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PubMed1992

[The relationship between family background and craniofacial morphology in class III malocclusions].

Fifty five children with deciduous dentition and 36 adults were selected from 160 Class III patients, 40 children with normal occlusion used as cephalometric control group. T test was operated between the children with normal occlusion, Class III malocclusion with positive family background and with negative family background separately, and distinct analysis was carried out between the two Class III groups. Distribution of family background of skeletal Class III in children and in adults was chi 2 tested. Results show that craniofacial deformities of deciduous Class III malocclusion with positive family background are not more serious than those with negative one, and the rate of developing a skeletal class III malocclusion for patients with positive family background is not higher than those with negative one. It was implied that the value of family information collected by inquiring and cursorily examining the parents is limited for differential diagnosis between skeletal and functional class III malocclusion and it may mislead the prediction of treatment result in orthodontic clinic.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Association of malocclusion and functional occlusion with temporomandibular disorders (TMD) in adults: a systematic review of population-based studies.

The aim of this systematic review of population-based studies was to establish whether or not associations exist between different types of malocclusions, as well as factors of functional occlusion (eg, occlusal interferences, nonworking-side occlusal contacts) and temporomandibular disorders (TMD) in adults 20 years or older. Defined criteria were employed in the search of MEDLINE and EMBASE databases, as well as in a manual search. Finally, using inclusion criteria (eg, random sampling from residents' registration office files or census lists, adequate response rates), out of 22 preselected studies, four relevant population-based studies on this subject were found. Eighteen studies were excluded because of insufficient description of material and methods (eg, lack or unclear description of sample method, randomization, age distribution), mixed under- and over-20-year-old study population, or different outcome of interest (eg, tooth loss, dentures). The methodologic quality of the selected studies was established with a quality assessment list. The average total methodologic score achieved was 43 out of a possible 100 points. Few associations were reported between malocclusion and parameters of functional occlusion and clinical as well as subjective TMD, and these associations were not uniform. No particular morphologic or functional occlusal factor became apparent. Additionally, the occlusal factors found were partly protective for TMD, ie, subjects with these occlusal parameters showed fewer signs and symptoms of TMD (angle Class II malocclusion, deep bite, anterior crossbite). A positive relationship was only described in two cases-between the number of rotated lateral teeth and subjective symptoms of dysfunction, and between excessive abrasions and clinical dysfunction. In neither case, however, was the strength of the correlation given. In summary, few associations were established between malocclusion or functional occlusion and signs and symptoms of TMD. In view of the small number of randomized studies and their methodologic quality, these results should be verified through further valid representative studies.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

[Quantification of initial malocclusion according to the mode of breathing in black African children].

The relations between the mode of breathing and the development of the malocclusions were the subject of many studies causing polemic sometimes (2, 3, 7, 9, 20). In fact the impact of the mode of breathing on occlusion is not clarified yet. The goal of this study is to quantify the dental characteristics, which constitute the malocclusion according to the mode of breathing. 100 African melanoderme children old from 6 to 15 years were subjected to a rhinologic evaluation based on the nostril reflex of GUDIN and the test of ROSENTHAL (12). Of this examination these children were left again in a group of 50 nasal respirators and in another group of 50 mouth breathers. Each child underwent a radiographic examination which was used to make a cephalometric analysis and a meeting of catch of dental prints. The statistical analysis of the data recorded on the dental casts and the layouts cephalometric (test t of student) indicate that the mode of breathing is not associated standard initial malocclusion. But, when the facial divergence, which is characteristic of mouth breathing increases, the initial malocclusion becomes significant.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

[The study on characteristics of soft tissue profile for different malocclusion].

