking with patients, physicians can describe the overall likelihood of surviving discharge as 1 in 8 for patients who undergo cardiopulmonary resuscitation and 1 in 3 for patients who survive cardiopulmonary resuscitation.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

The epidemiology of the gastrointestinal randomized clinical trial.

Has the randomized clinical trial (RCT), generally accepted as the method of choice for evaluation of most treatments, obtained a footing in gastroenterology? Among 35,228 citations on gastroenterologic therapy indexed in MEDLARS 1964-1974 306 (0.9 per cent) were RCT's. During the decade their frequency rose significantly (P less than 0.05) from 0.3 per cent in 1964 to 1.7 per cent in 1973. The "typical" RCT was a double-blind two-group comparison of a new and an established drug on the symptoms of peptic ulcer; 50 patients were followed for six weeks, and the number of dropouts was unknown. The new drug was found to be more effective. It is postulated that the RCT's in gastroenterology are quantitatively and qualitatively insufficient and that co-ordinated planning of RCT's and uninhibited publication of statistically proved negative results may help to ensure that the patient with gastrointestinal disease receives the best available treatment.

Europe↗
PubMed1991

The diagnostic accuracy of rapid dipstick tests to predict urinary tract infection.

This study summarizes the diagnostic accuracy data for dipstick nitrite and/or leukocyte esterase tests (the index tests) as predictors of bacterial urinary tract infection as defined by quantitative culture (the reference test). On-line search of the literature using the MEDLARS database identified 1,017 citations, 51 of which were relevant and contained sufficient data for further analysis. From each citation, 2 x 2 tables of true-positive, true-negative, false-positive, and false-negative results were extracted. Four categories of index test were assessed: nitrite only, leukocyte esterase only, disjunctive pairing (dipstick positive if nitrite, leukocyte esterase, or both were positive), and conjunctive pairing (dipstick positive only if both nitrite and leukocyte esterase were positive). The true- and false-positive rates were calculated from each 2 x 2 table. Plots of true-positive rates versus false-positive rates demonstrated widely scattered points, indicating heterogeneity. A receiver-operating characteristic curve was fitted to the data using logistic transforms and weighted linear regression. This analysis revealed that the disjunctive pair is the most accurate index test. However, in many clinical settings, the posterior probability of urinary tract infection given a negative dipstick is too high to exclude it. Within most clinically relevant ranges of true- and false-positive rates, a negative urine dipstick test cannot exclude the diagnosis of urinary tract infection in patients with high prior probabilities of contracting this infection. For lower prior probabilities, the clinical efficacy of these rapid tests would best be determined by decision analysis, for which these receiver-operating characteristic functions would serve as valuable analytical tools.

Diagnostic Tests, Routine↗
PubMed1992

Determination of vitamin C and organic acids in various fruits by HPLC.

Liquid chromatographic methodology for determination of vitamin C and organic acids in different fruits (whortleberry, blackberry, red currant, black currant, raspberry, babaco, feijoa, kiwano, passion fruit, red and yellow tamarillos, medlar, and persimmon) cultivated in Galicia, Spain are developed. Both methods use a C18 column and an RP-18 precolumn for the stationary phase. High-performance-liquid-chromatographic-(HPLC-) grade water is brought to pH 2.2 with sulphuric acid for the mobile phase. The flow rate is 0.4 mL/min, and UV detection is at 254 nm for vitamin C and 214 nm for organic acids. Coefficients of variation of 1.84, 1.20, 1.00, and 2.60% are obtained for the vitamin C, quinic acid, malic acid and citric acid, respectively.

Ascorbic Acid↗
PubMed1976

Educational materials reviewed for AVLINE.

The need for a central source of information regarding the availability, suitability, and quality of educational materials has led to the development of AVLINE. AVLINE is a computer information service available through the MEDLARS system of the National Library of Medicine. The Association of American Medical Colleges is gathering information from faculty members concerning useful materials and is bringing together content specialists, instructional designers, and technical specialists to review these materials. Information on materials that are recommended is provided to the National Library of Medicine to be cataloged, indexed, and abstracted for ultimate listing in AVLINE. Twenty-eight percent of the material has not been recommended; the many reasons for low ratings are categorized under content quality, instructional design, and technical quality.

