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PubMed2004

Special considerations in the initiation and management of antiretroviral therapy in individuals coinfected with HIV and hepatitis C.

BACKGROUND: Although hepatitis C (HCV) treatment efficacy has improved in recent years, the majority of HIV/HCV-coinfected individuals may not enjoy the full benefits of these treatments and appropriate HIV management is crucial. Evidence is accumulating regarding the impact of HIV/HCV coinfection on the response to, and safety and tolerability of, antiretroviral therapy (ART) in this population. METHODS: Computerized, English-language literature searches of MEDLINE and PubMed databases (January 1985 to May 2004) for studies of HIV and HCV infection in humans to examine critically (a) the impact of HCV on the HIV virologic and immunologic response to ART; (b) the safety and tolerability of ART in coinfected individuals; and (c) the relationship between immune suppression and immune restoration on hepatic injury. RESULTS: Three key messages emerged regarding the use of ART in HIV/HCV-coinfected individuals: (a) although HCV appeared to have no impact on HIV virologic response, the data are equivocal regarding immunologic response; (b) morbidities associated with HCV infection, such as insulin resistance, diabetes, mitochondrial dysfunction, and liver inflammation, are also associated toxicities of ART, and (c) both immune suppression and restoration can contribute to the onset and acceleration of HCV-related liver disease. CONCLUSIONS: The CD4 cell count threshold for initiating ART in HIV/HCV-coinfected patients may be higher because of the impact of immune suppression and restoration on the onset of HCV-associated liver disease and the possibility of a blunted immune response to ART at lower CD4 cell counts. Further, overlapping morbidity between HCV-related mitochondrial and metabolic disease manifestations and ART toxicities warrant careful attention by clinicians.

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗
PubMed1999

Different origin of auditory and phonological processing problems in children with language impairment: evidence from a twin study.

This study investigated the heritability of auditory processing impairment, as assessed by Tallal's Auditory Repetition Test (ART). The sample consisted of 37 same-sex twin pairs who had previously been selected because one or both twins met criteria for language impairment (LI) and 104 same-sex twin pairs in the same age range (7 to 13 years) from the general population. These samples yielded 55 children who met criteria for LI, who were compared with 76 children whose language was normal for their age (LN group). We replicated earlier work showing that group LI is impaired relative to group LN on ART. However, there was no evidence of a heritable influence on ART scores: Correlations between twins and their co-twins were reasonably high for both MZ and DZ twins, suggesting that performance is more influenced by shared environment than genetic factors. Analyses of extreme scores gave a similar picture of nonsignificant group heritability. In contrast, a test of phonological short-term memory, the Children's Nonword Repetition Test (CNRep), gave high estimates of group heritability. In general, CNRep was a better predictor of low language test scores than ART, but ART did make a significant independent contribution in accounting for variance in a test of grammatical understanding.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

On the evolution of language and generativity.

One of the properties that most conspicuously distinguishes human language from any other form of animal communication is generativity. Language with this property therefore presumably evolved with the Homo line somewhere between H. habilis and H. sapiens sapiens. Some have suggested that it emerged relatively suddenly and completely with H. sapiens sapiens, and this view is consistent with (a) linguistic estimates as to when vocal language emerged, (b) the relatively late "explosion" of manufacture and cultural artifacts such as body ornamentation and cave drawings, and (c) evidence on changes in the vocal apparatus. However, evidence on brain size and developmental patterns of growth suggests an earlier origin and a more continuous evolution. I propose that these scenarios can be reconciled if it is supposed that generative language evolved, perhaps from H. habilis on, as a system of manual gestures, but switched to a predominantly vocal system with H. sapiens sapiens. The subsequent "cultural explosion" can then be attributed to the freeing of the hands from primary involvement in language, so that they could be exploited, along with generativity, for manufacture, art, and other activities.

Brain↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Ayurvedic literature in Urdu part-III.

The present article is the continuation of the second part of the previous work published with the same title in the Bulletin of Indian Institute of History of medicine, Vol. XXIX. No. 2 in 1999. This work has ben initiated to introduce the books written in recent past, the period in which Urdu language had a prominent role in preserving the knowledge of old arts and sciences.

History, 20th Century↗
PubMed1999

Ayurvedic literature in Urdu (Part-II).

This article is a second part of previous work published with the same title in this Bulletin Vol. 28, 1998, P. nos. 151-158. It contains brief notes on six rare Ayurvedic books in Urdu. It provides two types of information, i.e. (i) Introduction to the books studied and (2) Literary history of Ayurveda of that period in which Urdu language had a prominent role in propagation of Arts and Science. It gives an idea for seeking information on these lines regarding the Ayurvedic works in Arabic and Persian also.

History, Early Modern 1451-1600↗
PubMed1996

[The art of communication in the fingertips. The blind person].

The study analyses the communication process and its peculiarities related to a non verbal communication with blind people. The perceptive answers of the blind people were observed on an Exposition of Plastic Arts for Blind people. The purpose of using this communication language was to contribute to create education methods to these clientele. The methodology included observation, photographic record, video and personal comments. We conclude that the plastic arts are accessible to the blind by touch and give contributions to create materials about health education using the touch. It helps the apprehension of the whole prevailing the figurative related to the aural perception.