OBJECTIVE: To study the coordination of facial soft tissue in Angle's Class I, II1, III malocclusion, providing reference for the clinical practice. METHODS: 60 lateral cephalometric radiographs of three classes of Angle's malocclusion were included. 13 measurements were analyzed by SPSS 10.0. RESULTS: Protrusion of the upper and lower lips increased in Angle's II1 comparing with Angle's I and protrusion of the upper lip was larger than the lower lip, no difference was found in the facial convexity. Increase of upper lip inclination and underdevelopment of maxillary in Angle's III comparing with Angle's I. No significant different was found in the form of lower lip, soft tissue facial angle and Z angle. Comparing Angle's II1 with Angle's III, every measurements were significantly different except upper lip inclination, nasolabial angle, representing the formation mechanism of malocclusion. CONCLUSION: Some differences were found in form and position of lip in three classes of Angle's malocclusion. However, the deformity was not obvious in Angle's II1 and Angle's III because of compensation mechanism. Nasolabial angle only reflected change of upper lip, but could not reflect characters of facial profile.

Cephalometry↗
PubMed2005

Tooth width and arch dimensions in normal and malocclusion samples: an odontometric study.

The purpose of this study was to establish tooth width and arch dimensions in normal and malocclusion samples and to compare tooth width and arch dimensions between males and females in normal and malocclusion samples. A total of 120 pairs of orthodontic study casts were included in the study. An electronic digital caliper was used for the measurements. Descriptive statistics and the t-test were used for the statistical analysis of the data. Tooth width and arch dimensions were established in normal and malocclusion in the present study. Significant differences were found in tooth width between normal and malocclusion samples. However, no significant difference was observed in arch dimensions. Furthermore, there was statistical significant difference in tooth width between males and females where the males showed higher mean values. The same was true when arch dimensions were compared. The results of the current investigation are of great value to the anthropologist as well as to the orthodontist in understanding dimensional arch criteria and orthodontic arch wire selection. Furthermore, it helps the prosthodontist in the selection of the correct shape and size of stock impression trays and of suitable molds of artificial teeth for fixed and removable prostheses.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Planas direct tracks in young patients with Class II malocclusion.

In Brazil, Class II malocclusions affect approximately one-third of children in the primary dentition period, and approximately two-thirds of the adolescent population. According to many authors, this type of malocclusion worsens with time, due to facial growth during childhood, both in terms of quantity and quality, and the facial pattern is established at an early age. The application of the Planas Direct Tracks concept and technique may represent an interesting tool for the correction and prevention of Class II malocclusion in an early treatment approach, working 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, applying oral functions and muscle activity to correct the malocclusion.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Malocclusion and uptake of orthodontic treatment in Taranaki 12-13-year-olds.

OBJECTIVES: To describe the occurrence of malocclusion and the uptake of orthodontic treatment among 12-13-year-olds in the province of Taranaki, New Zealand. DESIGN: Cross-sectional descriptive study using a random sample of 12-13-year-olds attending Intermediate schools. METHODS: Parents or caregivers completed a postal questionnaire. Children (N = 430; participation rate 74.1 percent) completed a questionnaire and were dentally examined. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Malocclusion, using the Dental Aesthetic Index, or DAI (Cons et al, 1986), recorded by a single calibrated examiner, and the use of orthodontic services as reported by parents or caregivers. RESULTS: The mean DAI score was 28.3 (sd = 7.8). Females and non-Maori had greater mean DAI scores than males and Maori, respectively. A high proportion of the children needed orthodontic treatment (60.5 percent in the "definite", "severe" or "handicapping" categories), and 17 percent had a "handicapping" malocclusion. While over one-third of the children had been advised to seek an orthodontic consultation, a proportion (23.4 percent) did not. Of those who did, a similar proportion did not proceed with care because of financial considerations. Children of low socio-economic status (SES) were disproportionately represented in these groups. Children with "severe" or "handicapping" malocclusions who did not proceed with treatment came predominantly from low-SES households and high-deprivation areas. CONCLUSIONS: Cost was a barrier to orthodontic treatment for low-SES, high-deprivation children and Maori. Social and ethnic inequalities exist in orthodontic treatment need in Taranaki. The utilisation of orthodontic treatment appeared to be largely neither equitable nor rational.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

[Orthodontic treatment of malocclusion with periodontitis].

