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PubMedDate not supplied

The labor force and urbanization in the Middle East: analysis and policy.

"The purpose of this paper is to describe and comment on the labor force movements in the Middle East with particular reference to the implications of these flows for the process of urbanization in the region. [The author deals] with both international transfers of labor and internal movements of labor to urban communities." The international flow of labor in the Middle East in general is first examined, and a classification scheme is outlined to identify the major differences that exist within the region. Internal labor force migration is then analyzed using data for Libya. The final sections of the paper deal with data collection and policy issues.

Africa↗
PubMed1981

Mode of production and population patterns: policy implications for West African development.

Recent developments in population theory have made possible a re-examination of demographic evidence from West Africa which suggests that population growth and migration are primarily responses to changes in the nature of the production system. Precolonial, colonial, and independence period data provide a series of correlations consistent with the approach and suggest a possible new synthesis of the West African data. The poorest countries of West Africa are those bordering on the Sahara Desert, known as the "Sahel" region. In response to the drought and famine in that region from 1968-1974, numerous proposals have been made for increased attention to reducing population growth. The analysis presented in this paper leads to the conclusion that population policies other than those attempting to lower the birth rate are called for. These would include relocation of populations previously displaced by colonial labor migrations and the re-integration of herding and farming production systems, both of which policies should be considered as population policies. Data are presented from specific projects underway in Senegal, Mauritania, and Mali, to illustrate the argument.

Africa, Western↗
PubMed1996

Questions of emigration, circulation and return: mobility between the French Caribbean and France.

"The last four decades have seen the establishment of close migratory links between the French Caribbean islands of Martinique and Guadeloupe and the metropole.... The present paper focuses on the...complex migratory links--including continuing emigration from the islands for work and education, return migration and circulation--which have come to characterise the 1980s.... The paper aims also to contribute to the broader conceptualisation of migration and mobility. The principal conclusions reveal that the more straightforward labour migration of the years from 1963 to 1981 has been replaced by some considerable return migration (amongst young adults particularly) and circulation.... The paper also demonstrates that the role of migration in reducing population growth and fertility in the islands has been much altered during the course of the 1980s."

Americas↗
PubMed1996

Time preference and labour migration in an OLG model with land and capital.

"This paper constructs a two-country migration model in the lines of Galor (1986), in which the world population consists of individuals of two types who have different time preferences. Production uses three inputs: mobile labour, immobile capital and land. It is shown that both countries are necessarily inhabited by agents of both types and exhibit equal density of population and equal interest rate at the steady state equilibrium of the integrated economy. The steady state welfare implications of international labour migration are studied."

Agriculture↗
PubMed1996

Information, communication and networks in international migration systems.

"This paper focuses on the role of information and communication in international migration by means of a survey which covers economic and broader perspectives, both at the micro and macro levels. The human capital model of migration is reviewed and the likely impact of recent and anticipated developments in telecommunications technology is noted. The job search model is reformulated in the context of international migration but extensive modification is required to describe the potential sampling of job offers and other informational needs of international migrants. It is argued that spatial selectivity is to a large extent influenced by migration networks in which information flows play a critical role. This is further elucidated by offering an analytical framework based on the systems approach to migration."

Communication↗
PubMed1994

Re-thinking skilled international labour migration: world cities and banking organisations.

"Highly skilled professional and managerial labour migration has become an important facet of the contemporary world economy. The operations of transnational corporations have created more opportunities for skilled migrants to work abroad.... There is a growing interest amongst economic geographers to examine this form of migration through an appreciation of global economic restructuring, labour market change and world cities. Consequently, this paper introduces a new conceptual framework...[which] is based on the rationale that world cities, and the patterns of labour market demand that exist within them, are of paramount importance in influencing highly skilled professional and managerial labour migration within the world economy. The author uses an example of highly skilled labour migration within the transnational banking sector [in London] to illustrate this new conceptual framework."

Demography↗
PubMed1988

A general equilibrium model of guest-worker migration: the source-country perspective.

"This paper examines the problem of guest-worker migration from an economy populated by identical, utility-maximizing individuals with finite working lives. The decision to migrate, the rate of saving while abroad, as well as the length of a migrant's stay in the foreign country, are all viewed as part of a solution to an intertemporal optimization problem. In addition to studying the microeconomic aspects of temporary migration, the paper analyses the determinants of the equilibrium flow of migrants, the corresponding domestic wage, and the level of welfare enjoyed by a typical worker. Effects of an emigration tax are also investigated."