Art Therapy↗
PubMed2000

Appearance, cosmetics, and body art in adolescents.

Appearance in adolescents is a means of communication, a language expressing self identity. Teenagers explore fashions to make personal statements. Teenagers are significant consumers of various toiletry and skin care products that fill their cleansing, hydrating, and photoprotective needs. They also are enthusiastic consumers of products aimed at adolescent fads, such as decorative hair and nail cosmetics. For some teenagers, the expression of individualism is achieved through body art, such as tattooing and body piercing. Areas of concern are the lack of motivation for sun protection and the risky behavior associated with body piercing and tattooing.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2025

Locality-aware pooling enhances protein language model performance across varied applications.

MOTIVATION: Protein language models (PLMs) are amongst the most exciting recent advances for characterizing protein sequences, and have enabled a diverse set of applications, including structure determination, functional property prediction, and mutation impact assessment, all from single protein sequences alone. State-of-the-art PLMs leverage transformer architectures originally developed for natural language processing, and are pre-trained on large protein databases to generate contextualized representations of individual amino acids. To harness the power of these PLMs to predict protein-level properties, these per-residue embeddings are typically "pooled" to fixed-size vectors that are further utilized in downstream prediction networks. Common pooling strategies include Cls-Pooling and Avg-Pooling, but neither of these approaches can capture the local substructures and long-range interactions observed in proteins. RESULTS: We propose the use of attention pooling, which can naturally capture these important features of proteins. To make the expensive attention operator (quadratic in the length of the input protein) feasible in practice, we introduce bag-of-mer pooling, or BoM-Pooling, a locality-aware hierarchical pooling technique that combines windowed average pooling with attention pooling. We empirically demonstrate that both full attention pooling and BoM-Pooling outperform previous pooling strategies on three important, diverse tasks: (i) predicting the activities of two proteins as they are varied; (ii) detecting remote homologs; and (iii) predicting signaling protein interactions with peptides. Overall, our work highlights the advantages of biologically inspired pooling techniques in protein sequence modeling and is a step toward more effective adaptations of language models in biological settings. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION: https://github.com/Singh-Lab/bom-pooling.

Natural Language Processing↗
PubMed1992

Winnicott's antitheory and Winnicott's art. His significance for adult analysis.

The significance of Winnicott's work for the theory and practice of adult analysis is examined. Winnicott's most valuable contribution was to discern important new clinical phenomena. This is a crucial aspect of theory development, but not the same as explicating new theory, and partly accounts for the difficulty integrating his ideas with traditional psychoanalytic theory. Winnicott left the theoretical revisions possibly necessitated by his discoveries for others to accomplish, and some of this new work is discussed and synthesized. The nature of Winnicott's discoveries, especially the phenomenological field of transitional or intermediate experience, is elusive to define, and is also related to his clinical stance and his attitudes to theory for the purposes of clinical work. His work demonstrates the limits of theorizing and of our theories, and also an attitude toward theory that facilitates clinical and theoretical progress. He also provides conceptual language to discuss what is often called the art of psychoanalysis. Both the value and limitations of studying Winnicott are considered.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Intuition: a bridge to the coenesthetic world of experience.

The concept of intuition is relatively unestablished in psychoanalysis, where it is often associated with narcissistic meanings and vagueness. But intuition, as an integrated mode of archaic coenesthetic thinking, should be kept conceptually free of those connotations. Its capacity of undifferentiated delineation supplies an instinctive general means of dealing immediately with various rationally indistinct phenomena, such as forms, shades, and multidimensionality, regardless of the boundaries between sensory modalities. It may be impossible to translate intuitive experiences into lexical form; these languages are incommensurable. Intuition as a preconscious nondiscursive thinking process is needed in creativity, as well as less conspicuously in countless everyday activities. In speech communication, intuition rapidly specifies subtle shades of meaning in linguistic content and all the prosody. In psychoanalytic work intuition is like radar, creating preliminary contacts with the inner world of the analysand. The observations gained require, however, rational consideration to be confirmed. Intuition is an essential instrument of the psychoanalyst, and also functions in the service of tact to create working space and adequate forms of interpretations. Clinical vignettes reflecting some problematic fates of special intuitiveness in creativity are presented from psychoanalytic work with artists.

Art↗
PubMed2003

Abstraction and art.

In a given social context, artistic creation comprises a set of processes, which relate to the activity of the artist and the activity of the spectator. Through these processes we see and understand that the world is vaster than it is said to be. Artistic processes are mediated experiences that open up the world. A successful work of art expresses a reality beyond actual reality: it suggests an unknown world using the means and the signs of the known world. Artistic practices incorporate the means of creation developed by science and technology and change forms as they change. Artists and the public follow different processes of abstraction at different levels, in the definition of the means of creation, of representation and of perception of a work of art. This paper examines how the processes of abstraction are used within the framework of the visual arts and abstract painting, which appeared during a period of growing importance for the processes of abstraction in science and technology, at the beginning of the twentieth century. The development of digital platforms and new man-machine interfaces allow multimedia creations. This is performed under the constraint of phases of multidisciplinary conceptualization using generic representation languages, which tend to abolish traditional frontiers between the arts: visual arts, drama, dance and music.

