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PubMed1977

Economic and sociological factors influencing life satisfaction of the aged.

This investigation examines the relative importance of income, health status, and such sociological factors as worker roles and family setting in explaining the life satisfaction of the aged. A sample of retired individuals was taken from the Columbus, Ohio, area. The survey gathered detailed economic and social data in conjunction with a Life Satisfaction Index-Z (LSIZ). Results of the survey indicated that the lower life satisfaction of the recently retired resulted primarily from the loss of income and not from the loss of a worker-producer role. Furthermore, the greater life satisfaction of those living in a family setting seems to result from the higher income available to the household resulting from this living arrangement. The sample data also supported the proposition that higher income reduces the impact of health problems on life satisfaction. Results further suggest that policy makers should concentrate upon economic factors when designing policy to improve the welfare of the aged.

Aged↗
PubMed1982

Sex differences in life satisfaction among the elderly.

Sex differences in life satisfaction are a recurrent research issue in the field of social gerontology. However, the evidence concerning the effect of sex on morale is still inconclusive. This may be due to (a) the neglect of other relevant variables, (b) the failure to distinguish between main effects and interaction effects, and (c) the lack of formal statistical tests in making comparisons. In this study, a causal model of life satisfaction is proposed and evaluated by using four data sets with sample sizes ranging from 961 to 3,996. The proposed structural model fitted both the male and female subsamples reasonably well. The findings were also replicated across these four data sets. No systematic sex difference was found in terms of structural parameters. This indicates that the same causal mechanism is operating among the males as well as the females.

Aged↗
PubMed1983

Determinants of life satisfaction: a note on a race-interaction hypothesis.

A "race interaction" hypothesis would suggest that factors important to the life satisfaction of whites may not be important to the life satisfaction of blacks. In this paper we suggest that dummy variable regression with interaction terms allows an assessment of differential effects by race. Using data from 438 white and 219 black elderly respondents, it is shown that most factors influencing life satisfaction of elderly people have similar effects among blacks and whites. Although greater numbers of impairments lead to lower life satisfaction for both races, the negative effect is considerably stronger among black than among white respondents.

Black or African American↗
PubMed2005

[Unemployment, job insecurity and life satisfaction: results of a study with young adults in the new German states].

OBJECTIVES: Based on research about the psychosocial aspects of experiencing unemployment, the present study analyses the effects of actual unemployment and the impact of being at risk of becoming unemployed and the influence of perceived job insecurity on life satisfaction. METHODS: In the 17th wave of the Saxon Longitudinal Study (Sächsische Längsschnittstudie) in 2003, 419 people (193 male, 226 female, mean age 30.05 years) were examined with a life satisfaction questionnaire. This questionnaire addresses eight areas of life satisfaction: friends, leisure time, health, income, job, housing, family, partnership. RESULTS: Two-thirds of the participants have had experiences with unemployment so far. People who had been unemployed several times were significantly more dissatisfied with their income, housing, profession and health. Still, considering people employed at the time of survey, the subjective job insecurity and the perceived risk of becoming unemployed had noticeably negative effects on life satisfaction. This could be also shown for areas which are not directly connected to occupation, such as friends and family life. CONCLUSIONS: The study emphasizes the known results regarding the connection between unemployment and (poor) life satisfaction. Evidence was provided that even the anticipated loss of the workplace causes a decrease in life satisfaction, affecting many areas of subjective evaluation.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Social relationships and health as predictors of life satisfaction in advanced old age: results from a Swedish longitudinal study.

This longitudinal study examines the relationship between family and friend social support, health, and life satisfaction for a single cohort of eighty-year-old persons living in Lund, Sweden. Results indicate that participants who remained in the study are healthier and score higher on life satisfaction when compared with those who either drop-out or die prior to age eighty-three. Even though well-integrated with family and friends, the number of friends decreases significantly from eighty to eighty-three years; those who reported no close friends nearly doubled from eighty to eighty-three years. However, for those with close friends, contact with friends increases with age. In contrast to previous research, a correlational analysis indicates that neither child nor friend support is related to life satisfaction at either eighty or eighty-three years. However, health measures and satisfaction with sibling contact are related to total life satisfaction at age eighty-three only. These findings indicate the multidimensionality of both social support and life satisfaction for the old-old.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Predictors of life satisfaction: perceptions of older community-dwelling adults.