Demography↗
PubMed1996

Optimal immigration, education and growth in the long run.

"The paper extends Manning's model on education and balanced growth to include labour immigration. Each immigration unit is assumed to consist of one skilled worker and some unskilled members. The optimal immigration policy which maximizes the per capita steady-state consumption of the host country is derived. We show that optimal immigration policy can reduce the steady-state skilled labour ratio. More interesting still, contrary to the widespread belief that immigration of skilled workers hurts local skilled workers, it is the unskilled local workers whose interests are threatened by optimal immigration policy."

Demography↗
PubMed1995

Immigration--mismatches in labour, housing and space: the effects of immigration of several nationalities with regard to the Netherlands.

"In the Netherlands, the sharp recent increase of the number of refugee immigrants (asylum seekers) runs parallel to increased numbers of immigrants of other types. Therefore, at least five types of immigrants should still be distinguished (labour migrants, migrants from former colonies, from EU countries, from other rich countries, and asylum seekers). Their spatial orientation in the Netherlands (urban, suburban, rural), by choice or by constraint, is the main focus of this study. The outcomes of the immigration processes have been confronted with general and spatial characteristics of the labour market and housing market. Matches and mismatches are discussed."

Demography↗
PubMed1990

Externalities in migration.

"The paper presents a model which shows that the probability of migrants being mobile after migration depends on the number of previous waves. The model concludes that low order waves provide positive externalities to higher order waves. This conclusion is empirically tested by comparing the interindustry mobility of two sequential waves of political migrants to Israel."

Asia↗
PubMed1989

Fijac: fright and illness in highland Yemen.

Sudden fright, 'fijac', has played an important role in the traditional explanatory models of illness experiences in highland Yemen. Fijac is quite similar to other examples of the fright illness taxon in that it is a folk-illness category that is attributed to a wide variety of underlying conditions. It is argued that given the extremely labile symptomatology, fijac, like other examples of the fright illness taxon, does not constitute a culture-bound psychiatric syndrome. Based on analysis of case studies and preliminary survey data, fijac appears to be much more common among folk etiologies offered by Yemeni women than men. It is suggested that this social profile might be explained by changes in the distribution of medical knowledge in Yemen. With the rapid rate of social change and the increased exposure to cosmopolitan medicine resulting from internal development of cosmopolitan health care and international labor migration, men have supplemented their traditional explanatory models with alternatives drawn from cosmopolitan medicine. Succumbing to illness as a result of fright is contradictory to the male ideal of the courageous tribesman; alternative explanatory models that do not challenge this ideal self predominate. By contrast, the Yemeni value system defines women and children as vulnerable and weak; therefore, being subject to the impact of fright is consistent with youth and the cultural definition of the female self.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Nutrition and the commoditization of food systems in Latin America and the Caribbean.

Commoditization of food systems, defined as the use of agricultural goods for sale rather than for home consumption, affects nutrition of rural families via economic, social and ecological mechanisms in addition to direct dietary effects. Broad-scale mechanisms include alterations in land tenure, increased stratification of wealth, widespread labor migration, urban bias, food price changes, disruption of traditional reciprocal social relations, and ecological changes accompanying commercial agriculture that may limit long-term food production. At the family level, the replacement of food with cash is often problematic as regards nutrition, due to low prices to producers, increased cash needs, the 'lumpiness' of earnings during the year, reduced decision-making power of women, and often decreased dietary diversity. Three case studies in Latin America and the Caribbean, from Peru, Jamaica, and Mexico, illustrate that commoditization tends to have a negative impact on nutrition in poor rural households. Although commoditization is theoretically advantageous on a national level by allowing the use of 'comparative advantage', in actuality its potential benefits are eroded by inequitable uses of foreign exchange. Commoditization is in essence a more efficient means by which to extract surplus value from small agricultural producers. While commoditization is a necessary component of economic growth, policies to safeguard health and nutrition and improve the status of women in development programs must be implemented within an overall strategy to meet basic needs of the population.

Agriculture↗
PubMed1994

Household headship and child nutrition: a case study in western Kenya.