Art↗
PubMed2004

BioLingua: a programmable knowledge environment for biologists.

UNLABELLED: BioLingua is an interactive, web-based programming environment that enables biologists to analyze biological systems by combining knowledge and data through direct end-user programming. BioLingua embeds a mature symbolic programming language in a frame-based knowledge environment, integrating genomic and pathway knowledge about a class of similar organisms. The BioLingua language provides interfaces to numerous state-of-the-art bioinformatic tools, making these available as an integrated package through the novel use of web-based programmability and an integrated Wiki-based community code and data store. The pilot instantiation of BioLingua, which has been developed in collaboration with several cyanobacteriologists, integrates knowledge about a subset of cyanobacteria with the Gene Ontology, KEGG and BioCyc knowledge bases. We introduce the BioLingua concept, architecture and language, and give several examples of its use in complex analyses. AVAILABILITY: Extensive documentation is available online at http://nostoc.stanford.edu/Docs/index.html CONTACT: JShrager@Stanford.edu

Artificial Intelligence↗
PubMed1994

A personal journal of caring through esthetic knowing.

In this article the author, through a process of contemplation, sought to put into words the inner feelings and experiences of caring depicted in six works of art. The questions the author explored were, Is the language of caring present in all environments? Are there similarities or dissimilarities? Evidence of caring was found in all the paintings, some of which were painted during the Holocaust. The paintings and the journaling process are described.

Esthetics↗
PubMed2005

Frontotemporal and dopaminergic control of idea generation and creative drive.

This article presents a three-factor anatomical model of human idea generation and creative drive, focusing on interactions between the temporal lobes, frontal lobes, and limbic system. Evidence is drawn from functional imaging, drug studies, and lesion analysis. Temporal lobe changes, as in hypergraphia, often increase idea generation, sometimes at the expense of quality. Frontal lobe deficits may decrease idea generation, in part because of rigid judgments about an idea's worth. These phenomena are clearest in verbal creativity, and roughly parallel the pressured communication of temporal lobe epilepsy, mania, and Wernicke's aphasia-compared to the sparse speech and cognitive inflexibility of depression, Broca's aphasia, and other frontal lobe lesions. The phenomena also shape non-linguistic creativity, as in that of frontotemporal dementia. The appropriate balance between frontal and temporal activity is mediated by mutually inhibitory corticocortical interactions. Mesolimbic dopamine influences novelty seeking and creative drive. Dopamine agonists and antagonists have opposite effects on goal-directed behavior and hallucinations. Creative drive is not identical to skill-the latter depends more on neocortical association areas. However, drive correlates better with successful creative output than skill does. Traditional neuroscientific models of creativity, such as the left brain - right brain hemispheric model, emphasize skills primarily, and stress art and musical skill at the expense of language and mathematics. The three-factor model proposed here predicts findings in a broad range of normal and pathological states and can be tested in many experimental paradigms.

Creativity↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Behavior disorders and epidemiological, classificatory and terminological aspects from the psychological viewpoint].

Natural language describing children with unusual forms of behavior may have different meanings, depending on context and situation. Labelling does not do justice to these subleties, and it tends to harm the child, as in the undertone of presently used terms, there tends to be an element of moral condemnation, predisposing for its part to poor prognosis. A necessary means of prevention would be by protecting our children from professional language, as it blocks the avenue to the art of a socially integrated, "good" life.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Manuel Garcia Jr: a clear-sighted observer of human voice production.

Before Garcia, only a few notions of vocal production can be found in earlier singing treatises. In those days the authors wrote mainly upon the art of ornamentation and the rules of good language utterance. In the beginning of the 19th century, a radical change occurred with the development of scientific experiments. Several doctors or physicists drew up theories on human voice production, which were similar to those of sound production in woodwind instruments: flute, reed, or membranous lips. Yet, as the experiments on living human beings were impossible, the true nature of the vocal source remained under discussion. In addition, specific questions arose in regard to singing: Are the different registers produced by different vibrating sources or are they due to modifications of a single vibrating system? What are the reasons for a variation in loudness and in pitch, and how are the variations of voice timbre produced? Facing the contradictory opinions of the most famous scientists, Manuel Garcia Jr showed an astonishing insight as early as 1840, when he wrote his first 'Mémoire sur la voix humaine' presented to the Académie des Sciences de Paris. Being altogether an anatomist, a singer, and a great pedagogue, he could accurately observe the physiological phenomena of human voice in the right way. As the first user of the laryngoscope, he wrote a second paper presented at the Royal Society of London, in 1855, in which he confirmed his previous views. All along the different issues of his well-known singing method, we may see the lucidity and the improvements of Garcia's ideas. The only concession he made to the singers is related to the famous 'Fausset-tête' register, an unfortunate word that was bound to induce confusion later.

Anatomy↗