The purpose of this study was to investigate variables that predict life satisfaction in elderly individuals. A convenience sample of 70 older community-dwelling adults participated in the study. Instruments used included the Life Satisfaction Index A Scale, three subscales from the Self-Evaluation of Life Function Scale, the Perceived Control Scale, Hollingshead's Two Factor Index of Social Position, and the Self-Rated Health Subscale of the Philadelphia Geriatric Center Multilevel Assessment Instrument. When the influence of health and social position was held constant, social interaction was the only additional significant predictor of life satisfaction. When health and social position were not held constant, social interaction, perceived control, and social position were significant predictors of life satisfaction. The findings indicate that nursing practice, education, and research should focus on assessment and interventions relative to promoting and maintaining health, perceived control, and social interaction among elderly individuals living in the community.

Aged↗
PubMed2003

Social support moderates caregiver life satisfaction following traumatic brain injury.

Social support is an important determinant of adjustment following traumatic brain injury (TBI) sustained by a family member. The present study examined the extent to which social support moderates the influence of characteristics of the person with injury on caregiver subjective well-being. Sixty pairs of individuals who had sustained a moderate to severe TBI and their caregivers (N=120) participated. Years postinjury ranged from 0.3 to 9.9 ( M=4.8, SD=2.6). Cognitive, functional, and neurobehavioral functioning of participants with TBI were assessed using neuropsychological tests and rating scales. Caregiver life satisfaction and perceived social support were assessed using self-report questionnaires. Results indicated that time since injury was unrelated to life satisfaction. Neurobehavioral disturbances showed an inverse relation with life satisfaction. Social support emerged as an important moderator of life satisfaction. Only among caregivers with low social support was cognitive dysfunction adversely related to life satisfaction. Similarly, a trend suggested that patient unawareness of deficit was associated with caregiver life dissatisfaction only among caregivers with low social support. In contrast, these characteristics were unrelated to life satisfaction among caregivers with adequate social support.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2005

The relations between symptoms, somatic and psychiatric conditions, life satisfaction and perceived health. A primary care based study.

BACKGROUND: In spite of the fact that self-rated health is such an important factor, little is known about the aetiological background to poor perceived health and also less is known about the impact of life satisfaction on health in a primary care practice population. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of socio-demographic characteristics, lifestyle factors, symptoms, somatic and psychiatric conditions as well as health status measures and life satisfaction on perceived health in a multi-ethnic Swedish health practice population. METHODS: Four-hundred and seventy adult patients, who visited the Jordbro Health Care Centre District (JHC), Haninge Municipality, participated in this study. A general questionnaire with questions about socio-demographic characteristics, lifestyle, health status and chronic disease were used. In addition to that, the Primary Care Evaluation of Mental Disorders (PRIME-MD) was used. Furthermore, physical examinations were conducted. Unconditional logistic regression in successive models was used, adjusted for socio-demographic variables and other confounders. RESULTS: Life satisfaction is the strongest predictor of poor perceived health in addition to country of birth, number of symptoms and depression. Being born in Sweden or other Nordic countries were related to lower OR as compared to those born outside Europe. The OR for non-depressed vs. depressed was 0.29 (0.17-0.48) and for non-symptomatic vs. symptomatic (1-3 symptoms) 0.25 (0.46-0.48). The OR and 95% CI for low satisfaction with life was 15.40 (5.28-44.97) in comparison to those who are satisfied with life. CONCLUSION: Country of birth, depression, number of symptoms and life satisfaction are factors related significantly and independently to perceived health. Life satisfaction is the strongest predictor of perceived poor health.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Life satisfaction and disability after severe traumatic brain injury.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the relationships between life satisfaction and disability after a severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). DESIGN: Cross-sectional study, including 75 patients 2 years or more after a severe TBI. METHODS: Life satisfaction was assessed with the Subjective Quality of Life Profile. Impairments, activities and participation were assessed with standardized tests. RESULTS: The satisfaction profile was flat, i.e. the majority of items obtained mean satisfaction scores close to 0, suggesting that participants felt indifferent to these items or in other words that they were neither satisfied nor unsatisfied. Patients were on average slightly dissatisfied with their cognitive functions, physical abilities and self-esteem. A factor analysis revealed three underlying factors. The main finding was that the relationships between life satisfaction and disability were not linear: the lowest satisfaction scores were reported by participants with moderate disability rated by the Glasgow Outcome Scale, while individuals with severe disability did not significantly differ from the good recovery group. CONCLUSION: Life satisfaction is not linearly related to disability after severe TBI.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1976

Psychological and social correlates of life satisfaction as a function of residential constraint.