Audiovisual Aids↗
PubMed1999

Discriminant power and information content of Ranson's prognostic signs in acute pancreatitis: a meta-analytic study.

OBJECTIVE: To determine a meta-analytical definition of the discriminant power of Ranson's signs in the prediction of acute pancreatitis severity and outcome, and of their information content, also compared with clinical judgment. DATA SOURCES: Two hundred eleven studies since 1974, reporting any predictive system for acute pancreatitis (MEDLINE by various Medical Subject Headings in MEDLARS, Current Contents, Medscape, Virtual Hospital, and other on-line medical services). STUDY SELECTION: One hundred ten studies reporting clinical use of Ranson's signs were retained. A quality index was calculated for each study. A selection was made according to inclusion criteria, separately for prediction of severity (19 studies; group S) and prognosis (10 studies; group P). Six other studies reporting clinical judgment results were also selected (group C). DATA EXTRACTION: Sensitivity and specificity values were extracted. Effect sizes were calculated and summarized by the inverse variance-weighted method. Categorical models were studied by analysis of variance. Publication bias was sought by correlation test and analysis of variance. Summary receiver operating characteristic curves were drawn, and the corresponding false-positive rate (FPR) and true-positive rate were calculated for each group. From the total true-positive rate and FPRs, the probabilities of illness for positive and negative results were calculated, for severe pancreatitis prevalence from 0 to 1. Last, the area below the curve and the ratio between this and that of the "perfect test" were calculated as a measurement of information content. DATA SYNTHESIS: Ranson's signs demonstrated poor discriminant power in both predictions: "d" values were 1.200 (95% confidence interval, 1.083-1.318) and 1.302 (95% confidence interval, 1.046-1.559), respectively. The lack of homogeneity in group S (Q = 58.737; p = .0000032) can be explained by the presence of three outliers. The summary curves showed, for low FPRs, a higher sensitivity of clinical judgment; Ranson's signs reached useful sensitivity only for high FPRs. No differences between groups in the area below the information content curves were found. CONCLUSIONS: Ranson's signs showed a poor predictive power. The information content did not differ from that of clinical judgment.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1993

Health care CBA/CEA: an update on the growth and composition of the literature.

Cost-benefit (CBA) and cost-effectiveness analyses (CEA) are methods that enumerate the costs and consequences associated with health-related technologies, services, and programs. This article examines the trends in published CBA and CEA of personal health services from 1979 through 1990. It is based on a bibliography that was compiled to help address the immense need for information on the variation and effectiveness of medical practices, particularly as researchers expand their analysis to a study of the cost effectiveness of medical and surgical interventions, health care technologies, preventive practices, and other health programs. A systematic search was conducted for all articles under the heading "cost-benefit analysis" (which includes cost-effectiveness analysis) and "costs and cost analysis." Data sources included the MEDLARS (National Library of Medicine) database, other bibliographies in specialized areas, reference lists in key articles, and contacts with researchers in the field. All titles and abstracts were scanned to determine if the articles pertained to personal health services and if both costs and consequences were assessed. If both criteria were met, the article was included in the bibliography. This search resulted in 3,206 eligible CBA/CEA publications from 1979 through 1990. The publications were subdivided into two major categories: reports of studies and "other" publications, including reviews, descriptions of methodology, letters, and editorials. Reports of studies and "other" publications were classified into approximately 250 different topic areas. The studies were further classified by parameters, such as study type, publication vehicle, and medical function. This article describes the results of this classification and describes trends during 1979 to 1990 compared with 1966 to 1978. The classification of study reports and "other" publications into 250 topic areas is presented in Appendix A. The entire bibliography is reproduced in Appendix B. Detailed tables of findings are presented in Appendix C, and the results are illustrated graphically in Appendix D. Appendix E provides the coding scheme used in the bibliography's data base.

Cost-Benefit Analysis↗
PubMed1998

Health care CBA and CEA from 1991 to 1996: an updated bibliography.