The effect of female household headship on child nutrition has been hypothesized by some to be negative, based on the assumption that mothers alone will be poorer and will have greater demands on their time and resources. On the other hand, there is some evidence in Kenya that the nutritional status of children of female heads may be better than that of children of male heads, suggesting that when women have more control over resources, more goes to the children. In Kenya, de facto female headship is common due to male labor migration. This study examines the relationship between child nutrition and de facto female vs male household headship in western Kenya through the examination of family income and decision making patterns. Women in male-headed households had greater financial responsibility for household maintenance. Female heads assumed more farming responsibilities and had higher remittances from husbands. Husbands of female heads purchased food and other goods in the city for use by the household. Male headed households produced more food crops and used a larger proportion of them for home consumption. In this study, children of female heads consumed a greater variety of foods. Despite a greater prevalence of stunting, there was a lower prevalence of low weight for age among children of female heads. However, in statistical analyses, headship did not relate significantly to nutritional intake or status. In attempting to understand the possible factors influencing the relationship between headship and nutritional status, we found trade-offs in the ways families were coping, which appeared to balance some of the negative and positive effects of each situation.

Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena↗
PubMed2004

Risks, stigma and Honduran Garífuna conceptions of HIV/AIDS.

The HIV/AIDS epidemic along Honduras' north coast has intensified in recent years and become particularly severe in Garífuna communities. Based on a qualitative study in the community of Las Espinas and comparison with results from an earlier knowledge, attitudes, beliefs and practices survey, this article explores Garífuna ideas about the disease, focusing on issues of risk perception and stigma. Using correspondence analysis with data from systematic elicitation techniques we abstract the local schema of HIV/AIDS, showing how accurate knowledge of transmission co-occurs with cultural judgments about safe partners, increasing chances for infection. Despite broad familiarity with the disease in the community it remains highly stigmatized, suggesting continuing problems in coming to terms with the epidemic as treatment becomes more widely available in Honduras. Questions of power, sexuality and affective expectations about partners complicate the situation for women hoping to prevent infection. Given the broader risk environment characterized by labor migration and transnational movement, vital interventions and educational efforts in Garífuna communities will need to be complemented with prevention efforts in contexts where men make a living.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

The interpretation of "culture": diverging perspectives on medical provision in rural Montana.

Seeking to address evident disparities in health care delivery to minority populations, researchers have developed a framework generally referred to as "cultural competency." This framework suggests that increasing providers' knowledge about culturally specific beliefs and behaviors will both assist providers in caring for particular, traditionally underserved groups and enhance the quality of health care delivery for all patients. Meanwhile, a number of critics have challenged the presuppositions of the "culture" concept underlying cultural competency, arguing that such well-intended efforts may merely exacerbate received stereotypes. Despite such criticism, the influence of cultural competency, along with the related categories of cultural sensitivity, cultural humility, cultural proficiency, and cultural awareness, continues to grow in medical schools, governmental agencies, and health care organizations, particularly in the United States. To better assess the varying theoretical and policy claims of proponents and opponents of the cultural competency framework, we undertook a modest qualitative, interview-based investigation. We explored how "culture" is being presented and enacted by Mexican agricultural workers and US health care providers in one rural Montana clinic. While the Mexican agricultural workers in the study emphasized structural dimensions of labor migration as the most relevant factors in shaping patient-provider interactions, the US health care providers tended to focus on the "cultural characteristics" peculiar to their patients. The discrepancy in these assessments serves to extend and complement existing criticism of cultural competency. While our study was limited to one locale with a limited number of participants, its findings highlight the paucity of empirical research in this area and suggest the need to examine the efficacy of cultural competency in settings outside conventional "needs assessment" or "outcome studies" models.

Cultural Diversity↗
PubMed1988

Highly-skilled international migrants, careers and internal labour markets.

"This paper is addressed to the interplay of careers and internal labour markets (ILMs) in explaining the international migration of professional and technical personnel, particularly within transnational corporations (TNCs). It begins by reviewing the current state of the theoretical art, focusing on five main elements: the international spatial division of labour; the concept of career; the organization of ILMs; the lubrication of the migration system by recruitment, placement and relocation agencies; and reintegration of returning expatriates. There follows a discussion of selected aspects of the volume and characteristics of ILM migrations among the highly-skilled, using government, employer organization's and individual company data."

Demography↗
PubMed1988

From settlers to skilled transients: the changing structure of British international migration.

"This paper examines trends in British emigration using the results of the International Passenger Survey. Settlement emigration has declined in importance while in the early 1980s temporary skilled labour transfers have become dominant. Two parallel mechanisms are proposed to explain the regional patterns of skilled emigration, with particular emphasis being given to the role of international recruitment agencies in controlling which skills are sought in certain regional labour markets."

Demography↗