Two questions were addressed in the present study: Do residential setting of varying levels of constraint influence life satisfaction? Do such settings involve different correlates of life satisfaction? A total of 129 male and female ambulatory residents were surveyed in settings of high and low constraint on the following measures: life, satisfaction, developmental task resolution, self-acceptance, perceived autonomy, activity level, health and educational level. Stepwise regression, covariance, and t-test analyses indicated: (1) life satisfaction and developmental task accomplishment were greater in the lower constraining setting; (2) the selected correlates resulted in multiple correlations of .675 and .590 with satisfaction; (3) differing sets of correlates significantly predicted satisfaction in each setting; health the most important in the high constraining setting and perceived autonomy and self-concept important to the low constraining setting; (4) developmental task success significantly predicted satisfaction in both settings.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1997

Life satisfaction among low-income rural youth from Appalachia.

The purpose of this study was to examine the relative strength of objective, subjective, and congruency variables as predictors of life satisfaction among low-income youth from rural areas. A 10-year longitudinal survey of low-income, rural youth from Appalachia (n = 322) was conducted to explore these issues. Although support was provided for variables representing all three types of life satisfaction predictors, the strongest of these were subjective variables such as self-perceptions about goal attainment in jobs, overall goal attainment in life, and self-esteem. Another set of consistent predictors of life satisfaction, congruence variables, were concerned with the extent to which low-income you believed that they had fulfilled their own aspirations in terms of formal education, proximity to their childhood homes, and number of children, Finally, some of the objective variables consisting of family of origin's SES, community size, and marital status also were predictive of life satisfaction. In general, the life satisfaction of low-income, rural youth seemed to be influenced more extensively by personal meanings shaped within a particular cultural context rather than by traditional objective measures of life circumstances.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Work and sense of coherence--resources for competence and life satisfaction.

This longitudinal study investigated which job factors and personal resources contribute to self-assessed competence and life satisfaction. The effects of preemployment social conditions and personality, as assessed in adolescence, on competence and life satisfaction in adulthood were studied in 345 women and 361 men who had participated in a 1961 to 1963 psychological examination. Persons with high life satisfaction and competence had favorable work conditions and more personal resources and social support. Their coping strategies were primarily problem focused, whereas those with less sense of well-being were emotion focused. Persons of low competence who were satisfied with their lives had social support from others, cooperation, and prestige at work, but their income was low. The quality of home care, sports participation, and self-esteem in youth predicted competence in adulthood. The quality of home care, intelligence, cultural activities, and self-esteem in adolescence predicted adult life satisfaction.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1998

Long-term outcomes and life satisfaction of adults who had pediatric spinal cord injuries.

OBJECTIVE: To determine long-term outcomes and life satisfaction of adults who sustained pediatric spinal cord injury (SCI). DESIGN: Structured interview of adults who were 25 years or older who had pediatric SCI. SETTING: Community. PARTICIPANTS: A convenience sample of 46 patients from a total of 81 patients who received care in an SCI program: 1 refused participation, 4 died, and 30 were lost to follow-up. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: A structured questionnaire including physical, psychosocial, and medical information. The Craig Handicap Assessment and Reporting Technique and two measures of life satisfaction were also administered. RESULTS: Participants were 25 to 34 years old, mean 27 years. Thirty-two had tetraplegia and 14 had paraplegia. Thirty-one were men. Mean years of education was 14. Fifty-four percent were employed, 48% lived independently, and 15% were married. Life satisfaction was associated with education, income, satisfaction with employment, and social/recreation opportunities, and was inversely associated with some medical complications. Life satisfaction was not significantly associated with level of injury, age at injury, or duration of injury. CONCLUSIONS: Individuals who had pediatric SCI, much like adult-onset SCI, have the greatest opportunity for a satisfying adult life if rehabilitation emphasizes psychosocial factors such as education, employment, and long-term health management.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1981

Life satisfaction and chronic disease: exploration of theoretical model.

This research was undertaken to demonstrate the usefulness of a theoretical model for explaining differences in the life satisfaction of persons with different chronic diseases. Through stepwise multiple regression, an assessment was made of the effects of social activity, perceived health, health locus-of control and degree of disability on the life satisfaction of 51 persons with coronary artery disease (CAD) and 32 persons with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Findings were as follows: (1) COPD patients were significantly less satisfied, less socially active and more disabled, and they perceived their health as poorer than did the CAD patients; (2) social activity emerged as the single best predictor of life satisfaction for both groups; (3) the second best predictor was perceived health for the CAD patients and degree of disability for the COPD patients; (4) the four variables accounted for 48 per cent of the variance in life satisfaction for the COPD patients, 12.4 per cent of the CAD patients. It was concluded that predictors of life satisfaction vary with the particular disease, as does the manner in which these factors interact to mitigate or compound the impact of the particular disease. Suggestions are made regarding modification of the theoretical model.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed1995

[Factors related to survival rate, and life satisfaction in stroke patients in Yamagata Prefecture, Japan].