Adults with untreated malocclusions suffer from more periodontal disease than if their malocclusion had been corrected orthodontically. What orthodontists can offer in the management of patients with periodontal disease, how they can help the periodontists and the patients, and how the periodontists can help the orthodontist make treatment safe and purposefully are widely discussed. The purpose of this study is, therefore, to discuss how orthodontic patients with severe periodontitis could be treated and what we should do for these patients during the treatment as well as at their initial visit. One case is presented as an example of treatment for malocclusion with sever periodontitis: The patient was a 23 years 8 months female with a chief complaint of protrusion of upper incisors. Since clinical examination revealed severe periodontitis, periodontal treatment was undertaken for one year prior to orthodontic treatment. From these observations, we are conviced of the importance again of the global approach and the team treatment method in treating malocclusions with periodontitis.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

[Importance of posterior discrepancy in the development of skeletal Class III malocclusion].

The purpose of this communication is to explain regarding with relationship between the development of skeletal Class III malocclusion and the tooth-to-denture base discrepancy especially those in the posterior part of dentition (posterior discrepancy). Four cases which had skeletal Class III malocclusion and had experienced unsuccessful orthodontic correction were presented to evaluate the causative factors of skeletal Class III malocclusion. The observation of serial cephalograms led us to the conclusion that the continuous forward displacement of the mandible was associated with superversion of maxillary and/or mandibular molars caused by the "squeezing out" effect of poterior discrepancy. Moreover, superversion of molar provides a less steep maxillary occlusal plane in the denture frame. Accordingly, a vertical expression of the posterior discrepancy may provide one of the best explanation for development of skeletal Class III malocclusion.

Humans↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Statistical survey of malocclusion in school age children].

The authors describe the results of a research aiming to define the frequency of malocclusion in a sample of 242 subjects frequenting the Prymam School in the Pavia district. At the same time relation between caries and malocclusion have been researched. The importance of habit and bottle-feeding in producing malocclusions is emphasized. The Authors point out the improvement of frequency of malocclusions in comparison with the previous researches.

Bottle Feeding↗
PubMed1982

The influence of extractions caries cause on the development of malocclusion and need for orthodontic treatment.

The influence of premature extraction of deciduous teeth, and extraction of permanent teeth due to caries on the frequency of malocclusions was analysed. The patient group comprised 915 children aged 8-16 from a province of Northern Italy. 204 children had experienced premature loss of deciduous teeth and 442 had had permanent teeth extracted, due to caries. The permanent teeth most frequently extracted were the first molars. It was obvious that extraction caries cause had detrimental effect on the development of occlusion resulting in an increased frequency of malocclusions. The frequency of single malocclusion traits was compared between the groups of children with and without loss of teeth. The malocclusion traits most frequently observed in children who had experienced extraction, were dentitional anomalies due to malaligned teeth. Only minor changes in the occlusal anomalies could be observed. There was, however, a pronounced increase in the need for minor as well as major orthodontic treatment. On the basis of these findings it could be concluded that extraction of teeth due to caries should be avoided if the aim of dental service on a population basis is to ensure a well functioning dentition for the maximum number of people.

Child↗
PubMed1994

A study of the etiological factors associated with the development of malocclusion.