OBJECTIVES: This article updates, through 1996, a previously published bibliography of health-care cost-benefit and cost-effectiveness analysis, which described the literature from 1979 to 1990. METHODS: A systematic search of MEDLARS databases was conducted for all articles falling under the medical subject headings "cost-benefit analysis" (which includes cost-effectiveness analysis) and "costs and cost analysis," as well as any article with the term "cost" in the title or abstract. All titles and abstracts were scanned to determine whether articles pertained to personal health services and whether both costs and consequences were assessed. If both criteria were met, the article was included in the bibliography. RESULTS: This search resulted in 3,539 eligible cost-benefit/cost-effectiveness analysis publications from 1991 through 1996. Publications were subdivided into two major categories: reports of studies and "other" publications, including reviews, descriptions of methodology, letters, and editorials. Reports of studies and "other" publications were classified into approximately 250 different topic areas. Studies were further classified by parameters such as study type, publication vehicle, and medical function. This article describes the results of this classification and describes trends during 1991 to 1996 as compared with 1979 to 1990. OVERVIEW OF CONTENTS: The entire bibliography is reproduced in Appendix A. The classification of study reports and "other" publications into topic areas is presented in Appendix B, with numbered references to all bibliography entries. Detailed tables of findings are presented in Appendix C, and the results are illustrated graphically in Appendix D.

Bibliographies as Topic↗
PubMed1981

Color television in gastrointestinal endoscopy.

Endoscopic color television is a practical method of recording gastrointestinal pathology and procedures. Nevertheless, a careful MEDLARS review of the medical literature failed to reveal a mention of this method during the past ten years. The endoscopic procedure can be recorded to illustrate many features not possible with still pictures. While particularly useful in teaching endoscopy, it is also useful for demonstrating pathologic findings to interested physicians, patients, and relatives. Television recording requires meticulous attention to details of lighting, focus, and cleansing of areas to be photographed and of the instrument objective, but results may well be superior to other means of photography in gastrointestinal endoscopy.

Color↗
PubMed1996

Exercise for osteoporosis--is walking enough? The case for site specificity and resistive exercise.

Historic and clinical references obtained by general literature review and a medlars search from 1984-1994 on the impact of muscle strengthening on bone mineralization were reviewed and analyzed. The efficacy of site-specific resistive exercise on bone mineral enhancement and/or preservation as a supplement to weight-bearing exercise is documented. Previous reports demonstrated that resistive exercises enhance bone mineralization and play an equivalent, or perhaps greater role, than weight-bearing activities in the management of osteoporosis.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Single-agent DTIC versus combination chemotherapy with or without immunotherapy in metastatic melanoma: a meta-analysis of 3273 patients from 20 randomized trials.

It is currently unclear whether any combination therapy for the treatment of metastatic melanoma is superior to standard single-agent dacarbazine (DTIC) in terms of tumour response and overall survival. The available randomized clinical trial data were combined in a meta-analysis to address this question. Initially a thorough MEDLARS search was conducted covering the time period from January 1970 to January 1999. This literature search was supplemented by manual searches of study bibliographies (including review articles) and review of relevant textbooks. The meta-analysis was performed according to a prospective protocol using strict study eligibility criteria. Data derived from randomized controlled trials comparing single-agent DTIC with combination chemo/immunotherapy were combined using a fixed effects model. Data were stratified into three combination therapy groups: DTIC-containing regimens, non-DTIC-containing therapy, and chemotherapy plus immunotherapy. The primary outcome of interest was the proportion of patients demonstrating a complete or partial response to treatment. A total of 20 randomized trials comprising 3273 patients were initially combined in a meta-analysis. This yielded an odds ratio (OR) of 1.23 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.02-1.48), demonstrating that combination drug therapies are associated with a 23% increase in response rate compared with single-agent DTIC. The combination of DTIC plus interferon-alpha produced a tumour response rate 53% greater (95% CI 1.10-2.13) than that seen with DTIC alone. This increase was greater than that seen with DTIC-containing multi-drug regimens, which had an OR of 1.33 (95% CI 0.99-1.78). No difference in overall survival was demonstrated. Non-DTIC-containing treatment programmes showed no advantage over DTIC in terms of tumour response rate (OR = 0.77, 95% CI 0.45-1.32). The combination of DTIC and interferon-alpha appears more active than standard single-agent DTIC in metastatic melanoma. Further randomized clinical trials employing a DTIC plus interferon arm are necessary to confirm these results.

Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating↗