This study was designed to identify survival rate, and life satisfaction of stroke patients living in Yamagata Prefecture. Subjects for the survival rate analysis were composed of 2214 patients who were registered after suffering their first stroke in 1989. Observation was continued over 2-years survival rate by the Cutler-Ederer method. In 1991, survivors were interviewed in their home by public health nurses or public health physicians. Locomotion and Activities of daily living (ADL) were investigated in 1015 survivors, and global life satisfaction was investigated in the 623 who were capable of answering questions by themselves. The results obtained were as follows: 1) One month survival rate was 74.0%, one year survival rate was 57.2%, and two-year survival rate was 50.6% in the total patients. The survival rate according to type of stroke was compared between two age groups (< 65 and > or = 65 years). Type of stroke was associated with survival rate in the patients < 65 years old, but not in those > or = 65 years old, especially for long-term outcome. 2) Of the survivors, 10.8% were bedridden over the two years post stroke, whereas 75.4% were competent in locomotion. Dependence of bathing was most common in terms of all activities of daily living, which were considered burdensome to family members. 3) Global life satisfaction as measured by visual analogue scale (VAS) in survivors two years after stroke was maintained well. The strongest determinant of global life satisfaction was contact with friends after stroke for those < 65 years old, while it was competence in eating for those > or = 65 years old.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Quality of life studies in nursing science (2). Community adjustment of chronic schizophrenics: effects on life satisfaction and self-esteem (2)].

The purpose of this study was to test two community adjustment models of the chronically mentally ill developed by this author. The study was to determine the effects of daily living, work, family, and social adjustment on life satisfaction and self-esteem as well as to determine the effects of chronicity and symptomatology on the four adjustments. Twenty schizophrenic inpatients and 120 schizophrenic outpatients from a psychiatric hospital in Tokyo participated in the study: the former group was used for a pilot study of the instruments and the latter for the model testing. Seven instruments were used; two self-administered questionnaires of the Life Satisfaction Scale and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, two structured interview schedules of the Adjustment Scales and a modified version of the Psychiatric Evaluation Form, the Demographic and Psychiatric History Form, the Cantril Ladder of Satisfaction, and the Global Assessment Scale. Two direct effects of family and social adjustment (beta = 0.326 and 0.262 respectively) explained 22.2% of the variance in life satisfaction. Two direct effects of symptomatology (beta = -0.216) and family adjustment (beta = 0.185) accounted for 10.6% of the variance in self-esteem. It was assumed that dropping of symptomatology as a direct effect on life satisfaction was a type two error. In addition, chronicity and social adjustment failed to enter into the equation of self-esteem due to the type two error as well. The culturally characteristic pattern that emerged was that relationship-oriented variables were directly effective on life satisfaction and self-esteem. However, task-oriented variables of daily living adjustment and work adjustment did not account for life satisfaction and self-esteem despite the hypothetical links in the models. It was concluded that interpersonal relationships were especially important for the well-being of Japanese schizophrenics living in the community. The lack of direct effects of daily living and work adjustment suggested that autonomy in living did not heighten the well-being of the subjects, a result that was different than the findings of American studies. It was probably because that Japanese people in general value interdependence among family members, therefore, relatives of the mentally ill tend to play more roles to take care for them.

Clinical Nursing Research↗
PubMed2003

The chronic illness quality of life (CIQOL) model: explaining life satisfaction in people living with HIV disease.

The chronic illness quality of life (CIQOL) model theorizes that life satisfaction in persons living with a chronic illness such as HIV disease is a function of illness-related discrimination, barriers to health care and social services, physical well-being, social support, and coping. The CIQOL model was evaluated using data from 275 persons living with HIV disease. Women reported less life satisfaction and confronted more barriers to health care and social services than men, and White participants reported higher perceptions of AIDS-related discrimination than non-White participants. The CIQOL model provided an excellent fit to study data (root-mean-square error of approximation = .03) and accounted for almost a third of the variance in life satisfaction scores. Barriers to health care and social services played a particularly prominent role in the model.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2000

Cultural variation in the use of current life satisfaction to predict the future.

Three studies examined cultural and situational influences on the tendency for people to use their current life satisfaction to predict future life events. On the basis of the self-enhancement literature, it was predicted that either writing about a positive personal experience or reading about another's negative experience would lead European Americans to focus their attention on internal attributes and thus would lead them to use their current life satisfaction in predicting the future. Conversely, on the basis of the self-criticism literature, it was predicted that these same conditions would lead Asian Americans to focus their attention on external factors and, therefore, would decrease their likelihood of using their current life satisfaction to predict the future. Studies 1 and 2 supported these hypotheses. Study 3 showed that these patterns could be obtained by subliminally priming concepts associated with individualism and collectivism.

Adolescent↗