The prevalence of malocclusion among 1608 children (777 boys and 831 girls) in the age group of 5-7 years, selected from different schools of varied locations of Delhi was observed as 18.4%. A number of factors that could influence the normal development of occlusion during early mixed dentition stage were recorded. These included spacing in anterior teeth, attrition of primary teeth and deleterious oral habits. The socio-demographic variables included occupation of parents, family size, location type and the school type. The age of the child and sex were also considered. In order to find out the contribution and importance of above mentioned occlusal characteristics and socio-demographic factors in the development of malocclusion, the data were subjected to univariate analysis. Further a stepwise logistic regression analysis was done to know whether any association exists between the occurrence of malocclusion and combination of these factors. Four factors were found to contribute significantly in the occurrence of malocclusion explaining 15.5% variation in case of boys and 22% in case of girls. More significant factors were absence of spacing, effect of habits and lack of attrition of primary teeth. About 80% of the total variation was independent of these factors and could not be explained by this analysis. It further testifies possible predominance of genetic influences in the development of occlusion.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

[Involvement in morphological changes of the articular cartilage of rat temporomandibular joint induced by experimental malocclusion].

The effect of malocclusion induced by increase in unilateral occlusal vertical dimension on the articular cartilage of rat mandibular condyle was histologically and immunohistologically examined. WKA rats (8 weeks) were divided into three group A: untreated (control) rats, group B: rats forced to mouth open just for 20 min, and group C: rats given malocclusion by putting the 1 mm diameter wire on the right upper molar continuously. After treatment, each rat was sacrificed periodically up to 9 weeks, and the morphological changes of condylar cartilage (articular, embryonic and transitional zones of cartilage layer) were histologically investigated. The thickness of articular cartilage in all groups was decreased in a time-dependent manner (up to 9 weeks after treatment). In group C rats, whose articular cartilage was thinnest in three groups, the reduced thickness of cartilage in the non-treated side (the left side) was same as that in the treated side which was presented with excessive molar contact. But, its occurrence in the treated side was seen 2 weeks earlier than that in the non-treated side. Even in group B rats which were only forced to open the mouth for 20 min without setting of permanent malocclusion, the thickness of condylar cartilage was decreased more than that of group A rats. When the condylar cartilages of all three groups were immunohistologically examined with anti-interleukin-1 (IL-1) antibody in order to investigate the pathophysiological involvement of IL-1, which is well-known catabolic factor to cartilage, some chondrocytes in articular cartilage were positively stained. The ratio of IL-1 positive cells increased time-dependently. IL-1-producing cells in group B and the non-treated side of group C reached to the maximal ratio at the same time when the condylar cartilage markedly decreased in thickness. However, the ratio of IL-1-positive chondrocytes in the treated side of group C was maximal four weeks after the decrease of cartilage thickness. In respect with the size of cells in cartilage, the occurrence of decreased thickness in condylar cartilage corresponded to that of the reduction of cellular size, especially in the embryonic zone of group C. These results described above suggest that malocclusion, unilateral immature occlusion, can induce the thinning of condylar cartilage which may result from the reducing size of articular chondrocytes (differentiated chondrocytes) and the accompanying decreased cartilage matrix. This change of cartilage may be caused by IL -1 that articular chondrocyte seemed to produce.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1995

The craniofacial morphologic structures of the adult with Class III malocclusion.

The morphologic study of adults with true Class III malocclusion has seldom been reported. Tracings of lateral cephalograms of 51 Taiwanese adults with true Class III malocclusion were subjected to quadrilateral analysis. Means and standard deviations, t test, correlation analysis, and regressive analysis were used to compare the differences between this group and a reference population of adults with normal occlusion. The results indicated that the maxillary base is shorter and in a more retrusive position in adults with Class III malocclusion. Furthermore, the mandible is in a more protrusive position. The pattern of growth in the Class III malocclusion was found to be horizontal, that is hypodivergent. In diagnosis of the abnormality, the rule of the quadrilateral can provide assistance. That is, the maxillary base length, mandibular base length, anterior lower facial height, and posterior lower facial height can be used to evaluate the abnormality. In postural relationships the sagittal angle, vertical sagittal ratio, and horizontal sagittal ratio can be used as a reference.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Possibilities for prevention of malocclusions in South African children.

An effective preventive and interceptive (P & I) orthodontic programme for young children would reduce the need for comprehensive orthodontic treatment. The aim of this study was to determine the incidence of the development of preventable malocclusions amongst a group of children at the mixed dentition stage. An examination (T1) was performed on 951 8-9 year old children from 9 primary schools in Pretoria. Of these, 493 children could be traced for re-examination 2 years later (T2). The following changes in the occlusion were noted: In 12.1 per cent of the 493 children, an acceptable occlusion at T1 had developed into a malocclusion at T2. A malocclusion was recorded for 97 per cent of the sample at T2, yet only 32.4 per cent of the subjects had received orthodontic treatment between T1 and T2. A mere 3.3 per cent of the children examined were treated at state clinics. In 64.6 per cent of cases the malocclusion was not diagnosed nor addressed. It is suggested that bi-annual orthodontic screening of all 7-12 year old children and implementation of P & I orthodontic treatment at community clinics would contribute to achieving the primary health care objectives of the Reconstruction and Development Programme for South Africa.

Child↗
PubMed1997

Multidisciplinary management of congenital and acquired compensated malocclusions: diagnosis, etiology and treatment planning.

Restoration of optimal occlusal function, consistent with desirable esthetics and a favorable long-term prognosis, is the clinical goal for management of compensated malocclusions in partially edentulous patients. An appropriate diagnostic work-up includes a careful assessment of etiology, relative to both genetic and environmental factors. Esthetic and cost-effective restoration of occlusal function often requires adjunctive orthodontic therapy, integrated into a comprehensive treatment plan. Alignment of abutments, management of edentulous space and enhancement of soft tissue contours are important preprosthetic objectives. Osseointegrated dental implants provide occlusal stops to open the vertical dimension of occlusion and serve as rigid anchorage for three-dimensional orthodontic alignment of the residual dentition. Carefully coordinated preprosthetic treatment to establish bilateral posterior occlusion (molars and/or implants) is an important goal for achieving a biomechanically-optimized restoration of occlusion. Fundamental diagnostic and treatment planning procedures are reviewed for the multidisciplinary management of partially edentulous, compensated malocclusions. Determining the probable etiology of a malocclusion is an important prerequisite for formulating a treatment plan with a reasonable probability of success. Diagnostic considerations are presented and clinical examples of specific orthodontic methods are illustrated. To demonstrate the application of fundamental principles at the clinical level, a case report is presented with a diagnosis and treatment plan for a malocclusion with both genetic and functional implications.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

A dermatoglyphic predictive and comparative study of Class I, Class II, div. 1, div.2 and Class III malocclusions.

A study was conducted using dermatoglyphics to predict and compare Class I, Class II, div. 1, div.2 and Class III malocclusions. A total of 96 subjects were divided into 3 malocclusion groups, i.e. Class I (control group), Class II, div.1, div.2 and Class III (experimental group) in the ages of 12-14 years. The dermatoglyphic findings revealed that the craniofacial Class II, div. 1, div.2 pattern was associated with increased frequency of arches and ulnar loops and decreased frequency of whorls, whereas in Class III, there was an increased frequency of arches and radial loops with decreased frequency of ulnar loops. In predicting Class III malocclusion, based on frequency of arches, the sensitivity values were found to be higher and more reliable than the sensitivity values of Class II, div.1 and div.2 malocclusion.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Prevalence of malocclusion traits in an Australian adult population.

The prevalence of certain malocclusion traits in an Australia adult population was examined in a sample of 113 female and 103 male adult subjects aged between 18 and 64 years (average age = 38.1 years). If cross-sectional studies of younger population groups are to be used for research into the long-term physiological effects of malocclusion, it is essential to know if certain and specific malocclusion traits are stable over time. In this cross-sectional study, the prevalence of many malocclusion traits did not change; however, with advancing age, the incidence of posterior crowding, posterior rotations, posterior crossbite and anterior irregularity increased significantly.

Adolescent↗